ADM1模型对生物强化厌氧产甲烷体系的模拟

利用厌氧消化1号模型（ADM1）对高氨氮条件下生物强化促进厌氧消化产甲烷体系进行模拟,对原始ADM1参数进行修正,进而对修正模型进行验证.基于生物强化对厌氧消化产甲烷过程影响的实验数据,结合敏感度分析及参数意义,提出3种假设,选择乙酸半饱和系数（ks_ac）、最大比乙酸降解速率系数（km_ac）和氨氮抑制参数（KI_NH3,_Xac）对原始ADM1进行修正.模拟结果表明,3种修正模型均可对生物强化过程进行较准确的描述,其中,修正km_ac后的模型（ADM1_km_ac）对甲烷产量和挥发性脂肪酸的拟合优度最高（R² > 0.87）,说明在此过程中对km_ac的修正更有意义.模型验证表明,修正后的ADM1_km_ac模型可对生物强化技术强化厌氧消化产甲烷过程进行描述、分析及预测.     

颗粒活性炭促进高温厌氧消化的研究

近年来的研究表明,颗粒活性炭（GAC）可以通过种间电子传递（DIET）过程,来提高中温厌氧消化（MAD）产甲烷.然而,GAC是否能够提高高温厌氧消化（TAD）产甲烷,以及其促进产甲烷原理尚不明确.通过乙酸钠为基质的批试验研究了投加GAC对高温消化产甲烷的影响.批试验结果表明GAC的加入促进了高温消化效果.定量PCR结果表明GAC的加入对生物量的贡献微小,说明促进效果可能不是通过生物量实现的.高通量测序结果发现高温下添加GAC富集了Thermodesulfolbiaceae,Anaerobaculaceae,以及古菌Methanosacinacea.该研究推测GAC的促进作用可能与直接种间电子传递有关.     

针铁矿强化剩余污泥与烟草废弃物厌氧发酵的研究

以剩余污泥和烟草废弃物为研究对象,探究了针铁矿对有机物厌氧消化产甲烷的影响.针铁矿投加能提高消化产气率至359.4mL/g,显著高于空白对照组.针铁矿有助于混合气体中甲烷含量的升高并减少CO₂的体积分数.针铁矿利于剩余污泥和烟草废弃物共消化过程有机物溶出,纤维素减量,从而为产甲烷古菌提供充足的消化底物.针铁矿利于酸化代谢过程,在针铁矿投加组中挥发性脂肪酸的最大产量仅为56.2mg/g,显著低于空白组,此外针铁矿促进丙酸的合成.针铁矿促进乙酸降解,在消化第1d,针铁矿投加实验组中乙酸降解率高达65.5%,较高于空白组中的56.6%.酶活性分析表明针铁矿促进水解,酸化及产甲烷过程关键酶.Methanothrix和Methanobacterium是产甲烷阶段重要微生物,454高通量测序表明针铁矿提高Methanothrix和Methanobacterium的相对丰度至59.6%和23.5%,显著高于空白对照组.     

微生物还原针铁矿胶体的动力学特征及其影响因素

基于典型的希瓦氏金属还原菌(Shewanella decolorationis S12)和针铁矿相互作用的现象,探讨了电子供体、针铁矿浓度及氧化还原中介体2-磺酸钠蒽醌(AQS)对其相互作用的影响.结果表明, AQS加入使针铁矿的微生物还原程度得到加强,在添加AQS的0.5mmol/L针铁矿体系中,厌氧培养38天后,被还原解离出的Fe(ΙΙ)浓度是未添加AQS的394%.针铁矿的归一化还原速率表明,当电子供体浓度一定时,随着针铁矿浓度增加,针铁矿的还原酶促反应显著减弱.米氏拟合方程表明,以不同浓度的针铁矿为底物时, S12菌-针铁矿相互作用过程的拟合相关系数R2分别为0.843(添加AQS)和0.998(未添加AQS),电子转移载体的存在以及底物类型的不同均对Vmax和Km值均有一定程度的影响.在微生物在还原针铁矿过程中,其还原速率越大,用于ATP合成所需能量 值也随之升高,S12菌和针铁矿的还原反应达到平衡时, Gibbs自由能变化(DGr)达最大值.     

