Treatment technologies for aqueous perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA)

Fluorochemicals (FCs) are oxidatively recalcitrant, environmentally persistent, and resistant to most conventional treatment technologies. FCs have unique physiochemical properties derived from fluorine which is the most electronegative element. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) have been detected globally in the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. Reducing treatment technologies such as reverses osmosis, nano-filtration and activated carbon can remove FCs from water. However, incineration of the concentrated waste is required for complete FC destruction. Recently, a number of alternative technologies for FC decomposition have been reported. The FC degradation technologies span a wide range of chemical processes including direct photolysis, photocatalytic oxidation, photochemical oxidation, photochemical reduction, thermally-induced reduction, and sonochemical pyrolysis. This paper reviews these FC degradation technologies in terms of kinetics, mechanism, energetic cost, and applicability. The optimal PFOS/PFOA treatment method is strongly dependent upon the FC concentration, background organic and metal concentration, and available degradation time.     

霉菌吸附水体中Cr(Ⅵ)Cd(Ⅱ)离子研究

采用从活性污泥中筛选的ZYL霉菌,进行吸附水体中Cr(Ⅵ)、Cd(Ⅱ)离子研究。研究结果表明:在Cr(Ⅵ)、Cd(Ⅱ)浓度分别为300mg/L时,菌种生长良好。吸附水体中[Cr(Ⅵ)、Cd(Ⅱ)]的最佳条件是pH=5.0,时间1h,温度为10℃。吸附规律符合Langm uir等温吸附模型,由回归方程得到Cr(Ⅵ)的表观最大吸附量为14m g/g;Cd(Ⅱ)的表观最大吸附量为52m g/g,说明该霉菌可以很好的去除低温水体(地下水)中Cr(Ⅵ)、Cd(Ⅱ)离子。     

Simultaneous oxidation of Mn(II) and As(III) on cupric oxide (CuO) promotes As(III) removal at circumneutral pH

Oxidation of Mn(II) or As(III) by molecular oxygen is slow at pH < 9, while they can be catalytically oxidized in the presence of oxide minerals and then removed from contaminated water. However, the reaction mechanisms on simultaneous oxidation of Mn(II) and As(III) on oxide mineral surface and their accompanied removal efficiency remain unclear. This study compared Mn(II) oxidation on four common metal oxides (γ-Al₂O₃, CuO, α-Fe₂O₃ and ZnO) and investigated the simultaneous oxidation and removal of Mn(II) and As(III) through batch experiments and spectroscopic analyses. Among the tested oxides, CuO and α-Fe₂O₃ possess greater catalytic activity toward Mn(II) oxidation. Oxidation and removal kinetics of Mn(II) and As(III) on CuO indicate that O₂ is the terminal electron acceptor for Mn(II) and As(III) oxidation on CuO, and Mn(II) acts as an electron shuttle to promote As(III) oxidation and removal. The main oxidized product of Mn(II) on CuO is high-valent MnO_x species. This newly formed Mn(III) or Mn(IV) phases promote As(III) oxidation on CuO at circumneutral pH 8 and is reduced to Mn(II), which may be then released into solution. This study provides new insights into metal oxide-catalyzed oxidation of pollutants Mn(II) and As(III) and suggests that CuO should be considered as an efficient material to remediate Mn(II) and As(III) contamination.     

污水处理厂削减耐药菌与抗性基因的研究进展

长期滥用抗生素导致细菌耐药性增强,并使抗性广泛传播.污水处理厂既是耐药菌(antibiotic resistance bacteria,ARB)与抗性基因(antibiotic resistance gene,ARG)的储存库,排放的污水与污泥是向自然环境中传播抗性的重要污染源,也是削减ARB和ARG及控制抗性传播的重要环节.本文总结了天然水体中的耐药菌和抗性基因污染现状,分析了近年来耐药菌与抗性基因在污水/污泥处理过程中的转归与去除方面的研究进展,同时对将来的重点研究方向提出展望,以期为今后耐药菌和抗性基因的污染控制提供参考.     

