典型羟基化多溴联苯醚(OH-PBDEs)小鼠肝微粒体的体外代谢及关键代谢CYP450酶系的研究

羟基化多溴联苯醚(OH-PBDEs)是一类具有内分泌干扰效应的酚类化合物,本研究以小鼠肝脏微粒体作为研究对象,考察了4种典型OH-PBDEs(3-OH-BDE-47、5-OH-BDE-47、6-OH-BDE-47和2′-OH-BDE-68)的体外代谢.研究结果表明,4种OH-PBDEs在小鼠肝脏微粒体中均能被代谢;OH-PBDE结构上的醚键(O)、羟基(OH)和溴原子(Br)的相对位置会影响其代谢效率,OH位于苯环上醚键邻位更有利于其代谢,即6-OH-BDE-47表现出相对较高的代谢率;抑制剂实验发现CYP1A2和CYP3A4是4种典型OH-PBDEs主要的CYP450代谢亚型.     

羟基化多溴联苯醚(OH-PBDEs)在小鼠肝脏微粒体的体外代谢及对CYP450酶活性的影响

羟基化多溴联苯醚(OH-PBDEs)是一类具有内分泌干扰效应的酚类化合物,生物毒性要高于母体多溴联苯醚(PBDEs),研究OH-PBDEs的体外代谢行为对于理解其在生物体内的富集转化具有重要意义。以小鼠肝脏微粒体作为研究对象,考察了3-OH-BDE-47、5-OH-BDE-47、6-OH-BDE-47和2’-OH-BDE-68在小鼠肝脏中的体外代谢,并分别研究了浓度为0.1、0.2、0.4、0.6、1.0μmol·L-1条件下4种OH-PBDEs对细胞色素P450酶系中7-乙氧基香豆素-O-脱乙基酶(ECOD)、7-乙氧基异吩唑酮-O-脱乙基酶(EROD)和苯胺4-羟基化酶(ANH)活性的影响。结果表明,4种OH-PBDEs在小鼠肝脏微粒体中均能够快速代谢,代谢率分别为80%(3-OH-BDE-47)、42%(5-OH-BDE-47)、86%(6-OH-BDE-47)和63%(2’-OH-BDE-68)。实验所设OH-PBDEs各浓度对微粒体的ECOD活性无显著性抑制作用,但对EROD的活性均表现出相同的显著抑制作用;4种OH-PBDEs表现出不同的ANH活性影响,即3-OH-BDE-47对ANH活性具有抑制作用,5-OH-BDE-47具有诱导作用,而6-OH-BDE-47和2’-OH-BDE-68对ANH活性无显著性影响。     

羟基多溴联苯醚(3'-OH-BDE-7)的大鼠体外肝代谢研究

本文利用液相色谱-质谱联用技术,建立了羟基多溴联苯醚3'-OH-BDE-7在S.D.大鼠肝匀浆中的体外代谢研究方法.实验结果表明,3'-OH-BDE-7的主要代谢产物为2,4-二溴苯酚和二羟基多溴联苯醚(diOHPBDEs),并且其在温孵30min,时代谢转化率为90%.3'-OH-BDE-7的代谢研究为其它羟基多溴联...     

五氟苯甲酰氯衍生色谱法分析水体中痕量羟基多溴联苯醚

以五氟苯甲酰氯(PFBCl)作为衍生化试剂,气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(Gas chromatography-electron capture detector,GC-ECD)为检测手段,建立了水体中痕量羟基多溴联苯醚(Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers,简称OH-PBDEs)的酰基化衍生-GC/ECD检测方法.通过实验讨论了衍生化缓冲溶液、衍生化时间以及衍生后萃取溶液异辛烷的用量对检测结果的影响,确定了最佳的衍生化条件.在最佳的衍生化条件下,4-OH-BDE 42、4’-OH-BDE 49、6-OH-BDE 47、2’-OH-BDE 68和6’-OH-BDE 99的衍生化产物均获得了良好的分离度和色谱响应值.本方法的仪器检出限为0.02—0.14 pg,方法检出限为0.61—4.67 pg.L-1,标准曲线线性相关系数的范围为0.9973—0.9996,相对标准偏差均小于10%.3种采自大连市不同地区环境水样的加标回收率检测结果表明,所建立的分析方法适于水体中痕量OH-PBDEs的检测.     

土壤-植物系统中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的迁移与转化研究进展

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一类重要的新型持久性有机污染物,因其具有亲脂和难降解特性,易在土壤和沉积物等环境介质以及生物体内累积,同时会发生脱溴还原代谢和氧化代谢,生成毒性更大的低溴代PBDEs、羟基PBDEs(OH-PBDEs)和甲氧基PBDEs(MeO-PBDEs).研究PBDEs在土壤-植物系统的迁移转化对于认识PBDEs的陆生生态环境行为,评价其生态风险以及对食物链的潜在暴露风险都具有重要的意义.本文从土壤中PBDEs的代谢与转化行为,PBDEs的植物吸收与传输特征及其关键影响因素,以及植物体内PBDEs的脱溴、羟基化和甲氧基化代谢行为几个方面总结了PBDEs在土壤-植物系统迁移转化的最新研究进展,并就将来的研究方向提出一些思考和展望,有助于深入认识PBDEs及其代谢产物的环境归趋.     

