基于OMI数据的新疆地区臭氧柱浓度研究

利用臭氧监测仪（OMI）卫星反演数据,对2005~2018年新疆地区大气臭氧柱浓度数据进行提取及分析,探讨其时空分布格局及影响因素.结果表明：在时间变化上,2005~2018年,新疆地区大气臭氧柱浓度整体呈现逐渐上升趋势.在空间分布上,臭氧柱浓度自北向南逐渐降低,高值区集中分布在阿尔泰、塔城北部以及昌吉北部等区域;低值区集中于和田、巴音郭楞蒙古自治州和喀什的南部大部分地区.在季节变化上,大体呈现出春夏季高于秋冬季,高值区在春夏季交替出现,冬季略高于秋季,但四季的臭氧柱浓度值呈现逐渐上升的趋势.稳定性分析表明：研究区域臭氧柱浓度整体呈现中部及南北部分散、东西部集聚的分布格局.自然因素中,气候因素、风场以及海拔均呈现显著正相关（P<0.01）;通过后向轨迹追踪发现,该区域西北和西部气流是臭氧外来的最主要输送路径,分别占总气流轨迹的78.59%、57.29%.人为因素中,臭氧柱浓度值与地区生产总值、煤炭消耗量、工业废气排放量及机动车保有量均表现出显著的正相关关系（P<0.05）.其中,挥发性有机物（VOC_s）主要来源于工业源,其次是交通源和居民源.总体来看,臭氧浓度的变化受到了诸多因素的综合影响,但气温、VOC_s的排放及吸收性气溶胶是大气臭氧浓度变化的主导因素.     

近12年华北五省区域对流层甲醛柱浓度时空变化及影响因素

利用臭氧监测仪(OMI)卫星反演的甲醛柱浓度产品,探讨了2005—2016年间华北五省区域对流层甲醛柱浓度的时空分布变化特征及相关的影响因子,结果表明:近12年对流层甲醛柱浓度整体呈现上升趋势,2005—2011年甲醛柱浓度呈逐渐升高趋势,最高增长达32.24×1013mole·cm~(-2),且高值区逐渐扩大.空间分布上高值区整体分布在北京、天津及周围区域,低值区分布在河北的北部、河南的南部和山东的东部区域;2012—2016年甲醛柱浓度波动较小,呈下降趋势.12年中,每年的2—4月份甲醛柱浓度出现最小值,6—8月份甲醛柱浓度出现最大值,而2005年2月份甲醛柱浓度值最小,2011年7月份甲醛柱浓度值最大.四季对流层甲醛浓度水平:夏季秋季春季冬季.风向会影响甲醛浓度的扩散方向,气温的增加导致甲醛柱浓度的升高.但12年间区域生产总值的提高、汽车保有量增加和农业秸秆焚烧是影响甲醛柱浓度增加的主导因素.     

近14年西北地区甲醛柱浓度的时空变化研究

基于臭氧监测仪（OMI）卫星反演数据,对2005~2018年西北4省区域大气甲醛柱浓度数据进行提取及分析,探讨其时空变化特征及影响因素.结果表明：在时间变化上,14a甲醛柱浓度整体呈先上升后下降的波动变化趋势,夏秋季显著高于冬春季,且冬季均值略高于春季.在空间分布上,甲醛柱浓度自西向东、自北向南逐渐升高,高值区集中于陕西和甘肃东南部及青海西南部;低值区集中于宁夏、青海和甘肃的西北部;稳定性呈现出东部分散、西部集聚、差异显著的分布格局.影响甲醛柱浓度变化的因素包括自然和人为因素,自然因素中,甲醛柱浓度受地形影响显著,与风向、气温均呈现显著正相关;人为因素中,甲醛柱浓度与人口密度、地区生产总值、工业废气排放量及建筑房屋竣工面积均表现出正相关关系,与工业废气排放量的相关度最高.大气中甲醛分子与气溶胶粒子二者间呈显著正相关关系,这进一步说明甲醛浓度受到了诸多因素的综合影响,但气溶胶粒子、气温及工业废气的排放是主导因素.     

