不同pH条件下酵母菌处理高含油废水的研究

在使用混合酵母菌菌株处理高浓度含油废水中,研究了序批式反应器(SBR)内酵母菌在不同起始pH条件下对废水的处理效果.通过与pH中性或碱性条件比较发现,pH 4～5的条件在酵母菌的发泡抑制、菌体生长以及COD/油去除等方面均显示出更好的效果,pH 5是系统运行的最佳条件.长达100d的SBR连续运行试验表明,系统可以在pH=5条件下长期、稳定运行.     

ABR-SBR法处理草浆造纸中段废水试验研究

针对草浆造纸中段废水，进行了ABR、SBR及ABR—SBR组合处理工艺的研究，结果表明：ABR的HRT为6h时，废水可生化性由0．2—0．25增加到0．4—0．5；SBR最佳HRT为8h，单独运行，COD去除率65％左右；ABR-SBR组合工艺中SBR处理效果明显提高，COD去除率达80％左右，且组合工艺处理效果好，COD和BOD5去除率达90％左右，抗冲击负荷能力强。     

ABR-SBR法处理草浆造纸中段废水试验研究

针对草浆造纸中段废水 ,进行了ABR、SBR及ABR SBR组合处理工艺的研究 ,结果表明 :ABR的HRT为 6h时 ,废水可生化性由 0 2— 0 2 5增加到 0 4— 0 5 ;SBR最佳HRT为 8h ,单独运行 ,COD去除率 6 5 %左右 ;ABR SBR组合工艺中SBR处理效果明显提高 ,COD去除率达 80 %左右 ,且组合工艺处理效果好 ,COD和BOD5去除率达 90 %左右 ,抗冲击负荷能力强。     

酵母菌处理皂素生产废水的研究

通过小型批量试验，对酵母菌处理皂素生产废水的技术条件进行了研究。结果表明：在pH为5．0，温度30℃，处理时间48h，接种量10％的条件下，废水CODCr去除率可达70％。该技术操作简单，可作为预处理应用于实际工程中，并可回收一定的酵母蛋白，具有一定的经济效益。     

水解酸化-SBR工艺处理果汁废水的研究

采用水解酸化-SBR工艺，对浓缩果汁生产废水处理进行了试验研究，结果表明：当进水COD浓度为3 500～5 000 mg/L，pH为6.5～7.5，在水解酸化池水力停留时间为8 h，SBR反应池MLSS浓度3 500～4 000 mg/L，进水15 min，曝气7 h，沉淀1 h，出水15 min的条件下，出水COD去除率保持在97％以上，SS去除率达93％以上。且以水解酸化作为预处理单元可去除果汁废水中的SS达78％以上，为后续SBR工艺的稳定运行创造有利条件，提高组合工艺的整体效果。     

全细胞脂肪酶(菌)对SBR系统中活性污泥性能的影响

将全细胞脂肪酶(菌)以产脂肪酶微生物的形式直接投加到SBR内,与投加野生型酵母菌及空白对照进行比较,研究其对活性污泥性能及含油脂废水处理效果的影响。结果表明,在15～20℃,pH 6.5～7.5,进水油脂浓度2 000 mg/L的条件下,投加一定量全细胞脂肪酶(菌)的SBR系统间歇处理4 d,活性污泥增殖速度加快,是投加野生型酵母菌的1.3倍。静置30 min时活性污泥SV达到45%,SVI为151,MLSS最高可达2 965 mg/L左右,絮凝时间缩短且无污泥膨胀现象。投加全细胞脂肪酶(菌)的SBR系统中,油脂去除率为86.5%,COD去除率为79.5%,与投加野生型酵母菌的SBR系统相比去除率提高了1.3倍。说明投加全细胞脂肪酶(菌)后活性污泥性能增强,油脂废水处理效率提高。     

响应面法优化酵母菌处理餐饮废水

从餐饮废水集水井壁上的生物膜中筛选出酵母菌菌株,选择废水降解能力相对较高的3株酵母菌对餐饮废水进行处理。以COD去除率为主要指标,在单因素实验的基础上,运用响应面法对pH、TN和TP进行优化,得到酵母菌处理餐饮废水的最优条件。结果表明,酵母菌处理餐饮废水最优的工艺条件为pH=5.55、TN=27.63mg/L、TP=4.40mg/L,COD去除率达到90.3%;当进水COD为2235mg/L、油为660.2mg/L时,COD与油实际去除率分别达到了89.9%和89.8%。     

混凝-化学沉淀法处理含氰废水的实验研究

采用“分步混凝-化学沉淀”法处理苯乙腈生产过程中排放的高浓度含氰废水，对混凝剂种类、用量、pH、搅拌速率等因素对总氰去除效果的影响进行了探讨，找到了此方法处理含亚铁氰化物废水的最佳工艺条件。在最佳工艺条件下处理废水，出水无色透明，总氰降到1mg／L以下。该方法工艺简单，运行费用低，处理效果好，是一种具有推广价值的新方法。     

活性炭三维电极法对印染废水的处理研究

对三维电极方法处理印染废水进行了实验研究，初步探讨了活性炭三维电极法处理印染废水的机理，对影响处理效果的各种要素，如反应时间、槽电压和pH值等进行了条件实验，得出了活性炭三维电极法处理印染废水的最佳运行条件为：停留时间120～180min，槽电压25～30V，进水pH值6．5～75。结果表明，该反应器能有效地降低废水色度，有较高的COD去除效率，并能提高印染废水的可生化性。     

中层曝气与底层搅拌在啤酒废水 SBR工艺处理中的运用

以1 000 m3/d处理规模的啤酒废水工程为例,介绍了SBR处理工艺中层曝气、底层搅拌的设计参数、运行情况,运行中以进水COD为0.9～1.0 g/L的条件下,经系统处理,仅需4 h曝气,出水COD指标达到150 mg/L,且运行稳定.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.