纳米零价铁颗粒去除As(III)和As(V)的动力学过程及性能研究

本研究系统分析了不同初始砷浓度和不同nZVI投加量等条件下,nZVI去除As（III）和As（V）的动力学过程和除砷性能.结果表明,nZVI可快速有效地去除As（III）和As（V）,除砷过程均符合准二级动力学模型,且As（III）的去除速率明显快于As（V）.在砷浓度为5 mg·L^-1时,As（III）去除速率常数达最大值0.30 g·mg^-1·min^-1,为As（V）去除速率（0.034 g·mg^-1·min^-1）的8.8倍.Weber-Morris粒子内扩散模型拟合结果表明,nZVI除砷速率是由外扩散和颗粒内扩散共同控制的.分析反应平衡时砷浓度测定结果,发现不同砷浓度条件下nZVI对As（III）的去除量为As（V）的1.5~2.6倍,nZVI对砷的去除量随初始砷浓度增加而降低,随nZVI投加量增加而增加.砷浓度为50.0 mg·L^-1时,As（III）和As（V）去除量达到最高,分别为152.14 mg·g^-1和62.02 mg·g^-1,均高于传统（羟基）氧化铁对As（III）和As（V）的去除量.因此,nZVI可高效去除水中As（III）和As（V）,且用于修复以As（III）污染为主的地下水更具有优势.     

上海市大气颗粒物中有机碳（OC）与元素碳（EC）的粒径分布

分析了上海市嘉定区不同粒径大气颗粒物(0.49、0.49～0.95、0.95～1.50、1.50～3.00、3.00～7.20、7.20μm)中OC和EC质量浓度的粒径分布特征;讨论了不同粒径大气颗粒物中二次有机碳EC示踪法中(OC/EC)pri的选定方法,用改进后的EC示踪法估算出上海市嘉定区大气颗粒物中的二次有机碳(SOC)质量浓度的粒径分布;通过OC和EC的相关性定性分析了上海市嘉定区大气颗粒物的主要来源.上海市嘉定区大气颗粒物中OC和SOC的质量浓度呈双峰分布,峰值出现在0.49μm与3.00μm的粒径段,EC出现双峰或三峰分布,与OC相比,更集中在0.49μm的粒径段.细颗粒(3.00μm)中OC和EC分别占总OC和EC质量浓度的59.8%～80.0%和58.1%～82.4%,OC和EC的质量浓度主要集中在3.00μm的颗粒物中.不同粒径颗粒物中SOC占相应粒径段内OC浓度的15.7%～79.1%,其中细颗粒物(3.00μm)和粗颗粒物(3.00μm)中SOC质量浓度占相应粒径段中OC的41.4%和43.5%.OC、EC和SOC的粒径分布显现出明显的时间依存性.OC和EC的相关性分析表明,上海嘉定区大气颗粒物的污染源主要以轻型汽油车尾气为主.     

Phase transformation of Cr(VI)-adsorbed ferrihydrite in the presence of Mn(II): Fate of Mn(II) and Cr(VI)

Ferrihydrite is an important sink for the toxic heavy metal ions, such as Cr(VI). As ferrihydrite is thermodynamically unstable and gradually transforms into hematite and goethite, the stability of Cr(VI)-adsorbed ferrihydrite is environmentally significant. This study investigated the phase transformation of Cr(VI)-adsorbed ferrihydrite at different pH in the presence of aqueous Mn(II), as well as the fate of Mn(II) and Cr(VI) in the transformation process of ferrihydrite. Among the ferrihydrite transformation products, hematite was dominant, and goethite was minor. The pre-adsorbed Cr(VI) inhibited the conversion of ferrihydrite to goethite at initial pH 3.0, whereas little amount of adsorbed Mn(II) favored the formation of goethite at initial pH 7.0. After the aging process, Cr species in solid phase existed primarily as Cr(III) in the presence of Mn(II) at initial pH 7.0 and 11.0. The aqueous Mn concentration was predominantly unchanged at initial pH 3.0, whereas the aqueous Mn(II) was adsorbed onto ferrihydrite or form Mn(OH)₂ precipitates at initial pH 7.0 and 11.0, promoting the immobilization of Cr(VI). Moreover, the oxidation of Mn(II) occurred at initial pH 7.0 and 11.0, forming Mn(III/IV) (hydr)oxides.     

