3-硝基酚厌氧毒性和厌氧降解动力学研究

在中温(35±1)℃厌氧条件下,以葡萄糖为共基质,采用间歇试验方法,首先,研究了3-硝基酚(3-NP)的厌氧产甲烷毒性。试验以累计产甲烷量和相对活性(RA)为指标,评价了不同浓度3-NP对产甲烷菌的抑制程度,结果表明,3-NP浓度<40 mg/L时,对产甲烷菌几乎没有抑制作用,浓度为80 mg/L时产生轻度抑制,浓度为160 mg/L时产生中度抑制,浓度为320~800 mg/L时产生重度抑制。然后,分别用未驯化污泥和经3-NP驯化的污泥研究了3-硝基酚的降解动力学,结果表明,驯化后污泥比未驯化污泥对3-NP的降解能力提高了很多;驯化污泥的3-NP动力学可用方程R=SRm/Ks++SS2/Ki来描述,并利用非线性拟合求得动力学参数Ks、Rm、Ki分别为52.4 mg/L,1.70 mg/(g.h),87.9 mg/L,方差R2=0.99,拟合效果很好。     

2,4-二硝基酚厌氧生物降解动力学研究

研究了间歇试验条件下,2,4-二硝基酚(2,4-DNP)与葡萄糖共基质时的厌氧降解动力学.结果表明:2,4-DNP与葡萄糖能同时被微生物降解;葡萄糖浓度高低对2,4-DNP的降解影响不大,而2,4-DNP的存在明显影响COD的降解.当2,4-DNP浓度<225 mg/L时,其比降解速率随浓度增大而增大,浓度为225 mg/L时比降解速率达到最大;由于底物抑制,当2,4-DNP浓度>225 mg/L时,其比降解速率呈下降趋势.选用Andrews非竞争性抑制模型描述2,4-DNP厌氧降解动力学,对实验数据进行非线性拟合,求得模型参数q_max、K_s和K_i分别为3.24 mg/(h·g)、196.23 mg/L和165.91mg/L,实验数据与该动力学方程拟合较好.     

硫酸盐在厌氧生物过程中的行为 Ⅱ.硫酸盐还原行为及对体系抑制作用机理

采用半连续实验方法,研究了中温厌氧条件下硫酸盐的还原行为及产生抑制作用的机理.实验结果表明,SO_4~(2-)在厌氧体系中被硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)全部或部分还原为硫化物,其还原率与SO_4~(2-)累积加入浓度有关.还原产物的形态与体系中pH值有关,较高的pH值(7.6—8.4)使体系中H_3S含量下降.SO_4~(2-)对厌氧体系的抑制与SO_4~(2-)还原过程中SRB与产甲烷菌(MRB)的底物竞争及还原产物的毒性相关.前者受COD/SO_4~(2-)比值的影响,比值大于7,对厌氧体系只产生轻度抑制作用.而后者与沼气中H_2S含量有直接关系,沼气中H_3S含量小于40mg/L时,基本不产生抑制作用.     

不同共基质条件下上流式厌氧污泥床反应器中硝基酚的降解研究

用实验室规模的2个UASB反应器,分别研究了以葡萄糖和乙酸钠为共基质条件下3-硝基酚(3-NP)和2,6-二硝基酚（2,6-DNP）的降解效果.结果表明,对3-NP的降解,用葡萄糖作共基质的效果明显好于以乙酸钠为共基质;而对2,6-DNP的降解,乙酸钠作共基质效果更好.在含3-NP废水厌氧降解实验中,保持进水COD浓度为2 500 mg/Ｌ左右,HRT为26 h,以葡萄糖为共基质时,进水3-NP浓度可提高到254.6 mg/Ｌ,3-NP的去除率保持在99.0%以上;以乙酸钠为共基质时,保持HRT为30 h,3-NP浓度可提高到71.6 mg/Ｌ,3-NP去除率在90.0%以上.在含2,6-DNP废水厌氧降解实验中,保持进水COD浓度在2 500 mg/Ｌ左右,HRT为35 h,以葡萄糖为共基质时,2,6-DNP浓度可提高到170.0 mg/Ｌ,2,6-DNP的去除率保持在98.0%以上;以乙酸钠为共基质时,保持HRT为30 h,2,6-DNP最大浓度可提高到189.5 mg/Ｌ,2,6-DNP的去除率在99.2%以上.     

