多轴差分吸收光谱仪对大气污染物SO2、NO2、O3的立体监测

多轴差分吸收光谱仪（MAX—DOAS）是用来监测大气中痕量气体成分的专用仪器,它能同时自动监测SO2、NO2和03三种污染气体,得到的垂直柱浓度对研究污染物的时空分布特点具有重要意义。分析了2011年5月下旬至2012年4月中旬期间MAX—DOAS在重庆市的测量数据,结果表明：夏季SO2的柱浓度高于其它季节,并在每个季节都出现了峰值：SO2与NO2之间浓度变化趋势相同,且最大小时浓度值都集中在上午;O3垂直柱浓度受气象条件和臭氧前体物的影响呈夏季高、秋冬低的季节性变化;通过多元回归建立了O3柱浓度与气象因素、前体物的关系式。     

Observational evidence of ozone depletion by nitric oxide at 40 km downwind of a medium size city

Measurements of ozone, oxides of nitrogen, wind and net radiation were made at two sites located about 40 km downwind of the city of calgary which has a population about 625,000. Calgary is located in southern Alberta, Canada, at latitude 51°06′N.Differences in ozone concentrations between the two sites usually showed evidence of depletion through nitric oxide scavenging. Mean levels of depletion were, as required by scavenging theory, highly correlated with similar levels of nitrogen dioxide creation. Departures from correlation are largely explainable in terms of mesoscale variations in ozone.Only about 3 per cent of the data showed ozone depletion to be less than that which would have been expected on the basis of nitric oxide scavenging. These data were collected during afternoon periods and might indicate the presence of ozone creation attributable to photochemical reactions. The lack of more evidence for this phenomena appears to be due to the dispersive action of unsable atmospheres which would have rapidly reduced concentrations of NO_x below values needed for measurable ozone creation.     

中国对流层二氧化硫光化学氧化过程的数值研究

利用一个三维非静力区域大气化学输送模式与中尺度气象模式MM5相连接构成一个数值模拟系统，模拟了中国地区对流层臭氧与其前体物的分布以及二氧化硫转化为硫酸盐的过程，模式扬地面源排放、大气输送和扩散、干沉积、气相化学反应和云雨过程。结果表明：日间，O3浓度主要由NOx和NMHC的源排放和光化学反应过程支配，大气辐射是光化学反应强弱的决定因子，其强度可使SO2、O3和SO4^2-的生成浓度呈现不同的日变化和季节变化，结果表明高浓度的O3对二氧化硫转化为硫酸盐的化学过程有很大的促进作用，然而，这种作用受NMHC浓度的影响很大，较高浓度的NMHC使O3浓度上升，但同时增加了对OH等自由基的消耗，使SO2的转化率降低。     

兴化市大气环境现状及防治对策研究

兴化市的大气环境面临着十分严峻的形势.在分析兴化市大气环境现状的基础上,总结出兴化市大气主要污染物的种类,它们主要是细颗粒物、可吸入颗粒物、二氧化氮、一氧化碳、臭氧、二氧化硫;这些大气污染源主要包括能源消耗、工业废气、机动车尾气、生活及农业废气,这些废气对环境带来了严重的干扰,并且有针对性的提出了控制大气污染的对策建议.具体措施包括优化能源结构、整治污染源、治理机动车和扬尘污染、加强秸秆禁烧工作,达到防治与综合利用的并举.     

Synergistic effects of non-thermal plasma-assisted catalyst and ultrasound on toluene removal

A wire-mesh catalyst coated by La_0.8Sr_0.2MnO₃ was combined with a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor for toluene removal at atmospheric pressure. It was found that toluene removal efficiency and carbon dioxide selectivity were enhanced in the catalytic packed-bed reactor. In addition, ozone and nitrogen monoxide from the gas effluent byproducts decreased. This is the first time that ultrasound combined with plasma has been used for toluene removal. A synergistic effect on toluene removal was observed in the plasma-assisted ultrasound system. At the same time, the system increased toluene conversion and reduced ozone emission.     