污泥与秸秆共基质中温两相厌氧消化特性

以污泥和秸秆为共基质,以沼气产量、ρ（VFA）（VFA为挥发性脂肪酸）和COD_Cr去除率等为指标,探究污泥与秸秆配比（以COD_Cr计,质量比分别为1:0、1:1、2:1、3:1）对中温两相厌氧消化工艺运行效能的影响,以及最佳配比时SRT（污泥停留时间）对产甲烷相厌氧消化稳态特性的影响.结果表明:与污泥试验组相比,添加秸秆试验组的厌氧消化效能均较好;污泥与秸秆的最佳配比为2:1,该稳定状态下产酸相COD_Cr的去除率最高,为17.5%,ρ（VFA）为752 mg/L;产甲烷相COD_Cr的去除率为33.5%,ρ（VFA）为250 mg/L,产气量为47.7 mL/d,总体运行效能较高.在最佳污泥与秸秆配比（2:1）并设定产甲烷相反应器的SRT为20 d时,稳定状态下产甲烷相各组分的变化情况:COD_Cr去除率为41.20%,ρ（VFA）为238 mg/L,产气量为51.3 mL/d,沼气产率为8.4 mL/（d·g）.研究显示,当控制污泥与秸秆配比为2:1、SRT为20 d时,中温两相厌氧消化工艺运行效果良好.      

投加颗粒活性炭强化餐厨垃圾的厌氧处理

通过投加颗粒活性炭（GAC）强化直接种间电子传递（DIET）进而提升餐厨垃圾的厌氧产甲烷处理效能,并研究了GAC投加导致的微生物群落变化.研究发现,投加了GAC的实验组反应器能够在更高的有机负荷下（10.4kgCOD/（m³·d））稳定运行并维持较高的甲烷产率,不投加GAC的对照组在有机负荷7.8kgCOD/（m³·d）时甲烷产率及pH值均明显降低,挥发酸大量积累,反应器酸化崩溃.微生物群落结构分析发现,GAC表面富集了大量可以胞外电子传递的细菌（占细菌丰度的34%）和可以参与DIET的产甲烷菌（占古菌丰度的88%）,表明GAC的加入可以有效富集这两类微生物的生长,并可能通过GAC强化DIET促进了餐厨垃圾的厌氧消化.     

富里酸对针铁矿吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的影响机理

为研究复杂三元体系中FA(fulvic acid,富里酸)对针铁矿吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的影响,探究FA对重金属Cr(Ⅵ)在环境中迁移转化的作用机理,通过改变FA的添加顺序及添加量,系统研究了FA存在时Cr(Ⅵ)在针铁矿上的吸附行为.结果表明:不添加FA时,离子强度增大促进了针铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附;ρ(FA)为50 mg/L时,离子强度增加会抑制针铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附.pH为6.98、离子强度为1.0 mol/L时,针铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量比不添加FA时高11.0%.pH为2.98时,添加FA后针铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量最大,比不添加FA时高31.9%.无论是否添加FA,升温均有利于针铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附,其吸附机理可能是氢键、偶极间力等作用.FA的添加顺序对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附量的影响表现为后添加FA>先添加FA>同时添加FA>对照.研究显示,FA的存在能显著改变针铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附行为.      

外加纤维素酶和α-淀粉酶对猪粪厌氧发酵的促进机制

为有效缩短有机物厌氧发酵限制阶段的反应时间,提高发酵底物的生物产甲烷效率,以猪粪为发酵底物,添加外源纤维素酶和α-淀粉酶,应用一级动力学模型和Gompertz模型拟合厌氧发酵过程.结果表明:适量添加纤维素酶和α-淀粉酶对厌氧发酵系统的水解反应具有积极的促进作用,当两种酶的总添加量为40 mg/g、纤维素酶和α-淀粉酶配比为1:3时促进作用最为显著,其多糖浓度、TVFAs（乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和戊酸的统称）浓度峰值、累积沼气产气量、甲烷产率（基于猪粪中挥发性固体含量计算）分别为4 494 mg/L、8 666 mg/L、187 688 mL、392.1 mL/g,与CK（对照）组比分别提高了171.0%、23.3%、23.5%、24.3%.相关性分析表明,外源酶的添加对厌氧发酵系统中微生物可利用的C/N具有显著影响,可有效促进TVFAs转化产甲烷,当纤维素酶和α-淀粉酶配比为1:3时,厌氧发酵过程具有最大反应速率〔32.95 mL/（g·d）〕,与CK组相比水力停留时间（HRT）缩短了2.5 d,生物产甲烷效率提高了24.3%,厌氧发酵过程符合Gompertz模型（R2=0.999 2）.研究显示,纤维素酶和α-淀粉酶对促进猪粪厌氧发酵有协同作用,当α-淀粉酶添加量不超过30 mg/g时,α-淀粉酶添加量与甲烷产率呈正相关;当纤维素酶添加量超过10 mg/g时,纤维系酶添加量与甲烷产率呈负相关.      

