腈菌唑手性单体对雄性丽斑麻蜥肝脏代谢功能的影响

腈菌唑(MT)是一种应用广泛的手性杀菌剂,其手性对映体为(+)-腈菌唑(MT1)和(-)-腈菌唑(MT2)。为评估腈菌唑单体暴露对丽斑麻蜥(Eremias argus)肝脏代谢功能的毒性影响,研究了MT1(5 mg·kg~(-1))和MT2(5 mg·kg~(-1))暴露28 d下蜥蜴体重、肝组织病理学和代谢相关基因表达的变化。结果显示,MT1暴露组的蜥蜴体重在28 d时出现显著下降。在MT1和MT2暴露后,蜥蜴的肝组织均出现了不同程度的病理学变化。在MT1暴露下,基因CYP1A1、CYP2D6、CYP3A4、CYP3A7和CYP2D3的表达水平未发生显著变化,而基因CYP2C8A的表达显著上调。在MT2暴露下,基因CYP3A4、CYP3A7和CYP2D3的表达未发生明显变化;基因CYP1A1和CYP2C8的表达显著下调;基因CYP2D6的表达显著上调。不同腈菌唑单体对蜥蜴体重、肝组织病理学以及代谢相关基因的表达影响不同,具有一定的对映选择性。     

三唑醇杀菌剂对雄性丽斑麻蜥性腺系统的对映选择性影响

三唑醇(triadimenol,TN)是一种广泛使用的手性三唑类杀菌剂,它含有2个手性中心,4个手性对映体,其中,对映体A包括A1(R,S)和A2(S,R),对映体B包括B1(R,R)和B2(S,S)。三唑醇被认为是一种潜在的内分泌干扰物,能够影响生物体内雌雄激素的合成。为了研究三唑醇不同对映体和外消旋体对爬行动物性腺系统影响的差异,以雄性丽斑麻蜥为实验动物,将外消旋体和4种对映体(100 mg·kg~(-1)bw)分别经口暴露给雄性蜥蜴28 d。外消旋体和(R,S)对映体暴露后蜥蜴的性腺体细胞指数(GSI)明显低于对照组。(S,R)、(R,S)和(S,S)显著抑制了性腺中性激素合成相关基因(cyp119a、cyp11a、cyp17、hsd-3β、hsd-17β、erα和ar)的表达量,同时降低了血液中睾酮(T)和雌二醇(E2)含量。(R,R)暴露对丽斑麻蜥体内的雌雄激素水平无明显影响。此外,相关性分析表明,外消旋体对性腺中性激素合成相关基因的影响与(R,S)具有较强的相关关系,说明(R,S)可能是外消旋体中生物活性和毒性最高的单体。研究表明,三唑醇对丽斑麻蜥性腺系统的毒性作用具有明显的对映选择性,这为手性农药对爬行动物的生态毒理学评价提供了重要依据。     

三唑醇杀菌剂在雄性丽斑麻蜥体内的对映选择性降解、蓄积和肝毒性研究

三唑醇(triadimenol, TN)是一种广泛使用的手性三唑类杀菌剂,它含有2个手性中心,4个手性对映体,包括对映体A(A1(R,S)和A2(S,R))以及对映体B(B1(R,R)和B2(S,S))。为了研究三唑醇在爬行动物体内的对映选择性行为和潜在的肝毒性,将雄性丽斑麻蜥分别一次经口暴露和28 d长期暴露于三唑醇(100 mg·kg~(-1) body weight),一次经口暴露结果显示,三唑醇进入大脑和肾中的浓度低于肝、性腺、皮肤和尾,B2(S,S)和B1(R,R)对映体具有相似的代谢速率。代谢过程中A1(R,S)的浓度明显高于A2(S,R),并且在暴露后12 h出现二次上升,这可能是A2(S,R)在体内手性转换为A1(R,S)导致。丽斑麻蜥长期(28 d)暴露于三唑醇后,性腺和肾中无明显蓄积现象,皮和尾中浓度显著高于其他组织,各个组织中三唑醇趋向于保持外消旋状态。三唑醇暴露后肝中主要的代谢基因cyp1a1c、yp3a4c、yp2b1和cyp2d3的表达量都出现明显上升,组织病理学分析进一步显示,三唑醇暴露后的肝组织出现组织空泡、血窦阻塞的症状,说明三唑醇对肝组织具有一定的毒性作用。上述结果为手性农药对爬行动物的生态毒理学评价提供了重要依据。     