灭幼脲Ⅲ号杀虫剂在大白菜和土壤中持久性及残留的研究

本文报道灭幼脲Ⅲ号杀虫剂在大白菜和土壤中的残留试验结果.经在南北两地连续两年的田间试验表明,灭幼脲Ⅲ号属非持久性农药,在作物和土壤中都较快地消失,在大白菜上的半衰期为3.8—14.0d,在土壤中为8.8—27.0d.用25％灭幼脲Ⅲ号胶悬剂稀释2500倍,每亩每次按常规用药10g或加倍药量20g(有效成分)施药,喷施2或3次,距最后一次施药三周时,灭幼脲Ⅲ号杀虫剂在大白菜的最大残留量为2.67ppm,在土壤中为13.81ppm.建议该农药在大白菜上的最高允许残留量(MRL)为3ppm,安全间隔期为21d.     

以TEOS为硅源的聚硅氯化铝中铝及硅形态分布

以正硅酸乙酯 (TEOS)为硅源 ,合成了新型的聚硅氯化铝 (PASC) ,利用Al Ferron逐时络合比色法和Si Mo逐时络合比色法分别研究了其Al形态及Si形态分布 ,并与常规方法 (以硅酸钠为硅源 )合成的聚硅氯化铝做了比较 .实验结果表明 ,新方法合成的PASC具有铝硅分布均匀 ,分子量较大 ,产品重现性好的优点 .两种方法合成的PASC具有相同的Al形态分布规律 ,即高分子量Al形态含量随B值 (碱化度 )和Si Al摩尔比的增大而增加 ,Al形态随Si Al摩尔比的变化程度随B值的增大而增大 .另外通过新方法发现 ,Si形态分布也具有规律性并和Al形态具有相似的分布特征 ,但Si形态随Si Al摩尔比的变化程度随B值的增大而减小 .     

舟山渔场有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的三维荧光-平行因子分析

利用三维荧光光谱(EEMs)-平行因子分析(PARAFAC)技术研究春季舟山渔场有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的荧光成分组成、分布特征及来源.PARAFAC模型解析出舟山渔场CDOM由2类5个荧光组分组成,即类腐殖质成分C1(330/420 nm)、C2[(290)365/440 nm]、C3[(260)370/490 nm]及类蛋白质成分C4(285/340 nm)、C5(270/310 nm).5种荧光组分的平面分布模式基本一致,在各层均呈现由近岸海域向远岸海域逐渐减小的趋势,但各层又略有差别.表层高值区出现在杭州湾口外北部海域、虾峙门航道口外海域,且杭州湾口外北部海域的荧光值要高于虾峙门航道口外海域;中层高值出现区域与表层相同,但杭州湾口外北部海域的荧光值要低于虾峙门航道口外海域;底层从近岸向远岸梯度减小,高值区出现在舟山本岛附近海域.各荧光组分的分布与盐度之间存在明显负相关关系,与叶绿素a的线性关系不明显.分析表明,春季舟山渔场CDOM表、中层主要受长江输入和舟山工农业等人为活动排放影响,而底层主要受舟山工农业等人为活动排放影响.从垂直分布模式上,CDOM在30°N断面上由中、表层水体向底层呈现逐渐减小的趋势,并在近岸和远岸海域都出现了高值区,且与盐度低值区、叶绿素a高值区相对应,反映该断面近岸区CDOM主要受长江输入影响,远岸区CDOM主要受生物活动影响;在30°N断面,CDOM分布模式与30.5°N断面基本类似,只是在近岸区域底层出现CDOM高值区,可能是由于潮汐、底层上升流等物理外力作用下,沉积物间隙水中高浓度的CDOM释放出来,使得靠近沉积物界面的底层水体中CDOM浓度升高.5种荧光组分中,C1、C3、C4之间相关性较强,与C2、C5相关性相对较弱,说明C1、C3、C4在来源上具有相似性与C2、C5有一定的差异性.春季舟山渔场CDOM腐殖化指数(HIX)的值较小,反映了春季舟山渔场CDOM的腐殖化程度较低,稳定性较差,在环境中存在时间较短;生物指数(BIX)在舟山外海出现高值区,近岸海域出现低值区,反映出在近岸海域人类活动的影响较大,而在外海生物活动的影响较为明显.     