Ozone,sulfur dioxide,and nitrogen dioxide trends at rural sites located in the united states

We have investigated the existence of trends for ozone, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide at rural sites in the U.S. For the ozone analysis, at 54 of the 77 sites (70%) for the 10-year analysis (1979–1988) and at 118 of 147 sites (80%), with at least 4 years of data for the 5-year analysis (1984–1988), there was no indication of trends, either positive or negative. For the 10-year analysis, ozone sites in the Southern and Midwest forestry regions showed more positive than negative signiicant slope estimates. For the 5-year analysis, similar results were obtained, except that the mid-Atlantic region also experienced more positive than negative significant slope estimates. In most of the agricultural regions, there were not many significant trends in either the 10- or 5-year analysis. However, for the agricultural Appalachian region, 50% and 34% of the trends, respectively, were significant and there were more positive than negative significant ozone trends for both the 10- and 5-year periods. For sulfur dioxide, there was an indication of trends at 37 of 64 sites (58%) for the 10-year analysis (1978–1987). For the 5-year analysis (1983–1987), with at least 4 years of data, there was no indication of trends at 115 of 137 sites (84%). For sites in some regions of the U.S., there is an indication that sulfur dioxide concentrations have declined for both the 5- and 10-year periods, but the rate of decline on an aggregate basis has slowed in the 5-year period. There is a strong indication that the sulfur dioxide level decreased at many sites in the Midwest forestry and the Corn belt agricultural regions for the 10-year period. In the Southern forestry and Appalachian agricultural regions, many sites showed a decrease in the index for the 10-year, but not the 5-year, period. The lack of monitoring data for nitrogen dioxide made any conclusion extremely tenuous.     

许昌市臭氧污染趋势及时空分布特征研究

为研究许昌市的臭氧(O3)污染情况及时空分布特征,对2014年-2016年许昌市3个国家环境空气监测点位的监测数据进行了统计分析.结果表明:2014年-2016年,许昌市O3污染状况整体呈加重趋势,2016年污染最为严重;O3浓度和超标天数均具有明显的季节变化特征,春末和夏季的O3污染最为严重;不同季节的O3、NO2、NO和NOx浓度日变化也不尽相同,同时O3具有明显的日变化特征,呈单峰型分布,峰值出现在14:00~15:00;并且O3与NO2具有较好的相关性.     

Characteristics of urban ozone level in Hong Kong

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神经网络模型在O_3浓度预测中的应用

O3是近地面大气中一种重要的二次污染物.本研究采用神经网络多层感知器（Multi-Layer Perceptron）和多元线性回归2种模型,以广州万顷沙站2006年的气象观测数据为输入,对该站O3的1 h平均峰值浓度进行提前1 d的预测,并比较了2种模型的预测效果.模型的输入参数为前1d O3的最高1h平均浓度和第二天...     

基于CALPUFF模型的漳州市大气环境容量研究

研究表明：CALPUFF模式是运用于广域的大气扩散模型,在区域范围较大的复杂地形条件下的应用具有突出的优势.利用CALPUFF大气扩散模型模拟漳州市2009年气象场和污染物浓度场,采用监测值对模拟结果进行验证表明模型的适用性;基于现状污染源,建立大气污染物传递系数矩阵,结合线性优化法测算了不同环境空气质量标准下漳州市大气环境容量.     

北京市气温与黑碳和PM2.5对疾病死亡影响的交互效应

通过收集北京市2010~2016年逐日呼吸和心脑血管疾病死亡数据、污染物（BC、PM_2.5、SO₂、O₃和NO₂）日均浓度资料以及同期的气象资料,采用广义相加模型（GAMs）中的主效应模型、非参数二元响应模型和温度分层模型探讨了北京市气温、PM_2.5和BC单效应,以及气温与PM_2.5和BC交互作用分别对呼吸和心脑血管疾病死亡人数的影响.单效应分析结果表明,气温与两种疾病死亡人数的累计暴露-反应关系均呈“J”型分布特征,最适温度为24℃;累计滞后一天情况下PM_2.5和BC的健康效应均最显著,此时PM_2.5和BC浓度每升高四分位间距（IQR）,呼吸系统疾病死亡人数超额增加百分比（ER）分别为2.21%和1.80%,心脑血管疾病死亡人数ER分别为2.02%和1.48%.交互作用的研究结果表明,高温与高浓度的PM_2.5（或BC）对疾病死亡的影响存在协同效应,且高温条件下BC对疾病死亡影响的健康风险大于PM_2.5,当气温大于24℃时,BC和PM_2.5浓度每升高IQR对应的呼吸系统疾病死亡人数ER分别为6.22%和6.17%,心脑血管疾病死亡人数ER分别为5.01%和3.97%.虽然BC只占PM_2.5的一部分,但BC对人群健康的影响不容忽视,应该引起足够的重视.     