手性氟虫腈对意大利蜜蜂和稻螟赤眼蜂的急性毒性及安全评价

手性农药多以外消旋体形式用于农业生产和卫生害虫防治中。但手性农药对映体通常具有不同的生物活性和毒性,这种现象在农药环境风险评价过程中往往被忽视。本研究以氟虫腈为例,首先用高效液相色谱-手性固定相(HPLC-CSP)技术拆分出氟虫腈的S型和R型2种对映体,分别采用点滴法和药膜法测定了氟虫腈对映体及外消旋体对意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera L.)和稻螟赤眼蜂(Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead)的急性毒性。结果显示,S(+)-氟虫腈、R(-)-氟虫腈和外消旋体对意大利蜜蜂的48h-LD50分别为0.00341、0.00396和0.00383μg·蜂-1,对稻螟赤眼蜂的24h-LR50分别为7.56×10-7、8.06×10-7和7.29×10-7mg·cm-2。研究表明,氟虫腈对意大利蜜蜂具有高毒性风险,对稻螟赤眼蜂有极高毒性风险,且氟虫腈对意大利蜜蜂和稻螟赤眼蜂的急性毒性无明显的对映体选择性。因此,使用氟虫腈单一对映体不会降低其对环境生物的毒害风险。     

叶菌唑对斑马鱼的急性毒性及生物富集效应

为评价杀菌剂叶菌唑对水生生态系统的影响,以斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)为试验生物,采用半静态法研究了叶菌唑原药对斑马鱼的急性毒性以及生物富集效应。结果表明,95%叶菌唑原药对斑马鱼96 h的半数致死浓度(96 h-LC_(50))为3.89 mg·L~(-1),选用在3.90×10~(-1)和3. 90×10~(-2)mg·L~(-1)这2个处理浓度下连续暴露8 d,在3. 90×10~(-1)mg·L~(-1)浓度下生物富集系数(BCF)为53.3;在3.90×10~(-2)mg·L~(-1)浓度暴露下生物富集系数(BCF8d)为26.2。根据《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》毒性划分标准,叶菌唑原药属于中等富集性农药。研究结果为叶菌唑田间安全使用提供理论依据。     

微囊藻毒素-LR对雄性黑斑蛙精巢中CYP46A1,CYP2H2和CYP2G1 mRNA表达的影响

微囊藻毒素-LR(microcystin-LR,MC-LR)是分布最广泛和毒性最强的一种微囊藻毒素,对水生动物造成潜在的健康威胁。大量科学研究证实,动物体中的细胞色素P450酶(CYP)参与内源性物质及外源毒性物质的代谢过程。为探究两栖动物生殖器官中的CYP酶对低剂量MC-LR生殖毒效应的调节作用,选择雄性黑斑蛙(Rana nigromaculata)为受试动物,采用静态置换法和体内暴露方法,分别暴露于0、0.1、1和10μg·L~(-1)MC-LR溶液0、7和14 d;用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测精巢中CYP46A1、CYP2H2和CYP2G1的mRNA表达水平。结果表明,暴露于0.1、1和10μg·L~(-1)MC-LR 14 d后,CYP46A1在mRNA水平分别上调了1.86、1.65和1.22倍,CYP2H2在mRNA水平分别上调了4.62、1.80和1.04倍,CYP2G1的mRNA水平分别上调了2.63、2.16和1.56倍。MC-LR在1μg·L~(-1)剂量下暴露7 d后,CYP46A1、CYP2H2和CYP2G1 mRNA水平均出现显著上调。上述研究表明,微囊藻毒素对黑斑蛙精巢3种CYP基因在mRNA水平上都存在低剂量刺激效应。低剂量MC-LR能诱导黑斑蛙精巢中CYP46A1转录水平变化,促进胆固醇转化为24S-羟化胆固醇,潜在破坏雄性黑斑蛙精巢中胆固醇水平的平衡; MC-LR也能够诱导精巢中CYP2H2和CYP2G1转录水平的变化,潜在调节CYP2H2和CYP2G1转录水平,进而影响MC-LR的代谢作用。     

手性杀菌剂在有机蔬菜中的残留特征

本文建立了基于QuEChER-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析有机蔬菜中联苯三唑醇、苯霜灵、己唑醇、戊唑醇、粉唑醇、三唑酮、腈菌唑、甲霜灵和多效唑等9种手性杀菌剂的分析方法,该方法定量限为6.4—270.3 ng·kg~(-1)鲜重(fw),相对回收率为77.1%—110.3%.随后运用该方法对有机番茄、苦瓜、黄瓜和胡萝卜等4种有机蔬菜中的手性杀菌剂残留及其对映体特征进行了分析.研究结果显示,9种杀菌剂中,联苯三唑醇未检出,甲霜灵残留量最高,中值为4.9μg·kg~(-1) fw,有机黄瓜中的甲霜灵残留量(1.1—1.4 mg·kg~(-1) fw)超标(中国食品安全国家标准,最大残留限量0.5 mg·kg~(-1) fw).在4种有机蔬菜中,胡萝卜和黄瓜检测出的手性杀菌剂种类最多,且黄瓜的手性杀菌剂残留总量最高,达1.1—1.4 mg·kg~(-1) fw,主要为甲霜灵.不同蔬菜种类的杀菌剂残留有明显差异,但有机蔬菜的杀菌剂残留远低于常规蔬菜.手性杀菌剂对映体的残留与蔬菜种类有关.     