多溴联苯醚代谢产物的合成

通过偶合、氧化、溴化、甲基化等基本有机反应,合成制备了40种羟基(或甲氧基)-多溴联苯醚标样,并通过色谱-质谱(GC-MS)和氢谱核磁共振(1H-NMR)对产物的结构进行了测试与表征.结果表明,合成制备的产物与设计的目标产物结构完全一致,且纯度达到99%以上.     

代谢活化作用对多溴代联苯类污染物类/抗甲状腺激素活性的影响

选用大鼠肝匀浆(S9)和鼠肝癌细胞(H4ⅡE)两种体系代谢活化多溴代联苯醚混标(BDEs)和十溴联苯醚(BDE209),采用重组甲状腺激素受体基因酵母检测BDEs和BDE209母体及其代谢产物的类/抗甲状腺激素效应.结果表明,BDEs和BDE209母体均不表现甲状腺激素效应(p>0.05);但是经S9和H4ⅡE细胞代谢活化后,其代谢产物表现出明显的类甲状腺激素活性和抗甲状腺激素活性(p<0.05),BDEs和BDE209的干扰甲状腺激素效应需要经过代谢活化步骤.比较不同代谢活化体系,重组酵母细胞本身的代谢活化作用并不显著,而H4ⅡE细胞和S9代谢活化体系均能够导致活性中间体.     

羟基多溴代二苯醚与甲状腺素运载蛋白相互作用的3D-QSAR研究

近年来,羟基多溴代二苯醚(OH-PBDEs)的类甲状腺素效应逐渐引起人们的关注,然而其结构效应关系和致毒机制尚不清楚。甲状腺激素结合球蛋白(TBG)和运甲状腺素蛋白(TTR)是人体转运甲状腺素的重要蛋白,通过计算毒理学手段可以揭示OH-PBDEs的微观毒理机制。利用分子对接技术研究OH-PBDEs与TBG、TTR的结合模式和构象特征,识别关键氢键氨基酸为赖氨酸Lys270(TBG),亮氨酸Leu110(TTR)和丝氨酸Ser117(TTR)。基于活性构象特征,构建14种典型OH-PBDEs的3D-QSAR模型,定量预测OH-PBDEs与TBG、TTR的结合亲和力。最佳预测模型的相关系数r2分别为0.966(TBG)和0.961(TTR),抽一法交叉验证相关系数q2分别为0.560(TBG)和0.525(TTR)。研究发现,OH-PBDEs的静电和氢键作用可增强结合亲和力,分别贡献65.4%(TBG)和68.7%(TTR)。研究结果为揭示OH-PBDEs与甲状腺素转运蛋白的相互作用提供新视角,有助于全面评价OH-PBDEs对人体甲状腺素调节功能的损伤。     

十溴联苯醚(BDE209)在虹鳟体内的羟基代谢产物及其对甲状腺激素水平影响的初步研究

十溴联苯醚(Decabromodiphenyl ether,BDE209)被认为是可疑甲状腺素(TH)干扰物,但干扰机制目前尚不清楚.采用单次腹腔注射的暴露方式,考察了在28d的实验周期内,不同浓度组的十溴联苯醚在虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)体内的羟基化代谢产物浓度与甲状腺激素(T3和T4)水平.结果表明:十溴联苯醚在虹鳟的肝脏和血液中均可代谢为低溴代羟基多溴联苯醚,且羟基代谢产物在整个实验周期中浓度不断累积;与此同时,血浆中T3和T4浓度均出现下降趋势.进一步的统计分析结果表明,羟基代谢产物与T3和T4浓度水平分别呈显著的负线性相关关系,这说明血浆中的甲状腺激素水平下降可能是由羟基化产物所引起的.     

A~2/O工艺处理污水中雌激素活性和典型雌激素水平变化

针对水环境中内分泌干扰物低浓度、难去除和高危害的特点,为全面了解污水处理过程中雌激素水平和效应的变化情况,采用HPLC-UV-FLD分析了污水中4种固醇类雌激素的浓度水平,采用重组酵母菌雌激素筛检法(YES)评价了城市污水处理流程(A~2/O)中污水的雌激素活性,同时采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测污水处理过程中雌二醇(E2)的浓度水平。结果表明,出水中雌酮(E1)质量浓度最高,为87.97 ng·L~(-1),雌二醇(E2)质量浓度最低,为5.50 ng·L~(-1),固醇类雌激素水平去除率为88.83%~95.69%。A~2/O系统对雌激素活性的去除率为73.33%,但出水仍具有一定的雌激素活性,雌激素当量EEQ为1.92 ng·L~(-1)。ELSIA检测得雌二醇(E2)质量浓度为10.01~82.82 ng·L~(-1),去除率为88.23%,与YES法检测结果具有一致性。ELISA检测可以成为体外检测的一个重要补充。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).