保定市区主要交通干道环境空气污染状况分析研究

利用保定市2013年7月份监测站点位大气环境监测统计数据,对保定市主要交通干道环境质量状况进行分析,结果表明,二氧化硫的日变化呈单峰分布,在中午12:00左右出现峰值,最低值出现在凌晨5:00。氮氧化物及一氧化碳的日变化呈现双峰型变化规律,早晨8:00左右出现第一个峰值,分别在下午15:00和17:00左右达到最低值,夜间19:00左右出现第二个峰值。说明交通干道两侧区域的二氧化硫、氮氧化物、一氧化碳的浓度变化与机动车流量之间存在一定的关系。     

Inventory of emissions from major air pollutant categories in Turkey

In this study, an inventory of air pollutant emission estimates from major air polluting sources in Turkey for period between 1985 and 2005 with 5-year intervals were estimated. Inventory covers anthropogenic sources of five major air pollutants of particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and non-methane volatile organic compounds. Their break-down with respect to main activity sectors were shown and their distribution by the largest industrial source categories were worked out as annual estimates. This inventory and its analysis point to serious environmental implications of air pollutants and a need to develop a policy plan for reducing these emissions.     

CO中毒的环境气象因子分析及预测方法研究

利用2006年9月~2007年3月全国CO中毒病例资料,选取日发病人数为8人以上的CO中毒事件发生日作为样本,对CO中毒的气象条件进行了分析研究.结果表明,微风或者静风、大气层结稳定的气象条件不利于CO气体的扩散,同时,气温变幅较小、气压下降、云量多和气体湿度大也可能间接导致CO中毒事件的发生.用风速、大气稳定度、24h变温、24h变压、总云量和相对湿度作为预报因子,利用阈值加权平均的方法,初步建立了区域性CO中毒气象潜势预报模型.     

我国低纬度、亚热带地区的降水化学及其雨水酸化趋势分析

在世界上酸沉降研究尚为空白的低纬度、亚热带地区建立了酸沉降监测网。通过两年的监测,结果表明降水中酸度和离子总浓度季节变化明显,Ca2+和NH在降水离子构成中占百分率较高,阳离子总和略大于阴离子总和。两广地区降水酸度是雨水中多种阴、阳离子综合作用的结果,降水中SO浓度高的地区是SO₂排放量高的地区,控制雨水逐年酸化趋势的唯一途径是限制SO₂排放。      

成都市PM2.5浓度变化的影响因素交互作用研究

为探究大气环境中污染物与气象要素交互作用对PM_2.5浓度变化的影响特征,利用成都市2014~2020年逐日大气污染物资料以及同期的气象资料,采用广义相加模型（GAMs）分析不同影响因素对当地PM_2.5浓度变化的影响效应.结果表明,单影响因素GAMs模型中,无论全年还是冬季,PM_2.5浓度与平均气温（T）、相对湿度（RH）、平均风速（Wind）、降水量（Prec）、O₃、NO₂、SO₂和CO间均呈非线性关系,其中CO、NO₂、SO₂、T和Wind对PM_2.5浓度影响较大,与全年不同的是,冬季T和O₃对PM_2.5浓度变化的影响效应较全年明显减弱.多影响因素的GAMs模型中,T、Wind、RH、CO、NO₂、SO₂和O₃这7个解释变量对PM_2.5浓度变化的影响均较显著,构建的全年多影响因素GAMs模型调整后的R²=0.759,方差解释率为76.42%,冬季R²=0.708,方差解释率为72.2%,无论是全年还是冬季,CO都是PM_2.5浓度变化的主导影响因素.GAMs交互效应模型发现,全年弱低温（7℃左右）+高相对湿度+高浓度CO+高浓度NO₂+高浓度SO₂协同作用条件下有利于PM_2.5浓度的生成;冬季低Wind+高RH+高浓度CO+高浓度NO₂+高浓度SO₂共存条件下有利于PM_2.5的生成,即该条件对PM_2.5浓度的生成有协同放大效应.运用GAMs模型能够对PM_2.5污染的主导影响因素进行识别,并定量化分析影响因素单效应及其交互作用对PM_2.5浓度变化的影响特征,对PM_2.5浓度污染防控研究具有重要指示意义.     

