不同pH条件下酵母菌处理高含油废水的研究

在使用混合酵母菌菌株处理高浓度含油废水中,研究了序批式反应器(SBR)内酵母菌在不同起始pH条件下对废水的处理效果.通过与pH中性或碱性条件比较发现,pH 4～5的条件在酵母菌的发泡抑制、菌体生长以及COD/油去除等方面均显示出更好的效果,pH 5是系统运行的最佳条件.长达100d的SBR连续运行试验表明,系统可以在pH=5条件下长期、稳定运行.     

ABR-SBR法处理草浆造纸中段废水试验研究

针对草浆造纸中段废水，进行了ABR、SBR及ABR—SBR组合处理工艺的研究，结果表明：ABR的HRT为6h时，废水可生化性由0．2—0．25增加到0．4—0．5；SBR最佳HRT为8h，单独运行，COD去除率65％左右；ABR-SBR组合工艺中SBR处理效果明显提高，COD去除率达80％左右，且组合工艺处理效果好，COD和BOD5去除率达90％左右，抗冲击负荷能力强。     

ABR-SBR法处理草浆造纸中段废水试验研究

针对草浆造纸中段废水 ,进行了ABR、SBR及ABR SBR组合处理工艺的研究 ,结果表明 :ABR的HRT为 6h时 ,废水可生化性由 0 2— 0 2 5增加到 0 4— 0 5 ;SBR最佳HRT为 8h ,单独运行 ,COD去除率 6 5 %左右 ;ABR SBR组合工艺中SBR处理效果明显提高 ,COD去除率达 80 %左右 ,且组合工艺处理效果好 ,COD和BOD5去除率达 90 %左右 ,抗冲击负荷能力强。     

酵母菌处理皂素生产废水的研究

通过小型批量试验，对酵母菌处理皂素生产废水的技术条件进行了研究。结果表明：在pH为5．0，温度30℃，处理时间48h，接种量10％的条件下，废水CODCr去除率可达70％。该技术操作简单，可作为预处理应用于实际工程中，并可回收一定的酵母蛋白，具有一定的经济效益。     

水解酸化-SBR工艺处理果汁废水的研究

采用水解酸化-SBR工艺，对浓缩果汁生产废水处理进行了试验研究，结果表明：当进水COD浓度为3 500～5 000 mg/L，pH为6.5～7.5，在水解酸化池水力停留时间为8 h，SBR反应池MLSS浓度3 500～4 000 mg/L，进水15 min，曝气7 h，沉淀1 h，出水15 min的条件下，出水COD去除率保持在97％以上，SS去除率达93％以上。且以水解酸化作为预处理单元可去除果汁废水中的SS达78％以上，为后续SBR工艺的稳定运行创造有利条件，提高组合工艺的整体效果。     

响应面法优化酵母菌处理餐饮废水

从餐饮废水集水井壁上的生物膜中筛选出酵母菌菌株,选择废水降解能力相对较高的3株酵母菌对餐饮废水进行处理。以COD去除率为主要指标,在单因素实验的基础上,运用响应面法对pH、TN和TP进行优化,得到酵母菌处理餐饮废水的最优条件。结果表明,酵母菌处理餐饮废水最优的工艺条件为pH=5.55、TN=27.63mg/L、TP=4.40mg/L,COD去除率达到90.3%;当进水COD为2235mg/L、油为660.2mg/L时,COD与油实际去除率分别达到了89.9%和89.8%。     

全细胞脂肪酶(菌)对SBR系统中活性污泥性能的影响

将全细胞脂肪酶(菌)以产脂肪酶微生物的形式直接投加到SBR内,与投加野生型酵母菌及空白对照进行比较,研究其对活性污泥性能及含油脂废水处理效果的影响。结果表明,在15～20℃,pH 6.5～7.5,进水油脂浓度2 000 mg/L的条件下,投加一定量全细胞脂肪酶(菌)的SBR系统间歇处理4 d,活性污泥增殖速度加快,是投加野生型酵母菌的1.3倍。静置30 min时活性污泥SV达到45%,SVI为151,MLSS最高可达2 965 mg/L左右,絮凝时间缩短且无污泥膨胀现象。投加全细胞脂肪酶(菌)的SBR系统中,油脂去除率为86.5%,COD去除率为79.5%,与投加野生型酵母菌的SBR系统相比去除率提高了1.3倍。说明投加全细胞脂肪酶(菌)后活性污泥性能增强,油脂废水处理效率提高。     

混凝-化学沉淀法处理含氰废水的实验研究

采用“分步混凝-化学沉淀”法处理苯乙腈生产过程中排放的高浓度含氰废水，对混凝剂种类、用量、pH、搅拌速率等因素对总氰去除效果的影响进行了探讨，找到了此方法处理含亚铁氰化物废水的最佳工艺条件。在最佳工艺条件下处理废水，出水无色透明，总氰降到1mg／L以下。该方法工艺简单，运行费用低，处理效果好，是一种具有推广价值的新方法。     

活性炭三维电极法对印染废水的处理研究

对三维电极方法处理印染废水进行了实验研究，初步探讨了活性炭三维电极法处理印染废水的机理，对影响处理效果的各种要素，如反应时间、槽电压和pH值等进行了条件实验，得出了活性炭三维电极法处理印染废水的最佳运行条件为：停留时间120～180min，槽电压25～30V，进水pH值6．5～75。结果表明，该反应器能有效地降低废水色度，有较高的COD去除效率，并能提高印染废水的可生化性。     

中层曝气与底层搅拌在啤酒废水 SBR工艺处理中的运用

以1 000 m3/d处理规模的啤酒废水工程为例,介绍了SBR处理工艺中层曝气、底层搅拌的设计参数、运行情况,运行中以进水COD为0.9～1.0 g/L的条件下,经系统处理,仅需4 h曝气,出水COD指标达到150 mg/L,且运行稳定.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

土壤中砷的化学平衡

本文比较详细地综述了砷的化学特性,环境背景值及来源和循环,土壤中砷的三大化学平衡即沉淀溶解平衡,氧化还原平衡,吸附解吸平衡,以及微生物对砷的转化。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

The dissipation of nonlyphenol in stream and pond water under simulated field conditions

Abstract

The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16°C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half‐life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks.

Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation.