协同控制:回顾与展望

本文首先给出了协同控制的定义,认为协同控制就是具有物质的协同效果的控制措施。其次,回顾了大气污染与温室气体协同控制方面的三个研究阶段,即,次生效益/伴生效益阶段;协同效益阶段;协同控制阶段。最后,展望了未来协同控制的研究方向,特别是协同控制的导则、综合试点及政策手段等。     

Introduction and overview: environmental knowledge,rights, and ethics: co-managing with communities

This special issue of Environmental Science & Policy presents various approaches for assessing local environmental knowledge and perceptions. Many environmental management problems are caused by a mismatch between environmental decision-makers and locally affected communities. Our objective with this special issue is to present a range of environmental decision-making approaches to be matched with a range of community types. On one end of this range are traditional, indigenous communities where careful co-management is needed. On the other end are mixed residential/transient communities, where a regional survey of awareness of an environmental issue can provide adequate information for a practitioner to design an appropriate solution from the office. We may also have a wide range of environmental knowledge from the traditional community's elders to the transients. It may be encoded in folkloric symbols or verbal references to Internet WebPages, or a combination of these and other codes, signifying membership in social groups. Such diversity requires skill in assessing levels of environmental knowledge and appropriate strategies for engaging local knowledge as a basis for building culturally and environmentally appropriate projects.     

环境审计方法与实践

环境审计是深化环境管理的一项重要手段，受到很多国家环境保护部门的重视并积极推广，文章详细阐述了环境审计的定义，范围，目的和具体工作步骤，并根据实际调查，对一家造纸厂进行了环境审计，取得了显著的效果，证明环境审计对开展废物减量和清洁生产有重要作用。     

低碳交通建设障碍与应对措施

建设低碳交通对于我国经济实现绿色低碳和气候适应性转型具有重大影响。本文在阐述低碳交通建设重要性的基础上,分析了当前我国低碳交通建设存在着结构不合理、能源利用率低,监管力度不够,未形成高效的低碳交通科技支持体系,缺乏顶层设计与发展规划的衔接等主要障碍,提出了完善顶层设计引导各规划协同发展,实施结构性、技术性和管理性的交通节能减排,支持低碳交通技术研发,完善低碳交通监管体制,借鉴国际先进经验等措施来推进低碳交通建设。     

碳捕获与储存生活测试

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Fetal bradyarrhythmia: Diagnosis and outcome

Seventeen patients were referred to our ultrasound unit because of fetal bradyarrhythmia (<100 bpm). Duration of pregnancy varied between 21 and 40 weeks. Bradyarrhythmia was diagnosed as atrioventricular block (n = 12), mild sinus bradycardia (n = 3), and irregular bradycardia (n = 2). The association with maternal collagen disease was 29 per cent and with cardiac structural defects 59 per cent. The overall mortality was 41 per cent. There were three abnormal karyotypes (17 per cent) and four cases of cardiac compromise (23 per cent). Prognosis depends on the nature of the bradyarrhythmia and recognition of associated pathology such as cardiac structural defects, abnormal karyotype and degree of cardiac compromise.     

Biofuels: Thermodynamic sense and nonsense

Much of the current enthusiasm for biofuels appears to ignore basic thermodynamic and other constraints.The fundamental problem with growing fuel is that combustible plant matter is almost invariably solid, while the major demand for energy at present is in the form of gas or liquid fuels. All current conversion processes are of low efficiency even for the convertible parts of the plant. For example the energy which could be obtained from burning a kilogram of wheat grain is about twice that available from the ethanol into which it can be converted by fermentation. Furthermore, all current liquid fuel processes can use only part of the plant.This paper highlights biofuel technologies which make sense, such as co-firing straw with coal in power stations, and those which because of thermodynamic considerations are nonsense, such as making ethanol from grain in Europe or from maize in the USA.Since arable land is a scarce resource in most of Europe, locally grown biofuels are unlikely to become a major replacement for fossil fuels. Strategies which can help to maximise this contribution are suggested, and promising, emerging technologies are highlighted.     

三精·责任与大爱

当下时代对企业提出了更高的要求。一个盈利的企业,靠的是产品力。一个有知名度的企业,靠的是品牌力。而做一个被社会和公众所信赖的企业,谋求永续发展,基业长青,则必定要依靠崇高的企业价值观与发自内心的社会责任感。在中国的OTC市场,三精的成功有目共睹。通过电视,中国的亿万消费者知道了"三精葡萄糖酸钙"、"三精双黄连口服液"等药品,了解了"三精标准"和"选材精、生产精、质量精、检验精、服务精"的质保体系。.以下数据无疑诠释着三精自上世纪90年代中以来的辉煌历程:2010年,     

微囊藻毒素-LR的提取与测定

采用固相萃取结合液相色谱的方法,对可能有微囊藻毒素污染的某水库中的藻体和水样分别进行提取分析,在藻体中检测出微囊藻毒素LR,并确定产毒的藻种为水华微囊藻。同时对微囊藻毒素LR的测定方法进行了一定探讨。     

