A Model of Intertemporal Emission Trading, Banking, and Borrowing

This paper provides a general treatment of emission trading, banking, and borrowing in an intertemporal, continuous-time model. Using optimal-control theory, the decentralized behavior of firms is shown to lead to the least-cost solution attainable under joint-cost minimization. Explicit solutions for the time paths of emissions and permit prices are derived when firms are allowed to both bank and borrow and when firms are only allowed to bank emission permits. The policy implications of emission banking and borrowing are discussed.     

云南省钢铁行业SO2排放系数核算研究

在对云南省钢铁行业现状分析的基础上,通过现场调研的方式,以2009年为基准年,收集其4季度生产年平均数据,采用实测法与物料衡算相结合的方法,核算得出云南省钢铁冶炼行业烧结工序综合排放系数为2．24-3．29kg-SO2／t烧结矿;球团工序综合排放系数为0．30～0．34kg—SO2／t球团矿;高炉工序综合排放系数为0．31～0．90kg—SO2／t铁水。通过各工序产排污系数,得出云南省钢铁行业SO2综合产排污系数为3．51-4．85kg—SO2／t粗钢。在系数核算的基础上,将本研究核算所得系数与第一次全国污染源普查系数、总量减排核算系数（16kg—SO2／t粗钢）进行比较,认为云南省铁矿石含硫量低（0．1％）是导致产排污系数偏低的主要原因。     

天津市高架点源对城区空气质量影响分析

从典型高架点源到城市众多高架源的污染进行综合分析,阐述了高架点源的污染分布特征和对城市空气质量的影响,高架点源对天津市污染物排放贡献率为45％,但对城市空气质量影响为12％。     

水分及凋落物对若尔盖泥炭土CH4排放的影响

通过野外采样和室内培养试验,设置了饱和水分(100％田间持水量)、非饱和水分(60％田间持水量)和干湿交替处理3种土壤水分条件,以及添加和未添加凋落物2种处理,研究了若尔盖泥炭土CH4排放对不同土壤水分条件以及凋落物添加的响应.结果表明,不同土壤水分条件和凋落物添加及其交互作用对泥炭土CH4排放均有显著影响.相对于非饱和土壤水分,干湿交替促进了泥炭土CH4排放,而在持续的饱和水分条件下,泥炭土CH4排放量最高.凋落物添加促进了泥炭土CH4排放速率和累积排放量.饱和水分条件下,泥炭土CH4排放对凋落物添加响应最为迅速,干湿交替次之,非饱和水分条件下的响应最慢.     

天津市排污权交易评估与分析

在简要介绍天津市排污权交易试点的开展历程与现状的基础上,对天津市排污交易试点进行了评估。分析了排污交易试点过程中存在的主要问题,即排污权交易难以为环境管理服务,其执行状况与实施初衷不完全相符,基础数据的现状尚不支持交易的有效进行,交易跟踪系统尚不健全,初始排污权分配技术方法不成熟。针对以上问题,对＂十二五＂期间天津市排污交易试点开展提出了建议。     

土壤温度上升对某些土壤化学性质的影响

土壤温度变化导致微生物群落组成及其活性产生变化;某些微生物群落成员在较高温度时有能力代谢那些在较低温度时不能被利用的基质;因此,土壤温度上升将影响土壤生态系统中的C、N、S循环。大多数研究结果显示,温度对土壤溶液中的溶解态有机质和土壤有机磷组分有较大的影响。这些结论对预测全球气候变化对土壤的影响有重要的义。     

耕种方式对稻田甲烷排放的影响

通过田间试验研究了稻田2种土壤耕作强度(深翻耕和浅旋耕)和3种水稻栽培方式(直播、抛秧和插秧)下的CH4排放规律,以探讨稻田土壤耕作强度和水稻栽培方式对CH4排放的影响。结果表明,各水稻栽培方式下,深翻耕和浅旋耕稻田CH4排放季节变化趋势一致。土壤耕作强度对稻田CH4季节排放总量的影响受水稻栽培方式的制约:抛秧方式下,浅旋耕与深翻耕处理相比,稻田CH4排放量减少31.37%(P0.05);而直播和插秧方式下,2者CH4季节排放总量相当。水稻栽培方式显著影响稻田CH4排放季节变化规律:直播稻田CH4排放大致呈现"双峰型"模式,且水稻生育前期CH4排放水平较低;而移栽稻田(抛秧和插秧)CH4排放大致呈现"三峰型"模式,且水稻生育前期CH4排放水平较高。与深翻耕抛秧相比,深翻耕直播和深翻耕插秧稻田CH4排放分别减少23.31%和42.51%;而浅旋耕方式下,3种水稻栽培处理CH4季节排放总量相当。降低土壤耕作强度,以浅旋耕代替深翻耕,可以减少耕作对土壤的扰动,在一定程度上减少稻田CH4排放。与水稻移栽相比,水稻直播能够显著降低水稻生育前期CH4排放,具有一定的CH4减排潜力,但仍需加强中后期田间水分管理。     