京津冀地区严重光化学污染时段O3的时空分布特征

利用MCCM(多尺度气象空气质量模式)对京津冀地区2008年6月严重光化学污染时段的近地面φ(NO_x)和φ(O₃)进行了模拟;同时,为了检验MCCM系统模拟φ(O₃)时空分布的能力,将模拟的气象要素、φ(NO_x)和φ(O₃)与观测数据进行了比对,并利用验证后的模拟结果对该地区严重光化学污染时段O₃时空分布特征进行研究. 结果表明:①MCCM模式可较好地反映气象场和污染物浓度场的时空分布特征. 气温、露点温度和气压的观测值与模拟值的相关系数分别为0.85、0.77和0.95;模拟的化学物种浓度的时空分布与观测结果基本相符. ②城市中心地区φ(NO_x)较高,北京和天津城市地区的φ(NO_x)甚至超过了30×10-9;京津冀平原大部分地区午后14:00φ(O₃)的最大值超过了70×10-9;而太行山沿线φ(O₃)的最大值超过了80×10-9. 结合气象要素的分析表明,午后φ(O₃)在太行山沿线的高值与气压场和流场关系密切. ③利用判断O₃生成敏感性指标——H₂O₂/HNO₃(体积分数比)分析发现,φ(O₃)日最大值和φ(总氧化剂)(总氧化剂=NO₂₊O₃)平均值的高值区域与O₃生成受NO_x和VOCs协同控制的区域极为吻合. 因此,要达到降低区域的光化学污染,应以VOCs的消减为主,同时兼顾NO_x的消减.      

BP神经网络在降水酸度预测中的应用

本文利用南昌市城市大气中SO2、NOX、TSP等浓度数据及降尘数据建立了BP神经网络的降雨酸度预测模型，结果表明：BP神经网络的预测模型不仅能较好地反映致酸因素与降水酸度的相互关系，而且预测精度也高于多元回归等模型。     

Analysis of the change in atmospheric urban formaldehyde and photochemistry activity as a result of using methyl-t-butyl-ether (MTBE) as an additive in gasolines of the metropolitan area of Mexico city

Statistical analysis of urban formaldehyde and ozone data from the university monitoring station in Mexico City shows the effects of formaldehyde and photochemical activity as a result of the introduction of methyl-t-butyl-ether (MTBE) as an additive in leaded and unleaded gasolines of the metropolitan area of Mexico City. The MTBE was introduced in November 1989 in order to reduce the carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon levels previously observed.Hourly integrated formaldehyde concentrations from the hours 1000 to 1500 before and after the introduction of the MTBE show that after the MTBE was introduced, the atmospheric formaldehyde levels increased, changing the peak formaldehyde concentration from midday to the morning hours.Hourly ozone concentrations observed at the same site show that the photochemical activity changed to a lesser extent after the addition of MTBE. The peak of ozone appears without a significant change before and after the MTBE, but the ozone levels in the morning and the evening hours increased. The upper quartile analysis of the ozone data shows that higher ozone levels are more frequent after the introduction of MTBE.     

神经网络在海水腐蚀预测中的应用

根据我国材料自然环境腐蚀网站长期以来积累的海水腐蚀数据,采用BP人工神经网络算法,建立了碳钢及低合金钢的海水腐蚀预测模型.该模型以合金成分、环境因素为输入参数,以平均腐蚀速率为输出参数.以碳钢、低合金钢的17种钢种在青岛、厦门、榆林海水腐蚀试验站16年腐蚀数据建模.选定A3钢与10CrCuSiV在以上三地16年的腐蚀数据为验证样本.结果表明该网络具有良好的预测精度,能够正确反映海水环境腐蚀性因素及金属材料腐蚀暴露时间与其腐蚀速率的关系,用于碳钢及低合金钢在海洋全浸环境中的腐蚀预测.