规模化猪场原水氨氮对厌氧微生物活性的影响

通过厌氧毒性测定试验,研究模拟废水及猪场原水氨氮对厌氧微生物活性的影响。结果表明,模拟废水氨氮对厌氧颗粒污泥产甲烷活性的影响具有多重性,当氨氮浓度低于400mg/L时,表现为促进产甲烷作用。当氨氮浓度为800mg/L时,开始表现为抑制产甲烷作用,并且随着氨氮浓度的升高,抑制作用增强。猪场原水在进水浓度下均表现为抑制作用。模拟废水50%抑制浓度为1900.1mg/L,猪场原水50%抑制浓度为1725.9mg/L;在相同的抑制程度下,模拟废水氨氮浓度均高于猪场原水,平均相差594.1mg/L。     

Ni2+对2-氯酚厌氧降解系统的影响

针对重金属对难降解有毒有机物厌氧降解的影响问题,采用间歇试验法研究Ni2 对2-氯酚(2-CP)厌氧降解系统的影响规律.结果表明,当ρ(Ni2 )＜5 mg/L时,Ni2 对2-CP厌氧降解表现出轻度促进,当ρ(Ni2 )为5～500 mg/L,Ni2 以抑制作用为主,抑制作用随ρ(Ni2 )的增加而增强.Ni2 对原基质及关键中间产物苯酚和苯甲酸的抑制程度表现为:苯酚＞苯甲酸＞2-CP;ρ(Ni2 )低时的驯化能有效提高厌氧污泥对Ni2 毒性的耐受性能,300 mg/L Ni2 对2-CP降解的抑制从驯化前的65%降至驯化后的21%.Ni2 对2-CP厌氧降解的抑制作用与污泥中Ni的截留量之间存在正相关关系.抑制浓度CIP值和方程αC=[1-(I/I*)m]/[1 (I/I*)n)]能较好地表征厌氧生物处理过程受抑制程度.     

铬对厌氧生物处理过程的抑制作用

本文研究了重金属铬离子(Cr~(3+)和Cr~(6+))对厌氧生物处理过程抑制作用的规律.结果表明,Cr~(3+)日引入量分别在低于20mg/L,36—109mg/L和高于145mg/L时,厌氧体系分别受到轻度、中度和重度抑制(即引起产气率下降分别为低于20％、20—40％和大于40％);日引入Cr~(6+)浓度小于14mg/L,无抑制作用;36mg/L或高于70mg/L时,厌氧体系分别受到中度或重度抑制.单位污泥干重所允许承受Cr~(3+)和Cr~(6+)日引入量分别为低于0.1％(62.6 mg-N/kg)和0.04％(44.4mg-N/kg).在引入Cr~(3+)的情况下,维持厌氧体系正常运行的溶解态铬离子浓度应小于0.5mg/L,超过2.5mg/L时,体系受到重度抑制;在引入Cr~(6+)的情况下,允许浓度为 0.4 mg/L,超过2.8 mg/L为重度抑制.     

苯酚存在对生物强化系统降解2,4-二氯酚的影响

研究了采用生物强化技术降解废水中2,4-二氯酚(简称2,4-DCP)时,不同浓度的苯酚存在对生物强化系统降解2,4-DCP的影响,并通过半连续流实验研究了苯酚长期存在下强化系统中2,4-DCP和苯酚生物降解速率的变化趋势.结果表明,苯酚浓度为10mg/L,50mg/L,100 mg/L及300mg/L时,都会对强化系统中2,4-DCP的降解速率产生一定的抑制作用,而且抑制作用随着苯酚浓度的增加而增强.不同浓度的苯酚与2,4-DCP长期共存时,2,4-DCP的降解速率表现出下降的趋势,而苯酚的降解速率则有所增强.     

锌离子对厌氧氨氧化脱氮效能的影响

通过序批实验的方法,直接接种厌氧氨氧污泥,研究了Zn2＋对厌氧氨氧化（Anammox）脱氮效能的影响。研究结果表明,当进水Zn2＋质量浓度小于2 mg/L时,对厌氧氨氧化生物活性有促进作用,可增强微生物的脱氮效能;当进水Zn2＋质量浓度在2 mg/L和4 mg/L之间时,脱氮效能无明显变化,说明对厌氧氨氧化微生物活性无明显影响;当进水Zn2＋质量浓度大于4 mg/L,对厌氧氨氧化反应有抑制作用,Zn2＋浓度越高,抑制作用越明显。 Zn2＋对厌氧氨氧化的半抑制质量浓度（CI,50）为32.3 mg/L,NO2--N与NH4＋-N转化比的平均值为1.28。     

