A new basal galeomorph shark (Synechodontiformes, Neoselachii) from the Early Jurassic of Europe

Palaeospinacids are a group of basal galeomorph sharks and are placed in the order Synechodontiformes (Chondrichthyes, Neoselachii) ranging from the Permian to the Eocene. Currently, there is a controversy concerning the identity of diagnostic characters for distinguishing palaeospinacid genera because of very similar dental morphologies and the scarcity of articulated skeletal material. The most notable character for distinguishing species within the Palaeospinacidae is, however, the dental morphology. The main dental character uniting all palaeospinacids is the very specialised pseudopolyaulacorhize root vascularisation. A re-examination of articulated neoselachian skeletons from the Lower Jurassic of Lyme Regis (England) and Holzmaden (S Germany), and recently discovered specimens from the Upper Jurassic of the Solnhofen area and Nusplingen (S Germany) has yielded several hitherto unrecognised complete skeletons of the palaeospinacids Synechodus and Paraorthacodus enabling a re-evaluation of characters. These specimens indicate that the number of dorsal fins and the presence or absence of dorsal fin spines represent important features for identifying palaeospinacids. Synechodus bears two dorsal fins without fin spines, whereas Paraorthacodus only has a single dorsal fin lacking a fin spine directly in front of the caudal fin. All palaeospinacids from the Early Jurassic have two spines supporting the dorsal fins and are consequently assigned to a new genus, Palidiplospinax nov. gen. Three species are placed into the new taxon: Synechodus enniskilleni, S. occultidens and S. smithwoodwardi.     

Biosorption of mercury by Macrocystis pyrifera and Undaria pinnatifida: Influence of zinc, cadmium and nickel

The article investigated the adsorption of Hg(II) on Macrocystis pyrifera and Undaria pinnatifida in monometallic system and in the presence of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Ni(II).     

Nutrient cycling characteristics of Quercus acutissima and Pinus massoniana mixed forest in the Three Gorge Reservoir area, China

The cycling characteristics of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) of the Quercus acutissima and Pinus massonianamixed forest which is the most common forest type in the Three Gorge Reservoir areas in China, were systematically analyzed. The results showed that N, P and K accumulated in the plant pool and in the litter pool, while total N, P, and K were deficient in the soil pool and in the forest systems. Contents of N in the soil of depth 20—40 cm were the key factor limiting growth of trees. The biological outside cycling coefficients were 8.78, 72.5 and 11.7 times of inside cycling coefficients of N, P and K, respectively. 33.92, 10.26 and 15.88 kg of N, P and K return to the litter pool from branches, leaves and throughfall per year, but, 14.31, 1.32 and 10.48 kg of N, P and K return to the soil from litter pool per year respectively. It is clear that 58% of N, 87% of P, and 34% of K are lost by surface runoff per year. 5.49%, 1.30%, and 8.34% of N, P and K withdraw from leaves to branches, 4.99%, 1.99% and 7.30% of N, P and K withdraw from branches to trunks per year, respectively.     

贵州万山汞矿区苔藓植物对汞的吸附和富集特征

在所设定的贵州万山汞矿区调查范围内,有6种苔藓植物,其中常见种为东亚褶叶藓和大羽藓.结果表明,苔藓能高度富集汞,东亚褶叶藓和大羽藓的汞含量随污染源距离和相对高度的增加而降低;不同苔藓对汞的吸附等温线具共同性,吸附量随平衡液浓度的增加而增大,东亚褶叶藓对Hg的吸附量比大羽藓大,吸附特征都能用Liner、Freundlic...     

异养硝化细菌的分离及其硝化特性实验研究

采用将传统微生物学方法与现代分子生物学手段相结合的新型异养硝化细菌的分离筛选方法,从具有80.1%的SND效果的MBR系统中分离筛选出2株异养硝化细菌,通过生理生化实验、16S rDNA的序列分析,认定为属新报道的异养型硝化细菌.通过批式试验考察了分离纯化得到的异养硝化细菌的硝化性能.结果表明,Bacillussp.LY及Brevibacillussp.LY具有异养微生物的性质,在充分利用有机碳进行有氧呼吸的同时还具有较强的硝化及脱氮能力:24d好氧培养后,COD的去除率分别为71.7%及52.6%;氨氮的转化率分别为78.2%及51.2%;总氮的转化率分别为69.2%及35.6%.     