基于OMI数据的四川盆地对流层甲醛时空分布特征

基于OMI卫星遥感反演的对流层甲醛柱浓度资料,对2005—2016年四川盆地对流层甲醛柱浓度的时空分布特征及其影响因素进行了分析.结果表明,12年间甲醛柱浓度年际变化总体呈上升趋势,年均增长率为1.17%.12年间甲醛柱浓度具有波动性,年均最低值和年均最高值分别出现于2005年和2012年.2005—2008年四川盆地甲醛柱浓度相对较低;2011年对流层甲醛柱浓度达到最大且高值区范围最大,2012年后浓度逐渐降低.四川盆地甲醛柱浓度季节变化表现为夏季春季秋季冬季.一年之中,月均甲醛柱浓度最小值基本出现在每年的11—12月,最大值则出现在6—8月.甲醛柱浓度空间分布的高值区主要分布在盆地内西南部的成都平原地区,低值区则多处于人为源排放较低的重庆东北部山区.能源消耗、生产总值及机动车保有量与对流层甲醛柱浓度具有显著的正相关关系.工业源、居民源和交通源排放对甲醛柱浓度具有重要贡献.四川盆地独特的地形及区域内风场对甲醛的扩散也有重要影响.     

西和县城区低空大气臭氧浓度变化及污染防治

本文以2021年1～12月甘肃省陇南市西和县城区地面空气臭氧浓度连续监测结果为研究对象,发现该区域低空大气臭氧浓度值呈现一定的时间变化特征,即1:00～3:00处于最低值,15:00～17:00出现最大值;春末夏季及秋初臭氧浓度值较高,冬季和初春浓度较低。除了工业、机动车尾气排放、化石燃料燃烧等因素外,风速、气温、气压等气象因素也会对臭氧浓度值变化也产生一定影响。因此,针对该变化特征及臭氧来源分析,提出臭氧防治措施,有利于降低城区低空大气臭氧污染物浓度,营造良好生活环境。     

广东省对流层HCHO柱浓度时空动态分布及影响分析

本文基于OMI卫星遥感反演数据,结合趋势分析、残差分析及Hurst指数,对广东省2009—2018年对流层甲醛柱浓度时空分布特征进行了分析,并结合NDVI、工业总产值、汽车保有量等因素,进一步探究了广东省自然和社会要素结构变化与甲醛柱浓度变化的关系.结果表明,广东省近10年的甲醛柱浓度均值为15.365×10¹⁵ molec·cm^-2,处于全国前列水平,且近10年来年际间浓度变化波动较大.研究发现,甲醛柱浓度四季变化较为明显,春季高、夏季低,且季节性增长较为明显,其中,春、秋、冬三季平均增幅达到15.5%;月际变化与季节变化较为一致,受自然因素影响较为强烈.空间变化主要表现为甲醛柱浓度值由西南往东北递增,其中,高值区分布在广东省的中部和东北部地区,低值区分布在南部和西南部地区;残差研究发现,人类活动依然是影响广东省甲醛分布的主要因素,占87.64%,影响因素主要包括规模以上企业数量、工业废气排放等经济发展要素,并与能源消耗总量及工业生产总值的增加密切相关.自然因素如气温、降水、NDVI对甲醛的生成和分布有促进作用.通过Hurst指数可以发现,未来广东省甲醛柱浓度整体呈下降的趋势,但部分地区如东莞、深圳市等地未来有增加的趋势.     

基于PSCF与CWT模型对乌鲁木齐市地表臭氧源区分析

乌鲁木齐市是中国西部典型的重工业城市,伴随着快速的工业化和城市化发展,城市大气臭氧污染日益严重。为探究乌鲁木齐市地表臭氧污染特征,该研究采用2015-2019年乌鲁木齐市大气污染物监测数据及同期气象观测资料,结合统计分析、后向轨迹分析、潜在源贡献因子以及浓度权重轨迹对乌鲁木齐市臭氧污染特征及潜在源区进行分析。结果显示,(1)2015-2019年乌鲁木齐市臭氧年评价指标由118μg/m³增长至128μg/m³。同时,乌鲁木齐市主要大气污染正经历由颗粒物向臭氧过渡的变化,其作为首要污染物占比从2015年的5.8%上升至2019年的28.0%,不同季节臭氧浓度变化特征为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季,且在分布特征上与NO₂、CO呈显著负相关。(2)后向轨迹分析结果表明：影响乌鲁木齐市大气臭氧分布的气流具有途经境外地区、长距离迁移、高浓度的特征,境内气流迁移途径普遍较短且对乌鲁木齐市臭氧浓度传输影响较小。(3)潜在源贡献因子法与浓度权重轨迹法表明,影响乌鲁木齐市臭氧浓度的主要源区与贡献高值区是昌吉州、塔城地区、博尔塔拉...     

