肼与苯肼对斑马鱼胚胎和仔鱼的毒性研究

采用国际新推出的鱼类长效应测定技术对水中肼与苯肼的毒性进行了测定。结果表明,胼对鱼类具有很大毒性,对斑马鱼胚胎发育有影响,最低影响浓度(LOEC)为0.049mg/L,无影响浓度(NOEC)为0.0245mg/L,对仔鱼存活的最低影响浓度为0.0035mg/L,无影响浓度为0.00175mg/L。苯肼的毒性比肼大,对斑马鱼鱼卵孵化的LOEC为0.0078mg/L,NOEC为0.0039mg/L,对仔鱼生存的LOEC为0.00098mg/L,NOEC为0.00049mg/L.结果表明,仔鱼比鱼卵对肼及苯肼的毒性更敏感.笔者认为斑马鱼胚胎和仔鱼毒性实验方法是一个能反映毒物对鱼类长期毒性效应的快速实验技术值得推广使用。     

2003-2007年广州市生态足迹动态研究

生态足迹是近年发展的用于定量研究和判断一个国家或地区可持续发展状况的新方法。本文在简要介绍生态足迹的概念与计算模型基础上,定量研究了广州市2003年-2007年五年间的生态足迹和生态承载力变化规律和特征,并分析其原因。结果表明：五年间广州市人均生态足迹分别为2003年1.701 6 ha,2004年1.930 9 ha,2005年2.039 3 ha,2006年2.095 8 ha,2007年2.247 1 ha;人均生态承载力依次为2003年0.263 2ha,2004年0.259 1 ha,2005年0.253 9 ha,2006年0.238 7 ha,2007年0.216 2 ha;生态赤字呈逐年增加的趋势,从2003年的1.438 4 ha上升到2007年的2.030 9 ha,根据计算得到的广州市生态赤字的现状值,分析了生态赤字的成因,为广州市可持续发展提供生态承载力的参考指标。     

化学品环境管理技术支持体系中的标准和技术规范

分析了化学品环境管理的特点,提出了化学品环境管理技术支持体系的构建原则及基本内容。着重论述了化学品环境管理技术支持体系中化学品测试标准、化学品测试合格实验室标准、新化学物质危害评估标准、现有化学物质风险评价标准和中国现有化学物质名录等5个重要标准和技术规范的意义、作用、主要内容及其相互关系。结合有关标准和技术规范研究的进展,提出了持续性改进的建议。      

保护人体健康的萘水质基准研究

依据我国《人体健康水质基准制定技术指南》（HJ 837—2017）,通过对萘的非致癌毒性效应及第二、三和四营养级的生物累积系数分析,推导了同时饮水和消费水产品以及仅消费水产品的萘污染物人体健康水质基准.研究结果显示,第二、三和四营养级的最终营养级生物累积系数分别为248,533,406L/kg,同时饮水和消费水产品的萘的人体健康水质基准为16.6μg/L,仅消费水产品的萘的人体健康水质基准为18.9μg/L.     

气溶胶中烃类有机物居里点热解析-GC/MS联用分析

使用居里点热解析(CPP)-GC/MS联用法对气溶胶中有机化合物进行了分析.结果表明,在使用445℃箔片并保持60s加热、GC-MS 30psi脉冲无分流进样的条件下,目标化合物的分析达到了最佳效果.新建立的CPP-GC/MS联用分析方法中,C16~C26烷烃的检测限为0.04~0.08ng,C27~C34烷烃的检测限为0.1~0.5ng,PAHs的检测限为0.01~0.1ng,藿烷类物质的检测限为0.08ng.标准物质分析的相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.1%~20.6%,PM2.5样品的RSD在3.6%~21.3%,70%的目标化合物的工作曲线的线性(R2)在0.99以上.实验表明,CPP-GC/MS联用的方法能较好地替代传统的溶剂提取法来分析气溶胶中的烃类有机物,尤其是可用于分析颗粒物负载量很小的样品,如多级采样器采集的气溶胶粒径分布样品.     

Tools and concepts for sustainable development,how do they relate to a general framework for sustainable development,and to each other?

We present a general framework to plan for sustainability and then relate it to some well-known tools for sustainable development. This framework follows from principles for how a system is constituted (ecological and social principles), and contains principles for a favorable outcome for the system (sustainability), as well as principles for the process to reach this outcome (sustainable development). The principles for sustainability define the favorable outcome and direct problem-solving upstream towards problemsources. A program of activities is then constructed by backcasting from defined outcomes to the current problems. This is followed by “metrics”, i.e. various concepts for measuring and monitoring the activities. Most concepts and tools for sustainable development function as metrics, for instance life cycle assessment (LCA), ecological footprinting (EF), and Factor X. An environmental management system (EMS), like ISO 14001 or EMAS, is an administrative vehicle that should systematically align a firm's specific outcomes, activities and metrics with a general framework for sustainability. From a strategic point of view, metrics should measure alignment of activities with the principles contained in a framework for sustainability. A framework is not an alternative to concepts and tools for metrics. We need them all, because they represent different interrelated levels of strategic planning.     