不同底物条件下金属离子螯合剂对厌氧消化的影响

借助气相色谱分析,研究了金属离子螯合剂在不同有机酸存在时对厌氧消化的影响.结果表明,螯合剂A的添加可以有 效提高不同有机酸的甲烷产量和产甲烷速率,促进有机酸向甲烷的转化. 当螯合剂A的添加量为10μmoI/L时,丁酸、丙酸和乙酸的甲烷产量分别增加了19.8%、133.0%和45.2%.产甲烷的延滞期也明显缩短,最高产甲烷速率提高了4倍多.丁酸厌氧氧消化的4～8d间,丁酸降解率达56%,同时,气相色谱未检测到乙酸的累积,说明丁酸转化为乙酸后,乙酸很快被产甲烷菌利用.螯合剂A对有机酸产甲烷的促进作用可从酶学上得到支持,以乙酸为例,添加10μmoI/L螯合剂A时,污泥(vss)中辅酶F₄₂₀含量由空白实验的1.20μmoI/g提高到1.52μmoI/g.     

C/N比调控污泥厌氧发酵产酸的数学模型研究

采用改进粒子群算法对ADM1模型中的关键参数进行了估计,经敏感性分析,确定了Monod最大比吸收速率、半饱和值、产物对底物的产率等3种参数对产酸速率具有较大影响.应用修正后的动力学参数对ADM1模型在不同C/N比调控下污泥厌氧发酵产酸结果进行了模拟.结果表明,模拟产酸数据和实测数据误差较小,说明修正后的ADM1模型能够很好地描述污泥厌氧发酵中C/N比条件对产酸的影响.     

颗粒型厌氧生物膜改善高氢分压下丙酸降解抑制研究

为了改善氢辅助型原位沼气提纯系统中高氢分压对丙酸降解的抑制, 考察了不同颗粒型厌氧生物膜(有无载体、导电和非导电载体) 培养初期和末期的丙酸降解性能;并通过微生物形态和群落分析,探讨了颗粒型生物膜丙酸降解机制.结果表明,导电碳毡厌氧生物膜和厌氧颗粒污泥能有效改善高氢分压下丙酸降解抑制问题.其最大丙酸降解速率分别达到2.2,1.2mmol/(L·h).碳毡厌氧生物膜可能主要通过产酸细菌(Thermovirga、Levilinea、Syntrophomonas属)和产甲烷古菌(Methanosaeta属)的电子直接传递(DIET)途径实现丙酸的降解;而厌氧颗粒污泥降解丙酸的途径可能主要依靠产酸细菌(Syntrophobacter属)与嗜氢型甲烷菌(Methanolinea 、Methanobacterium属)的共生营养代谢过程.     

生物炭强化苯酚厌氧降解产甲烷特性

通过批次实验探究生物炭对苯酚厌氧降解产甲烷过程的促进机制,并考察了300,500,700℃下制备的生物炭对苯酚甲烷化过程延滞期、最大产甲烷速率和微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明：生物炭的电子交换能力与苯酚甲烷化过程具有显著关系（R²=0.997）.与对照组相比,投加15g/L的生物炭可将苯酚甲烷化的延滞期从15.0d缩短至1.1~3.2d,最大产甲烷速率由4.0mL/d提高到10.4~13.9mL/d.其中在热解温度500℃下制备的生物炭由于含有丰富的电化学活性类醌结构,对苯酚甲烷化过程促进效果最优.此外,生物炭投加促进了典型产电细菌Geobacter及产甲烷菌Methanosaeta的富集.进一步说明生物炭投加通过促进种间电子传递加速了苯酚甲烷化过程.     

微米零价铁对剩余活性污泥和餐厨垃圾厌氧联合消化的加强效果及机制

针对剩余活性污泥和餐厨垃圾厌氧联合消化产气效率不高的问题,通过投加微米零价铁,研究其对厌氧联合消化的强化效果及作用机制.结果说明,零价铁的添加强化了厌氧联合消化的产甲烷阶段,但对溶解、水解及酸化阶段没有明显影响.当零价铁的投加量为10 g·L-1时,经过15 d的厌氧消化,累积甲烷产量(以VS计)达到238.68 mL...     

微生物群落对氨胁迫响应的宏基因组学研究

为探析厌氧消化微生物群落对氨胁迫的响应,在串联批次实验中引入氨氮(TAN)胁迫,结合宏基因组学分析,研究了不同TAN浓度下,厌氧消化系统的过程参数、群落结构/组成及其功能基因/代谢途径的响应.结果显示,TAN为3000mg/L时,系统性能逐步优化;TAN为6000mg/L时,甲烷产率逐步下降,并伴随着丙酸、丁酸积累.从...     