辽宁省近12年对流层甲醛柱浓度时空变化及其影响因素

基于OMI遥感反演的对流层甲醛柱浓度资料,研究了辽宁省2005—2016年对流层甲醛柱浓度的时空分布特征,并分析了对流层甲醛柱浓度的主要影响因素.结果表明:近12年辽宁省对流层甲醛柱浓度整体上波动较大,2005—2013年逐渐增大,平均增速为0.74×1015molec·cm-2,空间分布上整体表现为低值区主要分布在辽西山地丘陵地区,高值区分布在沈阳以东大部分地区,浓度在12×1015~13×1015molec·cm-2之间;2005—2008年辽宁省甲醛污染相对较轻,对流层甲醛柱浓度整体多在3级水平以下;2009—2013年之间,对流层甲醛柱浓度的3级分布区域逐渐缩小,4级分布区域不断扩大,并在2010年出现5级水平污染区域且于2013年达到最大.春季各个区域对流层甲醛柱浓度相对于其它季节较低,夏季各个地区对流层甲醛柱浓度值整体上高于其它季节,以4级及5级水平污染为主,秋、冬季各个区域的对流层甲醛柱浓度值分布居于春、夏两季之间.辽宁省对流层甲醛柱浓度的月变化特征大致符合正弦曲线分布特征,即对流层甲醛柱浓度自1月不断上升,于6月达到峰值后又不断下降.能源消耗及工业生产与大气中甲醛的浓度的变化息息相关,人口数量及生产总值与对流层甲醛柱浓度也具有显著的正相关关系.高温利于甲醛的扩散和挥发,辽宁省独特的地形地理位置对甲醛的扩散与传播产生影响.     

京津冀地区臭氧浓度时空变化特征

为研究京津冀地区臭氧浓度的时空变化,文章利用2014年6月-2018年5月中国环境监测总站臭氧浓度数据进行分析。结果表明:(1)京津冀地区臭氧浓度平均水平不断增高,不同区域增速差异明显,高值区出现由单中心向双中心的转变且逐渐形成了日益明显的沿海臭氧高浓度分布带;(2)臭氧浓度的季节性差异显著,春、夏两季较秋、冬两季臭氧浓度高,其中夏季最高,冬季则缺乏高值区;(3)不同城市的年均臭氧浓度分布模式不同,大部分城市核密度估计峰值对应臭氧浓度20μg/m~3;(4)臭氧浓度的日内变化基本遵循周期性单峰型变化规律;(5)不同城市臭氧浓度超标天数差异显著,变化趋势可分为稳定增长型、突变增长型和稳定型。     

东亚地区大气整层臭氧浓度的时空变化

从TOMS臭氧全球网格资料截取主要包含中国大陆的东亚地区 (6 9 375°E— 1 39 375°E ;1 4 5°N— 5 4 5°N)的数据 ,分析大气整层臭氧浓度的变化特征 .结果表明 ,区域多年平均臭氧浓度约为 30 7DU(多卜森单位 :DobsonUnit) ;一年中 ,平均臭氧浓度有明显的季节变化 ,春季 (3月 )达最大值 ,秋季 (1 0月 )最小 ,变化幅度约 5 0DU .区域内臭氧浓度具有很强的空间 (纬向 )变化 ,低纬度地区臭氧浓度低 ,较高纬度地区臭氧浓度高 .各地臭氧浓度变化的概率分布基本为单峰型 ,低纬度地区分布较窄而高纬度地区宽 .从 1 978至 1 994年的十多年中 ,区域平均浓度呈明显的下降趋势 ,下降幅度约 1 0DU .对应于此 ,区域内各等级的臭氧浓度值以大致均匀的速率变化 ,低值的出现概率增加 ,而高值的出现概率减小 .     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.