中试SAD-ASBR系统处理含盐废水的启动与工艺特性

采用ASBR(530 L)接种A~2/O厌氧污泥,考察了厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)的启动及其与反硝化耦合处理含盐废水的脱氮特性,并对菌群结构进行了分析.结果表明,温度35℃±1℃、反应时间为14 h,160 d可实现ANAMMOX的成功启动.稳定运行阶段,ANAMMOX与反硝化耦合(SAD)使得总氮(TN)去除率和去除负荷分别达91.1%和0.45 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1);污泥呈浅红色颗粒状,厌氧氨氧化菌为优势菌,且主要菌属为Candidatus Brocadia(10.6%).此外,采用按梯度逐步提高盐度的驯化方式,可实现SAD对高盐(Cl-浓度8 000 mg·L-1)模拟火电厂废水的高效脱氮除碳,COD和TN去除率分别达93.2%和90.0%.推测SAD中反硝化主要为NO_3~--N→N_2,部分反硝化(NO_3~--N→NO_2~--N)仅占30.3%.     

灭幼脲Ⅲ号在土壤中的吸附与淋溶

用批量平衡法研究了昆虫生长调节剂灭幼脲Ⅲ号在四种不同类型土壤中的吸附行为,测定其吸附常数,给出吸附等温线;并研究了它在上述四种土壤中的淋溶行为.结果表明,Freun-dlich经验公式能较好地描述灭幼脲Ⅲ号在土壤中的吸附状况.试验表明,该农药在土壤中的迁移能力较差。     

Preparation of cross-linked magnetic chitosan with quaternary ammonium and its application for Cr(VI) and P(V) removal

Pollutants that exist in anionic species are issues of concern in water treatment. Compared to cationic pollutants, the removal of anionic pollutants by adsorption is more difficult because most adsorbents carry predominantly negative charges in neutral and alkaline environments. In this study, a cross-linked chitosan derivative with quaternary ammonium and magnetic properties（QM-chitosan） was prepared and employed to remove chromium（VI） and phosphorus（V）（Cr（VI） and P（V）） from aqueous environments. The QM-chitosan was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry（FT-IR）,thermogravimetric analysis（TGA）, energy dispersive X-ray（SEM-EDX） and zeta potential.Batch experiments show that QM-chitosan can effectively remove Cr（VI） and P（V）, and the main mechanism was believed to be electrostatic interaction. A pseudosecond-order model was fitted to describe the kinetic processes of Cr（VI） and P（V） removal. The adsorption isotherms of both Cr（VI） and P（V） on the QM-chitosan were well fitted by the Langmuir isotherm equation. The saturated adsorption capacity of P（V）（2.783 mmol/g） was found to be higher than that of Cr（VI）（2.323 mmol/g）, resulting from the size of the H2PO-4ions being smaller than that of the HCr O-4ions. However, the theoretical calculation and experimental results showed that QM-chitosan had a stronger affinity for Cr（VI） than P（V）. The adsorption–desorption of the QM-chitosan was evaluated, and high regeneration rates were demonstrated.     