Comparative genomics: methods and applications

Interpreting the functional content of a given genomic sequence is one of the central challenges of biology today. Perhaps the most promising approach to this problem is based on the comparative method of classic biology in the modern guise of sequence comparison. For instance, protein-coding regions tend to be conserved between species. Hence, a simple method for distinguishing a functional exon from the chance absence of stop codons is to investigate its homologue from closely related species. Predicting regulatory elements is even more difficult than exon prediction, but again, comparisons pinpointing conserved sequence motifs upstream of translation start sites are helping to unravel gene regulatory networks. In addition to interspecific studies, intraspecific sequence comparison yields insights into the evolutionary forces that have acted on a species in the past. Of particular interest here is the identification of selection events such as selective sweeps. Both intra- and interspecific sequence comparisons are based on a variety of computational methods, including alignment, phylogenetic reconstruction, and coalescent theory. This article surveys the biology and the central computational ideas applied in recent comparative genomics projects. We argue that the most fruitful method of understanding the functional content of genomes is to study them in the context of related genomic sequences. In particular, such a study may reveal selection, a fundamental pointer to biological relevance.     

Hydrogen and transportation: alternative scenarios

If hydrogen (H₂) is to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and oil use, it needs to displace conventional transport fuels and be produced in ways that do not generate significant greenhouse gas emissions. This paper analyses alternative ways H₂ can be produced, transported and used to achieve these goals. Several H₂ scenarios are developed and compared to each other. In addition, other technology options to achieve these goals are analyzed. A full fuel cycle analysis is used to compare the energy use and carbon (C) emissions of different fuel and vehicle strategies. Fuel and vehicle costs are presented as well as cost-effectiveness estimates. Lowest hydrogen fuel costs are achieved using fossil fuels with carbon capture and storage. The fuel supply cost for a H₂ fuel cell car would be close to those for an advanced gasoline car, once a large-scale supply system has been established. Biomass, wind, nuclear and solar sources are estimated to be considerably more expensive. However fuel cells cost much more than combustion engines. When vehicle costs are considered, climate policy incentives are probably insufficient to achieve a switch to H₂. The carbon dioxide (CO₂) mitigation cost would amount to several hundred US$ per ton of CO₂. Energy security goals and the eventual need to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations could be sufficient. Nonetheless, substantial development of related technologies, such as C capture and storage will be needed. Significant H₂ use will also require substantial market intervention during a transition period when there are too few vehicles to motivate widely available H₂ refueling.

负责任的美丽创新者——欧莱雅——访欧莱雅(中国)有限公司总裁盖保罗

欧莱雅自1997年进入中国以来,其质量、定位和声誉都是诸多品牌无可比拟的。随着文明和时代的进步,人们的妆容意识也在不断变化,欧莱雅的"美",也许除了纯粹视觉观感上的赏心悦目之外,更有其内在优质、健康、安全、优雅等诸多层面的因素。同时,作为一个世界化妆品行业的领先者,欧莱雅近些年来在中国的发展历程中,也不断以环境和自然的视角,高度重视并推动其在中国市场的可持续发展。     

阿塞拜疆的环境现状及展望

本文主要介绍了在前苏联的影响下阿塞拜疆的环境现状以及自独立以来阿塞拜疆在环境方面所采取的措施.阿塞拜疆的各个环境项目主要由国际组织和外国公司出资.最严重的问题包括里海里的污染物、苏姆盖特(Sumgait)的空气、水体和土壤污染、非法捕鱼、饮用水水质低劣、滥伐森林用于燃料和放牧、过度放牧、土壤侵蚀和盐碱化.提高环境意识对于可持续的环境保护来说是必须的,而要做到这一点,主要依赖于环境教育、民主制度和观念的健全以及发展经济.前几个因素有助于提高政府和市民对环境的责任感,发展经济可以产生大量的中产阶级.积极的进展包括宪法和法律提出要保护环境,部分个人大声疾呼要爱护环境消极因素包括贫穷以及现政府对环境保护的重视不足.     

水管理:理论及手段

论文讨论水管理的理论基础及管理手段,并提出管理手段的评价准则。水管理是由水循环和水的开发利用特性所决定的。水资源管理的目的是为了避免“公共地悲剧”,水服务管制是为了公共利益和管制自然垄断,水环境管制是因为外部性。水管理的手段,一般可分为两类:外部进入限制和内部激励机制。对于成功的水管理,这两者缺一不可。对于水管理手段的评价,应采用效果、效率、公正和适应性4个指标。     

膜污染成因及控制对策研究新进展

膜生物反应器是污水处理领域里一项新型、高效处理工艺,近几年在工程中得到了广泛应用。但膜污染的防治和膜的使用寿命却成为限制膜生物反应器广泛应用的关键因素,文章系统论述了膜生物反应器在处理污水过程中膜污染的成因、影响因素及防治措施,总结了近年来关于膜污染的研究进展。     

Time and timing: The astronomical and historical development

The mechanical clock controlled by a mechanical motion that continually repeats itself was invented in the 14th century. It soon led to a craze for great astronomical clocks simulating the motions of the heavenly bodies. These clocks gave rise to the idea that the universe is a clock-like machine. The invention of the much more accurate pendulum clock in the 17th century led to time becoming a fundamental concept in science. As a result, in the 18th and 19th centuries, the mechanical concept of the universe was gradually replaced by the evolutionary concept. Still greater accuracy achieved in the 20th century has led to time standards becoming basic for spatial as well as for temporal measurement.