微电解处理含十二烷基苯磺酸钠废水的研究

以十二烷基苯磺酸钠(sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate,SDBS)模拟废水为研究对象,采用微电解工艺对其进行了研究,考察pH值、进水浓度、曝气量、空床停留时间等因素对处理效果的影响。分析表明,在填料体积为500 mL,模拟废水初始pH为3的条件下,进水浓度为500 mg/L,曝气、空床停留时间(EBCT)为2 h时SDBS的去除率大于72%,反应出水投加石灰后可使SDBS去除率均保持在80%以上,此时且最短EBCT可达到5 min。通过成本运行估算表明,微电解处理SDBS废水运行成本低、效率高,可应用于此类工业及生活废水的处理。     

UV-Fenton法处理中药废水的研究

采用UV-Fenton技术对中药废水进行氧化处理,对主要影响因素及其对废水处理效果的影响进行了实验研究。主要考察了废水pH、H2O2投加量,Fe2＋投加量,Fe2＋/H2O2投加比、温度等对废水中CODcr去除率的影响。实验结果表明,在pH=3.83,H2O2投加量为1倍理论投加量Qth,Fe2＋投加量为7.9×10-3mol.l-1,Fe2＋：H2O2=1：27,23℃的情况下反应80 min后CODcr去除率达到80.25%,UV-Fenton氧化系统对中药废水有比较好的处理效果,改善了废水的可生化性,有利于进一步进行生化处理。     

Fenton法处理中药废水的研究

采用Fenton氧化技术对中药废水进行实验处理,对主要操作条件及其对实验处理效果的影响进行了实验研究。主要考察了废水pH、H2O2投加量、Fe^2＋投加量及温度等对废水中CODcr去除率的影响。实验结果显示,在pH=3.0,H2O2投加量为4/5Qth,Fe^2＋浓度为7.9×10^-3mol.L-1,20℃的情况下反应80 m in后CODcr去除率可以达到71.40%,Fenton氧化反应对中药废水有比较好的处理效果,改善了废水的可生化性,有利于进一步进行生化处理。     

Co对腈纶废水厌氧处理效果的影响

利用厌氧反应装置,以腈纶废水为处理对象,通过2组试验,对比了微量金属(Co)投加前后废水中有机物降解情况、累积产气量、三维荧光光谱图以及微生物生长情况,研究了微量Co对腈纶废水厌氧处理效果的影响.结果表明:当Co的投加浓度〔以ρ(CoCl2)计〕为1.0 mg/L时,CODCr去除率达71.7%,累积产气量达到22.5 mL;当Co的投加浓度超过10 mg/L时,CODCr去除率为20%左右,累积产气量8.5 mL,未投加Co元素的空白对照组CODCr去除率为43.1%,累积产气量为10 mL.显示微量Co对腈纶废水厌氧生物降解具有一定的促进作用.      

响应面法优化沸石协同CSAX混凝消除含锌废水中的Zn~(2+)

以交联淀粉聚丙烯酰胺黄原酸酯(CSAX)为絮凝剂,活化沸石为助凝剂,采用强化混凝的方法,对废水中混凝处理难以消除的锌进行处理研究.考察了CSAX投加量、改性沸石投加量及其粒径对锌消除效果的影响.采用Box-Behnken法对这些影响因素进行优化分析.结果表明:活化沸石作为助凝剂可以提高废水中Zn~(2+)的去除率.各因素对响应值的影响次序为:CSAX投加量改性沸石投加量改性沸石粒径;数学模型拟合度良好;最佳条件为CSAX投加量为6.4mL,改性沸石的投加量为12.5mg,改性沸石为60目,除Zn~(2+)率为90%,与模型预测值89%相近.     

Fenton试剂法处理青霉素废水

利用Fenton试剂处理青霉素废水,研究了pH、H2O2投加量、Fe2 投加量、反应时间和H2O2投加次数对废水COD去除效果的影响.结果表明,通过Fenton试剂氧化可使废水COD去除率达到83%.     

传统与加载絮凝工艺处理铜镍废水的污泥特性对比研究

以高浓度铜镍废水为研究对象,分别采用传统絮凝和加载絮凝工艺,探究了聚合氯化铝(PAC)投加量、阴离子聚丙烯酰胺(APAM)投加量、回流污泥量对出水效果、污泥的脱水性能和沉降性能的影响。结果表明:加载工艺比传统工艺处理效果更好,更节省药剂投加量,对药剂投加量的波动变化适应性更强;PAC的投加量对同种工艺下污泥CST值的影响明显,传统和加载絮凝两种工艺中,不同PAC投加量对应的CST差值最大分别达到9.4 s和8.6 s;不同APAM投加量下,加载工艺产生的污泥CST值总体比传统工艺的小8~9 s,表明加载工艺的污泥脱水性能普遍优于传统工艺;药剂投加量相同时,加载絮凝工艺得到污泥的沉降性能比传统工艺更好;结合出水效果、污泥脱水性能、污泥沉降性能和处理成本,确定采用加载工艺处理铜镍废水,其最佳工艺条件为:PAC=20 mg/L,APAM=4 mg/L,污泥回流量=100 mL。     

臭氧氧化法处理金矿含氰废水的试验研究

采用臭氧氧化法处理金矿的含氰废水，对臭氧投加量，等对除氰效果的影响进行了试验研究。研究结果表明，臭氧能有效地去除金矿废水中的氰化物，臭氧投加量，等对处理效果有一定的影响。     

高硫煤基高比表面积活性炭吸附处理焦化废水的研究

采用高硫煤基高比表面积活性炭对焦化废水进行吸附处理,研究了吸附温度、活性炭投加量、吸附时间等工艺条件对处理效果的影响,并对活性碳的再生进行了初步探讨.结果表明,在32℃时,活性炭投加量1g/50 mL,吸附3h后,焦化废水中氨氮去除率为23.4%,苯酚去除率为85.8%,COD去除率可达90%.该活性炭能够进行有限的再生利用.     

改进的混凝气浮装置处理ABS凝聚干燥废水研究

为了有效去除ABS凝聚干燥工段(E区)废水中的悬浮颗粒物,解决传统装置SS去除率低、管道易堵塞和运行不稳定的问题,采用一种改进的混凝气浮装置进行处理,研究了药剂种类、药剂投加量、p H值、水力停留时间、溶气水回流比等工艺参数对ABS凝聚干燥废水中悬浮物去除效果的影响,得出新型混凝气浮装置的最佳工艺运行参数。试验结果表明:在PAC投加量为75 mg/L、阳离子絮凝剂(FO4440SSH)投加量为10 mg/L、水力停留时间12.5 min、回流比为60%的最佳工艺条件下,SS去除率可达96.6%,出水ρ(SS)为29 mg/L。该装置对SS去除效果好,运行稳定,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.