污泥热处理过程中多环芳烃和多氯联苯的迁移行为

对污泥热处理过程中产生的多环芳烃、多氯联苯等有机污染物的迁移转化行为及条件进行了模拟实验研究.结果表明,污泥中多环芳烃中的萘、荧蒽、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘在 800℃温度条件下的去除率分别为66.28%,73.7%,100%,30.7%和100%;多氯联苯在300~400℃之间含量急剧减少,1000℃时其单体PCB28、PCB52、PCB101、PCB118、PCB153、PCB138和PCB180的去除率分别为89.35%、90.66%、89.43%、93.97%、99.1%、84.7%和95.22%. 2种物质迁移规律与处理体系温度变化直接相关,2种物质从污泥中转化释放的温度条件分别为:多环芳烃300~750℃(90%以上),多氯联苯350~900℃(85%以上).处理过程中2种污染物的不同单体间存在复杂的转化反应.     

构建地震安全社区的建议和思考

地震安全社区建设是先进有效的灾害预防模式和载体,是增强社会应急管理能力的重要途径。本文通过对石家庄市建设地震安全社区的经验和做法的分析,对地震安全社区建设提出了＂十个一＂的建议。     

Ethical issues associated with prenatal screening using non-invasive prenatal testing for sex chromosome aneuploidy

Prenatal screening for sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs) is increasingly available through expanded non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT). NIPT for SCAs raises complex ethical issues for clinical providers, prospective parents and future children. This paper discusses the ethical issues that arise around NIPT for SCAs and current guidelines and protocols for management. The first section outlines current practice and the limitations of NIPT for SCAs. It then outlines key guidelines before discussing the ethical issues raised by this use of NIPT. We conclude that while screening for SCAs should be made available for people seeking to use NIPT, its implementation requires careful consideration of what, when and how information is provided to users.     

Methods and data for the environmental inventory of contrasting pig production systems

The comparison of the environmental performance of contrasting agricultural production systems using life cycle assessment (LCA) requires very specific data for each production mode, especially for direct emissions on the farm. In a case study of pig production, three contrasting production scenarios were defined: conventional good agricultural practice (GAP), organic agriculture (OA), and red label (RL). An expert panel produced methods for the estimation of emissions for key-processes of these scenarios. Clear differences were obtained for these emissions between the three scenarios. Finally, the summation of the main emissions for the entire life cycle allowed the identification of weak points for each scenario, which can be explained by the differences obtained for the emissions of the key-processes studied.     

公害民事责任三论

当今，公害已成为公众十分关注的社会问题之一。为维护我国公民的合法权益，我国环境保护法律体系中，对公害造成的社会性危害作了具体规定，文章对民事责任基本从三方面作了比较系统完整的探讨。公害民事责任的法律规定。公害民事责任的特点，公害民事责任与资源破坏民事责任的关系，在公害民事责任与一般民事责任关系的分析中，阐述了追公害民事责任的法律依据和公害民事责任是一种特殊的侵权的民事责任的特性。     

山东省黄河故道区域土壤环境背景值研究

对山东省黄河故道土壤环境中的重金属元素、六六六、滴滴涕等难降解农药和有机质含量进行了研究,并分析了重金属元素的纵向分布、有机质和重金属含量的相关性、不同土地利用方式对土壤背景值的影响.结果表明,表层土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Hg、As、Co、V、Mn、Cd和Ni的背景值含量分别为13.46、16.23、42.31、30.97、0.090、3.90、8.01、36.42、426.83、0.063和18.71mg·kg-1,有机质含量为0.74%,六六六和滴滴涕的检出率分别为100%和60%,含量低于土壤环境质量二级标准;11种土壤重金属元素背景值均低于土壤环境质量一级标准,其中10种重金属元素(Hg除外)土壤背景值低于全国水平、山东省及黄土高原地区土壤环境背景值,元素Hg在表层土壤存在富集现象, Cd有向下层迁移的趋势;元素Hg、Cd和有机质在0～20cm和20～40cm土层呈显著差异,其它元素无显著差异;不同土地利用方式下的土壤背景值无显著差异;有机质与Cu、As、Mn、Pb、Zn、Cr、Co、Ni等元素有极显著正相关性.     