Response of anaerobes to methyl fluoride, 2-bromoethanesulfonate and hydrogen during acetate degradation

To use the selective inhibition method for quantitative analysis of acetate metabolism in methanogenic systems,the responses of microbial communities and metabolic activities,which were involved in anaerobic degradation of acetate,to the addition of methyl fluoride(CH3F),2-bromoethanesulfonate(BES)and hydrogen were investigated in a thermophilic batch experiment.Both the methanogenic inhibitors,i.e.,CH3F and BES,showed their effectiveness on inhibiting CH4 production,whereas acetate metabolism other than acetoclastic methanogenesis was stimulated by BES,as reflected by the fluctuated acetate concentration.Syntrophic acetate oxidation was thermodynamically blocked by hydrogen(H2),while H2-utilizing reactions as hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis and homoacetogenesis were correspondingly promoted.Results of PCR-DGGE fingerprinting showed that,CH3F did not influence the microbial populations significantly.However,the BES and hydrogen notably altered the bacterial community structures and increased the diversity.BES gradually changed the methanogenic community structure by affecting the existence of different populations to different levels,whilst H2 greatly changed the abundance of different methanogenic populations,and induced growth of new species.     

Microbial community structures in an integrated two-phase anaerobic bioreactor fed by fruit vegetable wastes and wheat straw

The microbial community structures in an integrated two-phase anaerobic reactor（ITPAR）were investigated by 16 S r DNA clone library technology. The 75 L reactor was designed with a 25 L rotating acidogenic unit at the top and a 50 L conventional upflow methanogenic unit at the bottom, with a recirculation connected to the two units. The reactor had been operated for 21 stages to co-digest fruit/vegetable wastes and wheat straw, which showed a very good biogas production and decomposition of cellulosic materials. The results showed that many kinds of cellulose and glycan decomposition bacteria related with Bacteroidales,Clostridiales and Syntrophobacterales were dominated in the reactor, with more bacteria community diversities in the acidogenic unit. The methanogens were mostly related with Methanosaeta, Methanosarcina, Methanoculleus, Methanospirillum and Methanobacterium; the predominating genus Methanosaeta, accounting for 40.5%, 54.2%, 73.6% and 78.7% in four samples from top to bottom, indicated a major methanogenesis pathway by acetoclastic methanogenesis in the methanogenic unit. The beta diversity indexes illustrated a more similar distribution of bacterial communities than that of methanogens between acidogenic unit and methanogenic unit. The differentiation of methanogenic community composition in two phases, as well as pH values and volatile fatty acid（VFA） concentrations confirmed the phase separation of the ITPAR. Overall, the results of this study demonstrated that the special designing of ITPAR maintained a sufficient number of methanogens, more diverse communities and stronger syntrophic associations among microorganisms, which made two phase anaerobic digestion of cellulosic materials more efficient.     

Modified ADM1 for modeling free ammonia inhibition in anaerobic acidogenic fermentation with high-solid sludge

Anaerobic acidogenic fermentation with high-solid sludge is a promising method for volatile fatty acid (VFA) production to realize resource recovery. In this study, to model inhibition by free ammonia in high-solid sludge fermentation, the anaerobic digestion model No. 1 (ADM1) was modified to simulate the VFA generation in batch, semi-continuous and full scale sludge. The ADM1 was operated on the platform AQUASIM 2.0. Three kinds of inhibition forms, e.g., simple inhibition, Monod and non-inhibition forms, were integrated into the ADM1 and tested with the real experimental data for batch and semi-continuous fermentation, respectively. The improved particle swarm optimization technique was used for kinetic parameter estimation using the software MATLAB 7.0. In the modified ADM1, the K_s of acetate is 0.025, the k_m,ac is 12.51, and the K_{I_NH3} is 0.02, respectively. The results showed that the simple inhibition model could simulate the VFA generation accurately while the Monod model was the better inhibition kinetics form in semi-continuous fermentation at pH 10.0. Finally, the modified ADM1 could successfully describe the VFA generation and ammonia accumulation in a 30 m³ full-scale sludge fermentation reactor, indicating that the developed model can be applicable in high-solid sludge anaerobic fermentation.     

乙酸钠为电子供体时反硝化耦合甲烷化过程的数学模拟

基于化学计量学与生物力能学确定生化反应的理论反应式,结合multiplicative Monod及non-competitive Monod方程,建立了反硝化耦合甲烷化的数学模型。以乙酸钠为电子供体,厌氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥,通过间歇实验获取模型的相关参数。结果表明:该模型能较好地分析反硝化耦合甲烷化过程底物降解、竞争规律及反硝化中间产物对甲烷化的抑制作用;预测气体的累积产气量及各菌群生物量变化。参数灵敏度分析表明:甲烷化、硝酸盐还原和亚硝酸盐过程的灵敏度因子分别为km,a、km,NO3和km,NO2,这证实最大比底物利用速率对底物降解过程影响最显著,其值分别为km,a=0.098 h-1,km,NO3=0.0824 h-1和km,NO2=0.0695 h-1。