多氯联苯暴露对食蚊鱼CYP19ɑ 和VTGɑ 基因的表达及骨骼形态雄性化的影响

应用食蚊鱼细胞色素P450芳香化酶基因(CYP19%)和卵黄蛋白原基因(VTG%)m RNA转录水平为指标,研究微量多氯联苯(PCBs)长时间暴露对成年雌性食蚊鱼CYP19%基因和VTG%基因表达的影响,并评价其对雌性食蚊鱼产生的形态雄性化效应。采用静水暴露实验模式,分别设置0.08、0.4、2和10μg·L-1PCBs浓度,并设置对照组和平行组,定量测定14 d和28 d性腺CYP19%和肝脏VTG%m RNA表达水平的变化,以及对椎体脉棘发育的影响。暴露实验结果显示:1各PCBs浓度组(0.08、0.4、2和10μg·L-1PCBs)暴露均能抑制食蚊鱼CYP19%和VTG基因的表达,表明PCBs对食蚊鱼VTG%基因的抑制远大于对食蚊鱼CYP19%基因的抑制;20.4μg·L-1PCBs暴露显著地降低了食蚊鱼第15椎体脉棘的长度并降低第15、16椎体脉棘的L/D值,显示食蚊鱼出现骨骼形态雄性化,表明一定浓度的PCBs暴露会表现出抗雌激素效应。     

手性药物的水环境行为、毒性效应及生态风险

药物污染已经成为一个重要的环境问题,目前生产和使用的药物中大部分为手性药物,进入地表水环境后,2个对映异构体在生物降解和生态毒性等方面可能存在显著的差异。本文以8种手性药物为研究对象,系统综述了手性药物在水环境中的暴露特征和降解转化规律,分析其对不同生物靶点的毒性效应和机理,探讨了其对水生态系统的潜在风险。结果表明,8种手性药物在国内外地表水中的检出浓度达到μg·L^-1水平。手性药物在地表水环境中的对映体构成受药物种类、环境条件和时间的影响;布洛芬、普萘洛尔等差异显著的手性药物可以作为污染源示踪的特征污染物;不同污水处理工艺的对映体选择性也有较大差异,导致污水处理厂出水中手性药物对映体分数(enantiomer fraction, EF)值不同。由于手性药物在生物体内发生手性代谢和手性转化,导致体外毒性实验与体内毒性效果差异很大,手性药物在不同水生生物类群体内的受体或生物利用率有所差异,从而表现出不同的立体选择性。基于外消旋体的生态风险评估研究表明,目前布洛芬、卡马西平和萘普生等手性药物对水生生物具有潜在的风险,而不同对映体对水生生物的毒性存在一定差异。因此,有必...     

利用毒代动力学模型研究氟虫腈在夹杂带丝蚓体内的手性选择性积累过程

农药的生物积累直接影响其毒性,但是手性农药在生物体内的选择性积累过程仍不明确.本文在恒定环境水浓度的条件下,开展手性农药氟虫腈的外消旋体及其对映体在底栖无脊椎动物夹杂带丝蚓体内的生物积累实验.在96 h和72 h的吸收和消除实验过程中,测定生物体内的氟虫腈的外消旋体和对映体浓度随时间的变化情况,构建毒代动力学模型,获取吸收和消除速率常数.结果表明夹杂带丝蚓对R-氟虫腈的生物浓缩因子(1981 L·kg^-1脂肪)比对S-氟虫腈(1748 L·kg^-1脂肪)更大.R-氟虫腈和S-氟虫腈的吸收速率常数相当,分别为311±11 L·kg^-1脂肪·h^-1和313±13 L·kg^-1脂肪·h^-1,而R-氟虫腈的消除速率常数小于S-氟虫腈,分别为0.157±0.006 h^-1和0.179±0.008 h^-1,因此相对较慢的消除是导致R-氟虫腈在夹杂带丝蚓体内更高生物积累的主要原因.研究说明毒代动力学参数可有效阐释手性外源物质在...     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).