Detection of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol by liquid-liquid extraction-gas chromatograph mass spectrum (LLE-GCMS)and solid phase extraction-gas chromatograph mass spectrum (SPE-GCMS)

Two sample preparation methods were introduced and compared in this paper to establish a simple, quick and exact analysis of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol. LC-18 column was employed in solid phase extraction (SPE), 1.0 mL of hexane was adopted in liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), and the extracts were analyzed by gas chromatograph mass spectrum (GCMS) in selected ion mode. Mean recoveries of SPE were low for 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) and geosmin (GSM) with values below 50%. For LLE, the recoveries were satisfyingly above 50% for 2-MIB and 80% for GSM. Detection limits of the LLE method were as low as 1.0 ng/L for GSM and 5.0 ng/L for 2-MIB. A year-long investigation on odor chemicals of drinking water in Shanghai demonstrated that in the summer, there was a serious odor problem induced by a high concentration of 2-MIB. The highest concentration of 152.82 ng/L appeared in July in raw water, while GSM flocculation was minimal with concentrations below odor threshold.     

利用多台首波Pn、直达波Pg走时确定地壳厚度及波速

本文通过对首波Pn、直达波Pg的走时的反演,推导出地壳厚度、震源深度、P波在地壳中、壳幔边界的传播速度之间的关系式,利用多台地震记录确定一个区域内这些参数的值,从而建立出该区域的地壳模型。     

长期暴露于全氟十三酸的青鳉鱼体内分布和生物富集

研究了将青鳉鱼长期暴露于不同浓度的全氟羧酸类物质全氟十三酸(PFTriDA)后的器官分布和富集系数.结果显示, PFTriDA最高富集在性腺;其次是卵、肝脏;浓度最低的部分是残体.除了性腺之外,该器官分布与野生中华鲟的一致.在相同暴露浓度下,雄鱼体内各器官的PFTriDA的含量高于雌鱼,机理模型计算进一步表明高母子传递系数是造成雌雄差异的可能原因.随着PFTriDA暴露浓度的升高,鱼体内同一器官的生物富集系数(BCF)呈现下降趋势.     

粉末活性炭预沉积去除藻类有机物及其对膜污染的影响

以东海原甲藻分泌的藻类有机物（AOM）为研究对象,研究粉末活性炭预沉积和预吸附两种膜前预处理手段对海水中AOM的去除作用,对比分析AOM直接超滤、预沉积和预吸附后再超滤时膜通量、膜阻力分布、膜表面亲疏水性和粗糙度的变化,探讨粉末活性炭孔隙结构、沉积量对AOM去除效果及超滤膜污染的影响.结果表明,活性炭预沉积和预吸附能够提高超滤膜对含AOM海水中DOC和UV₂₅₄的去除率,预沉积对AOM的去除作用优于预吸附,介孔活性炭较微孔活性炭的预沉积效果更好,当介孔活性炭PAC2的沉积量为0.4g/L时,DOC和UV₂₅₄的去除率较直接超滤分别提高了25.1%和33.6%.紫外吸收比指数（URI）分析表明,活性炭预沉积和预吸附对有机物的去除作用具有选择性,AOM中芳香族物质较脂肪族羧基类物质更易被除去.粉末活性炭预沉积下AOM超滤时的滤饼层污染阻力（R_c）和膜孔堵塞阻力（R_p）较直接超滤分别降低了39.6%和81.2%,活性炭在超滤膜表面形成的滤饼层结构将AOM与超滤膜进行了隔离,能够减缓膜污染速率,对于控制膜的不可逆污染亦具有重要作用.     

Fabrication of asymmetric poly (m-phenylene isophthalamide) nanofiltration membrane for chromium(VI) removal

The feasibility of employing nanofiltration for the removal of chromium(VI) from wastewater was investigated. Poly (m-phenylene isophthalamide) (PMIA) was used to fabricate asymmetric nanofiltration membrane through the phase-inversion technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize the obtained membrane, and the both confirmed a much smoother surface which could reduce membrane fouling. The PMIA membrane showed di erent rejections to electrolytes in a sequence of Na2SO4 > MgSO4 > NaCl > MgCl2, which was similar to the sequence of the negatively charged nanofiltration membranes. Separation experiments on chromium(VI) solution were conducted at various operating conditions, such as feed concentration, applied pressure and pH. It is concluded that chromium(VI) could be e ectively removed from chromiumcontaining wastewater by the PMIA nanofiltration membranes while maintaining their pollution resistance under alkaline condition.