湿地泥沙环境动态评估方法及其应用研究——(Ⅰ)理论

通过类比相邻学科近年来发展的水体快速生物评估的思想，根据湿地泥沙自身的特点，提出了一种适用于湿地沉积物的环境质量评价方法－湿地（泥沙）沉积物环境动态评价方法。该方法主要用于湿地环境质量变化趋势的评价，其最大特色是可以对那些受人为活动影响较大的区域进行快速的动态评估。快速评估的目的在于加速环境质量评估过程，同时促进后续的管理决策进程。     

Focused environmental assessment of greywater reuse in Jordan

This paper aims to assess both the opportunities and constraints for greywater (GW) reuse for irrigation. A case study was conducted for 25 users who used GW for small-scale irrigation for the period 1997–1999. Laboratory analyses of plant, soil, and GW were conducted. A focused environmental assessment was carried out to determine the viability of GW reuse for irrigation. The study concluded that GW reuse is feasible under specific conditions. Policy implications and recommendations for modifications of building code were outlined.     

建立中国船舶油污损害赔偿机制的对策

建立一套有效的船舶油污损害赔偿机制，是提高中国船舶溢油应急能力和减轻污染损害的根本途径。文中论述了建立该机制的必要性和建立中国赔偿机制的对策。     

A surface-layer similarity model for the dispersion of a skewed passive puff near the ground

A model for the dispersion of a passive puff near the ground is developed. The model is based on the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory for the atmospheric surface layer, which is used to specify eddy diffusivities and the wind speed profile. Starting from the diffusion equation in a puff-following coordinate-system, rate equations are derived for the standard deviations of the concentration distribution and for its skewness. Approximate solutions are obtained for the shape of the concentration distribution and for the puff velocity.     

再生资源回收企业在社区的营销策略

社区是再生资源回收企业开展回收业务的重要场所,回收企业在社区的宣传推广对于提升企业知名度、树立企业品牌、提高业务量具有重要作用。对再生资源回收企业在社区进行营销宣传的必要性进行了分析,提出了几种适于回收企业执行的营销策略,以期对再生资源回收企业有所帮助。     

高炉共处置固体废物低温段Pb Cd的吸附/冷凝动力学特征

利用管式回转炉和控温立式炉联用装置模拟炼铁高炉,对Pb、Cd在共处置过程中低温段的吸附/冷凝特性进行了研究,通过建立吸附/冷凝动力学模型,分析共处置过程中Pb、Cd在非热力学平衡状态下的迁移转化规律.结果表明:高炉共处置固体废物低温段对Pb、Cd的吸附/冷凝作用以冷凝为主.进入控温立式炉的重金属去向分三部分:①冷凝在管壁上,这部分的Pb、Cd分别占Pb、Cd入炉总量的42%～49%、45%～50%;②吸附在炉料上,其中Pb、Cd分别占各自入炉总量的23%～26%、23%～25%;③随烟气释放到空气中,这部分Pb、Cd分别占各自入炉总量的25%～35%、25%～32%.Pb、Cd在炼铁炉料上的吸附/冷凝量均随时间的增加而升高,随温度的升高而降低.炼铁炉料对Pb、Cd的吸附/冷凝动力学可采用双常数速率方程拟合,研究得到Pb、Cd的吸附/冷凝表观活化能分别为6.813、5.839 kJ/mol.      

我国农用地土壤环境基准与标准制定研究

在分析我国现行土壤环境质量标准不足的基础上,综述了国外制定农用地土壤环境筛选值的现状,在此基础上提出我国农用地土壤环境基准制定方法学的建议以及我国农用地土壤环境标准体系的框架建议,服务于我国农用地土壤的污染预防、风险筛选和污染农用地的安全利用、修复和风险管控。     

Evaluation of a cost e ective technique for treating aquaculture water discharge using Lolium perenne Lam as a biofilter

Wastewater stabilization ponds generate low cost by-products that are useful for agriculture. The utilization of these by-products for soil amendment and as a source of nutrients for plants requires a high level of sanitation and stabilization of the organic matter, to maintain acceptable levels of soil, water and air quality. In this study, two aquaculture wastewater treatment systems; recirculating system and a floating plant bed system were designed to improve the quality of irrigation water in local communities with low income. In both systems the grass species Lolium perenne Lam was used as a plant biofilter while vegetable specie Amaranthus viridis was used to evaluate the performance of the system and the suitability of the phyto-treated water for irrigation. It was found that the harmful material removal rate for recirculating system was 88.9% for TAN （total ammonia nitrogen）, 90% for NO2--N, 64.8% for NO3--N while for floating plant bed system 82.7% for TAN, 82% for NO2--N and 60.5% for NO3--N. Comparative analysis of the efficiency of waste element removal between the two systems revealed that both systems performed well, however, plant growth was not robust for floating plant bed system while recirculating system is energy consuming. Although both systems did not attain sufficient levels of TN （total nitrogen） and TP （total phosphorus） load reduction, the treatment with L. perenne remarkably improved the irrigation water quality. A. viridis plants irrigated with the phyto-treated discharge water had lesser concentrations of heavy metals in their tissues compared to those irrigated with untreated discharge. The control plants irrigated with untreated discharge were also found to be highly lignified with few stems and small leaves.