不同母质发育的水稻土中铁、锰对甲烷排放的影响

盆栽结果表明,不同土壤类型铁、锰含量的差异是造成不同土壤类型间甲烷排放量差异甚大的重要因素之一。土壤中铁、锰通过对土壤氧化还原电位及根膜形成的影响而影响甲烷的排放。     

冬季土地管理对稻季CH_4产生、氧化和排放的影响

通过室内培养和田间试验测定了冬季休闲、种麦和淹水处理水稻生长期CH4的产生潜力、氧化潜力及其排放通量,以探讨冬季土地管理对后续稻季CH4产生、氧化和排放的影响。结果表明:休闲与种麦处理间CH4产生潜力无显著差异(P>0.05),但2者均显著低于淹水处理(P<0.05);各处理间CH4氧化潜力无显著差异(P>0.05),土壤中NH4+-N含量可能是较冬季土地管理更为重要的影响CH4氧化潜力的因素;休闲处理CH4平均排放通量显著高于种麦处理(P<0.05),但2者均显著低于淹水处理(P<0.05)。冬季持续淹水稻田CH4产生潜力显著高于冬季排水稻田是其CH4排放量远高于冬季排水稻田的原因。冬季土地管理对稻季CH4排放的影响主要受CH4产生潜力而非CH4氧化潜力的限制。     

Environmental Cleanliness as a Public Good: Welfare and Policy Implications of Nonconvex Preferences

This paper explores the implications of a form of nonconvexity in individual preferences over the public good “cleanliness.” The implications of this nonconvexity on equilibrium outcomes, welfare analysis, the process of development, and optimal government policy are examined. The nonconvexity can imply a role for government in providing a commitment to a clean environment even if the government has a cost disadvantage in cleaning compared with individuals. By providing a credible commitment to a clean environment the government can induce private individuals to undertake optimal levels of cleaning on their own.     

Conflicting and Complementary Ethics of Animal Welfare Considerations in Reintroductions

Despite differences in focus, goals, and strategies between conservation biology and animal welfare, both are inextricably linked in many ways, and greater consideration of animal welfare, although important in its own right, also has considerable potential to contribute to conservation success. Nevertheless, animal welfare and animal ethics are not always considered explicitly within conservation practice. We systematically reviewed the recent scientific peer‐reviewed and online gray literature on reintroductions of captive‐bred and wild‐caught animals (mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles) to quantify the occurrence of animal welfare issues. We considered monitoring that could be indicative of the animal's welfare status and supportive management actions that could improve animal welfare (regardless of whether the aim was explicitly animal‐welfare orientated). Potential welfare issues (of variable nature and extent) were recorded in 67% of 199 projects reviewed; the most common were mortality >50%, dispersal or loss of animals, disease, and human conflict. Most (>70%) projects monitored survival, 18% assessed body condition, and 2% monitored stress levels. Animal welfare, explicitly, was referred to in 6% of projects. Supportive actions, most commonly use of on‐site prerelease pens and provision of supplemental food or water, were implemented in 79% of projects, although the extent and duration of support varied. Practitioners can address animal‐welfare issues in reintroductions by considering the potential implications for individual animals at all stages of the release process using the decision tree presented. We urge practitioners to report potential animal‐welfare issues, describe mitigation actions, and evaluate their efficacy to facilitate transparent evaluation of common moral dilemmas and to advance communal strategies for dealing with them. Currently, comparative mortality rates, health risks, postrelease stress, effectiveness of supportive measures, and behavior of individuals warrant further research to improve animal welfare in reintroductions and to increase success of such projects. Ética Conflictiva y Complementaria al Considerar el Bienestar Animal en Reintroducciones     

冬季土地管理对稻季CH4产生、氧化和排放的影响

通过室内培养和田间试验测定了冬季休闲、种麦和淹水处理水稻生长期CH4的产生潜力、氧化潜力及其排放通量,以探讨冬季土地管理对后续稻季CH4产生、氧化和排放的影响。结果表明：休闲与种麦处理间CH4产生潜力无显著差异（P〉0．05）,但2者均显著低于淹水处理（P〈0．05）;各处理间CH4氧化潜力无显著差异（P〉0．05）,土壤中NH4^＋-N含量可能是较冬季土地管理更为重要的影响CH4氧化潜力的因素;休闲处理CH4平均排放通量显著高于种麦处理（P〈0．05）,但2者均显著低于淹水处理（P〈0．05）。冬季持续淹水稻田CH4产生潜力显著高于冬季排水稻田是其CH4排放量远高于冬季排水稻田的原因。冬季土地管理对稻季CH4排放的影响主要受CH4产生潜力而非CH4氧化潜力的限制。     