升流式厌氧污泥床处理含五氯酚废水的工艺特性

研究了升流式厌氧污泥床反应器（UASB）在中温条件下处理含五氯酚（PCP）模拟废水时的工艺特点及PCP降解机理。结果表明,在以处理啤酒废水的厌氧颗粒污泥为接种物（接种量约15gVSS/L）,运行温度为35±1℃,水力停留时间20～24h,进水COD浓度为2500～2800mg/L,进水PCP浓度由1.0mg/L上升至8.0mg/L条件下,120d左右完成启动,COD和PCP去除率分别为86％及94％以上。高效液相色谱仪检测结果分析表明,PCP厌氧降解的途径是首先经间位脱氯生成四氯酚和2,4,6-三氯酚,再经邻位和对位脱氯生成2,4-二氯酚和邻氯苯酚,最后矿化为CH₄和CO₂。     

4-氯酚存在对生物强化系统降解2,4-二氯酚的影响研究

采用生物强化技术降解废水中的难降解有机物 2 ,4 二氯酚 (简称 2 ,4 DCP) ,研究了不同浓度的 4 氯酚 (简称 4 MCP)存在对 2 ,4 DCP降解的影响 ,并通过半连续流实验研究了 4 MCP长期存在下 ,强化系统中 2 ,4 DCP和 4 MCP降解速率的变化趋势 .结果表明 ,第 1次半连续流实验中 ,4 MCP浓度为 5、10、2 0及 30mg L时 ,都会对强化系统中 2 ,4 DCP的降解速率产生一定的抑制作用 ,而且抑制作用随着 4 MCP浓度的增加而增强 .随着半连续流实验次数的增加 ,4 MCP对 2 ,4 DCP降解的抑制作用减弱甚至消失 ,共基质时 2 ,4 DCP的降解速率反而比其单基质半连续流运行时快 .4 MCP与 2 ,4 DCP共基质存在时 ,2 ,4 DCP优先被微生物利用 ,此后 4 MCP才被降解 ,表现出两阶段降解的现象 .     

某炼油厂退役场地土壤与浅层地下水酚类污染特征研究

通过对某炼油厂退役场地21个土壤监测点和8个地下水监测点的样品分析,研究了该场地酚类化合物的污染分布.结果表明：该场地上层滞水酚污染严重,挥发酚含量远超过地下水质标准的要求.场地承压水水质良好,有轻微的酚污染.该场地近1/2面积的土地,酚类化合物污染严重;依据原厂区工艺布局图,场区浅层地下水和土壤的酚污染具有区域相似性,酚含量高的区域集中在原工厂生产车间以及储油罐和产品仓库;土壤中污染物水平扩散不强,垂直扩散深度不一,部分超过地表10 m以下的深度.通过GC/MS对典型土壤中2-氯苯酚、2-硝基苯酚、2,4-二甲酚、2,4-二氯酚、2,4,6-三氯酚、2,4-二硝基酚以及4,6-二硝基-2-甲酚7种酚类化合物进行定性与定量分析,结果表明7种酚类化合物含量范围为0.01～232.96 mg.kg-1,其中2,4-二硝基酚和4,6-二硝基-2-甲酚含量比较高.     

Simultaneous biodegradation of nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds in a sequencing batch bioreactor

Many nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds (NACs), such as nitrobenzene (NB), 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), aniline (AN), and 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), are environmentally hazardous, and their removal from contaminated water is one of the main challenges facing wastewater treatment plants. In this study, synthetic wastewater containing NB, 4-NP, 2,4-DNP, and AN at concentrations ranging from 50 to 180 mg/L was fed into a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Analyses of the SBR system indicated that it simultaneously removed more than 99% of the NACs at loading rates of 0.36 kg NB/(m3·d), 0.3 kg 4-NP/(m3·d), 0.25 kg AN/(m3·d), and 0.1 kg 2,4-DNP/(m3·d). Bacterial groups of Bacteriodetes, Candidate division TM7, α-Proteobacteria, and β-Proteobacteria were dominant in the clone libraries of 16S rRNA genes retrieved from the microbial communities in the SBR system. "Cycle tests" designed to alter feeding and aeration parameters of the SBR system demonstrated that the resident microbial biome of the SBR system responded rapidly to changing conditions. Consumption of O2 was concomitant with the apparent mineralization of NACs. Aromatic ring-cleaving dioxygenase activities suggested that (1) AN and NB were degraded via catechol 2,3-dioxygenase; (2) 4-NP was degraded via 1,2,4-benzentriol 1,2-dioxygenase; and (3) 2,4-DNP was degraded via an unresolved pathway.     