高等植物对甲醇的释放和利用

植物可向大气中释放一种挥发性的有机气体——甲醇,同时对这种气体可加以利用。在详细阐述甲醇的产生、释放和可能的代谢机制的基础上,通过不同浓度的甲醇溶液喷施牡丹叶片,测定其对光合作用过程及叶绿素荧光参数变化的影响。结果表明,光合作用有较大改善:光合速率明显提高,气孔导度增加,叶内CO2浓度也有一定幅度改善。叶绿素荧光参数(qN和NPQ)以及电子传递速率(ETR)发生较大改变;Fm/Fo,Fv/Fo和ΦPSII的下降可能与甲醇对牡丹叶片的双向效应(促进性和毒性)有关,这取决于喷施的浓度、次数和时间。初步的结果显示:甲醇提高光合作用速率的同时,并没有伴随光合效率和机能的改善和提高。期间的气孔导度和胞内CO2浓度的提高以及非辐射能耗散(qN和NPQ)和光呼吸的降低可能是牡丹叶片光合作用速率提高的主要原因。     

城市在用CNG汽车排放研究

通过车载实验,怠速法检测、简易工况法检测数据评价分析等方法,研究了重庆市在用CNG车辆排放情况,比较了CNG车与同类型汽油、柴油车尾气污染物排放情况。研究发现,目前CNG在用车并非绝对的环保汽车,其中在NOx的排放上,CNG车排放高于同类型汽油、柴油车0．03—14倍;在CO、THC的排放上,不同测试工况下CNG汽车表...     

Winners and Losers in a World with Global Warming: Noncooperation, Altruism, and Social Welfare

In this paper, global warming is an asymmetric transboundary externality which benefits some countries or regions and harms others. We use a simple two-country model to analyze the effects of global warming on resource allocations, the global-warming stock, and national and global welfare.     

锌对汞胁迫下小麦幼苗生理特性的影响

通过沙基培养方法研究不同浓度锌(Zn)对汞(Hg)胁迫下小麦幼苗叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)、丙二醛(MDA)与脯氨酸的积累及抗氧化酶活性等的影响.结果表明:单独Hg(10 mg L-1)胁迫下,小麦幼苗叶绿素含量降低,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性受到抑制,MDA与脯氨酸含量升高.加入10 mg L-1Zn后,叶绿素含量比Hg单独胁迫升高了5.6%,MDA含量降低了32.4%,表明该浓度Zn在一定程度上缓解了Hg对小麦幼苗的毒害;Zn浓度高于10 mg L-1的处理中,叶绿素含量逐渐降低,MDA则呈升高趋势,表明随Zn浓度升高,Zn对Hg毒害的缓解作用逐渐降低.低浓度Zn(10~20 mg L-1)提高了Hg胁迫下小麦幼苗SOD与CAT活性,其活性随Zn浓度升高逐渐增加,20mg L-1Zn处理下,两种酶活性比Hg单独胁迫分别升高了103.3%与71.0%,高浓度Zn(50~100 mg L-1)处理下,两种酶活性则呈下降趋势,表明Zn对Hg胁迫下两种酶活性的促进作用逐渐减弱.在试验设置的Zn浓度范围内,脯氨酸含量均低于Hg单独胁迫,并且低于对照,说明外加Zn抑制了脯氨酸的生成.综上所述,10~20 mg L-1的Zn可以在一定程度上缓解10 mg L-1Hg对小麦幼苗造成的毒害.     