聚乙烯毗咯烷酮修饰碳糊电极溶出伏安法测定水中硝基酚

提出用聚乙烯毗咯烷酮（ＰＶＰｒ）修饰碳糊电极同时测定水中对硝基酸和２,４－二硝基酚的方法。在０．１ｍｏｌ／ＬＫＣｌ的酚试液中开路富集,然后在磷酸盐缓冲液介质中溶出．以微分脉冲伏安法恻定,检测限分别为０．５０μｇ／Ｌ和１．８０μｇ／Ｌ。讨论了测定的影响因素以及２种硝基酚在该修饰电极上的反应机理。测定了地面水中对硝基酸和２,４－二硝基酸的含量,回收率分别为９０±６％和８６±５％。     

Fenton oxidation of 2, 4-and 2, 6-dinitrotoluene and acetone inhibition

The performances and kinetic parameters of Fenton oxidation of 2,4- and 2,6-dinitrotoluene (DNT) in water-acetone mixtures and explosive contaminated soil washing-out solutions were investigated at a laboratory scale. The experimental results show that acetone can be a significant hydroxyl radical scavenger and result in serious inhibition of Fenton oxidation of 2,4- and 2,6-DNT. Although no serious inhibition was found in contaminated soil washing-out solutions, longer reaction time was needed to remove 2,4- and 2,6-DNT completely, mainly due to the competition of hydroxyl radicals. Fenton oxidation of 2,4- and 2,6-DNT fit well with the first-order kinetics and the presence of acetone also reduced DNT’s degradation kinetics. Based on the comparison and matching of retention time and ultraviolet (UV) spectra between high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and standards, the following reaction pathway for 2,4-DNT primary degradation was proposed: 2,4-DNT → 2,4-dinitro-benzaldehyde → 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid → 1,3-dinitrobenzene → 3-nitrophenol.     

Accelerated biodegradation of nitrophenols in the rhizosphere of Spirodela polyrrhiza

We investigated the biodegradation of 2-nitrophenol (2-NP), 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), and 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) in the rhizosphere of Spirodela polyrrhiza plants by conducting degradation experiments with three river water samples supplemented with each nitrophenol (NP). We then isolated NP-degrading bacteria both from the S. polyrrhiza roots and from the river water. In the river water samples, removal of the three NP was accelerated in the presence of S. polyrrhiza plants. The three NPs persisted in an autoclaved solution with sterile plants suggests that NP removal was accelerated largely by bacterial NP biodegradation rather than by adsorption and uptake by the plants. We isolated 8 strains of NP-degrading bacteria: 6 strains from the S. polyrrhiza roots and 2 strains from river water without the plants. The 2-NP- and 2,4-DNP-degrading bacteria were isolated only from the S. polyrrhiza roots. The 4-NPdegrading bacteria different from those isolated from the river water samples were also found on S. polyrrhiza roots. The 2-NP- and 4-NP-degrading strains isolated from the roots utilized the corresponding NP (0.5 mmol/L) as the sole carbon and energy source. The 2,4-DNP-degrading strains isolated from the roots showed substantial 2,4-DNP-degrading activity, but the presence of other carbon and energy sources was required for their growth. The isolated NP-degrading bacteria from the roots must have contributed to the accelerated degradation of the three NPs in the rhizosphere of S. polyrrhiza. Our results suggested that rhizoremediation with S. polyrrhiza may be effective for NP-contaminated surface water.     

2,4-二硝基酚的超声波及协同降解研究

以 2 ,4 二硝基酚为研究对象 ,探讨了超声功率、氧化剂H2 O2 与Fenton试剂等因素对其超声降解效率的影响 .2 ,4 二硝基酚在超声波 (US)、US H2 O2 和US Fe2 H2 O2 体系中的降解均符合一级反应动力学模式 .超声波和Fe2 H2 O2 体系在 2 ,4 二硝基酚的降解过程中存在着协同效应 ,而在Cu2 H2 O2 和超声波体系中未观察到相似的协同效应 .     

Simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal under low dissolved oxygen conditions

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