Some quantitative aspects of seagrass ecology in a coastal lagoon of Mauritius

Seagrass distribution was recorded by snorkel dives on a grid of stations in the waterfront of Club Méditerranée at Mon Choisy-Trou Aux Biches lagoon (NW Mauritius) and subsequently mapped using SURFER 6 computer software. Above-ground (AG) and below-ground (BG) standing biomass in terms of dry weight (DW) and ash-free dry weight (AFDW) as well as shoot density and shoot length were monitored monthly from June1997 to May1998 in a mixed stand of Halodule uninervis and Syringodium isoetifolium (dominant) at a shallow, nearshore station in the lagoon. Measurements of physical and chemical parameters [water temperature, current speed, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate and phosphate concentrations] were made simultaneously, as well as at a reference station (ORE) outside the coral reef. The bottom sediment was analysed for grain size and type composition. Variation patterns were examined and statistical correlations drawn to relate plant performance to the environmental variables measured. The SURFER 6 programme generated a satisfactory contour map of seagrass distribution in the lagoon with a cover range of 0-60%. The densest patches occurred adjacent to the shoreline experiencing weaker water currents (3-13 cm s^-1) rather than near the reef (5-35 cm s^-1), where seagrasses were absent. Sand (0.063-2 mm grain size) constituted 97.2% and 77.6% of the nearshore and near-reef sediment, respectively. The dominant grain types were derived from corals (about 80%) and mollusc shells (about 14%). The recorded range of total standing biomass for H. uninervis was 243.1-468.2 g DW m^-2 (326.9ᇛ.7 g) or 71.7-141.2 g AFDW m^-2 (96.8ᆨ.1 g) and for S. isoetifolium it was 271.7-758 g DW m^-2 (460.4끯.1 g) or 119-220.5 g AFDW m^-2 (155.1ᆮ.5 g), with a maximum biomass increase during September-December in both species. AG:BG biomass ratios were generally <1 and approximated 1 during the warmest months of December-February only. Mean shoot density (1,077-4,364 shoots m^-2 in the overall range of 998-4,428 shoots m^-2) and mean shoot length (10.9-20.8 cm in the overall range of 7-31 cm) in S. isoetifolium were higher than in H. uninervis (1,732-4,137 shoots m^-2 in the overall range of 1,522-4,327 shoots m^-2 and 7.9-13.7 cm in the overall range of 6-20 cm, respectively). Temperature showed strong positive correlations with total AFDW biomass of both species (r=0.755, P<0.01 for H. uninervis; r=0.679, P<0.02 for S. isoetifolium) and with DO (r=0.925, P<0.01). High DO levels (10.7-11.2 mg l^-1) coincided with optimum standing biomass at 27.2°C. Correlations were also strong with shoot density (r=0.881, P<0.01 for H. uninervis; r=0.952, P<0.01 for S. isoetifolium) and shoot length (r=0.752, P<0.01 for H. uninervis; r=0.797, P<0.01 for S. isoetifolium). Under optimal environmental conditions, nutrient inputs from surface run-off or underground freshwater seepage in the lagoon due to heavy rainfall may boost up seagrass biomass, as suggested by positive significant correlations between phosphate levels and AG AFDW biomass (r=0.63, P<0.05 for H. uninervis; r=0.65, P<0.05 for S. isoetifolium) and shoot density (r=0.6, P<0.05 for H. uninervis; r=0.687, P<0.02 for S. isoetifolium). The results generated in this study suggest local seagrass standing biomass is comparable to that reported in monospecific stands from elsewhere. Anthropogenic activities increasingly draw down the resilience of the seagrass beds around Mauritius, and preventative measures are indispensable to achieve coastal ecological stability.     

中国农田N_2O排放量的估算

排放量估算是温室效应气体研究的重要内容。本文论述了影响农田Ｎ２Ｏ排放量估算准确性的因素，讨论如何提高农田Ｎ２Ｏ排放量估算的准确性，并估算了中国农田Ｎ２Ｏ排放总量。     

光照对伊乐藻(Elodea nuttallii)幼苗生长及部分光能转化特性的影响

将伊乐藻幼苗种植于不同光照强度水体中,定期测定伊乐藻主要生长发育指标,并用水下饱和脉冲叶绿素荧光仪测定幼苗叶片的叶绿素光合荧光参数,研究高于光饱和点的光强、介于光饱和点与补偿点之间的光强、低于光补偿点的光强对伊乐藻幼苗生长以及光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)光合荧光特性的影响.结果表明:(1)不同光照强度对伊乐藻幼苗株高、叶片数、鲜重有显著影响.100%、5%、1%自然光照组伊乐藻幼苗株高、叶片数、鲜重随时间变化均呈现增加趋势,但试验后期100%自然光照组幼苗增长率有所下降,1%自然光照组增长率变缓;0.5%、0.1%、0.05%自然光照组幼菌株高、叶片数、鲜重随时间变化均呈现下降趋势,试验结束时,0.1%、0.05%自然光照组幼苗株高比初始降低了 20%、60%;(2)不同光照强度对伊乐藻幼苗叶片的光合色素含量有显著影响.Chla、Chlb含量随光强减弱均呈现升高趋势,而Chla/Chlb则呈现降低趋势,表明随着光强的逐渐降低,植物通过调节色素含量来增加对光能的捕获,从而提高叶片对光能的吸收以适应外界的逆境生长环境;(3)伊乐藻幼苗光适应能力随光照强度小同而有明显差异,其中5%自然光照组幼苗光适应能力明显高于其他组,试验结束时,6组幼苗的最大电子传递速率由大到小依次为5%、100%、1%、0.5%、0.1%、0.05%自然光照组.