Heat-balling wasps by honeybees

Defensiveness of honeybee colonies of Apis cerana and Apis mellifera (actively balling the wasps but reduction of foraging) against predatory wasps, Vespa velutina, and false wasps was assessed. There were significantly more worker bees in balls of the former than latter. Core temperatures in a ball around a live wasp of A. cerana were significantly higher than those of A. mellifera, and also significantly more when exposed to false wasps. Core temperatures of bee balls exposed to false wasps were significantly lower than those exposed to V. velutina for both A. cerana and for A. mellifera. The lethal thermal limits for V. velutina, A. cerana and A. mellifera were significantly different, so that both species of honeybees have a thermal safety factor in heat-killing such wasp predators. During wasps attacks at the hives measured at 3, 6 and 12 min, the numbers of Apis cerana cerana and Apis cerana indica bees continuing to forage were significantly reduced with increased wasp attack time. Tropical lowland A. c. indica reduced foraging rates significantly more than the highland A. c. cerana bees; but, there was no significant effect on foraging by A. mellifera. The latency to recovery of honeybee foraging was significantly greater the longer the duration of wasp attacks. The results show remarkable thermal fine-tuning in a co-evolving predator–prey relationship.     

Dimethyl phthalate biodegradation by Dunaliella tertiolecta

Dunaliella tertiolecta has an ability to biodegrade dimethyl phthalate(DMP) was found in this study, and the average of the biodegradation rates were 11.3 mg/(L·d) and 30.5 mg/(L·d), and the average of the phthalic acid (PA) production rates were 1.5 mg/(L·d) and 3.6 mg/(L·d), for initial 100 mg/L and 300 mg/L DMP, respectively. The larger amount of accumulation by D. tertiolecta under higher DMP concentration may be responsible for the increase of biodegradation rate, and one of products of DMP biodegradation by D. tertiolecta may be PA. By fitting the process of DMP biodegradation by D. tertiolecta with a kinetic equation newly suggested, the standard deviations between calculated and observed values were 2.5 mg/L and 5.7 mg/L, respectively.     

Parasitoid-induced mortality of Araneus omnicolor (Araneae, Araneidae) by Hymenoepimecis sp. (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) in southeastern Brazil

All species included in the Polysphincta genus-group develop as ectophagous parasitoids of active spiders, killing their hosts prior to pupation. However, little information regarding natural history and ovipositing behavior of most species are available. In this study we inspected 85 webs of Araneus omnicolor to evaluate the frequency of parasitism and host size preferences of the wasp Hymenoepimecis sp. We also described the web characteristics of normal and parasitized spiders and the wasp ovipositing behavior. About 41% of the adult females of A. omnicolor inspected were parasitized. The highest incidence of parasitism was observed among relatively small females while no egg or larva was found in large individuals. Araneus omnicolor builds a strong web composed of an orb and barrier threads, where the spider rests within a curled leaf. The parasitoid larva builds its cocoon within this refuge, and modified cocoon webs were not observed. The ovipositing behavior of Hymenoepimecis sp. was very similar to that of Hymenoepimecis argyraphaga parasitizing Leucauge argyra, including the position of the sting, the killing of a previously attached larva, and the expelling of the egg from the base of the ovipositor.     

Point of decision: when do pigeons decide to head home?

Pigeons released away from their loft usually fly around at the release site for a while before they finally leave. Visual observations had suggested that the moment when the birds decide to head home is associated with a certain change in flying style. To see whether this change is also reflected by GPS-recorded tracks, a group of pigeons equipped with flight recorders was released at two sites about 10 km from their home loft. The initial part of their flight paths was analyzed in order to find objective criteria indicating the point of decision. We selected the highest increase in steadiness as the best estimate for the moment of decision. This criterion allows us to divide the pigeons’ paths in two distinct phases, an initial phase and the homing phase, with the moment of decision, on an average, 2 min after release. The moment of decision marks a change in behavior, with a significant increase in steadiness and flying speed and headings significantly closer to the home direction. The behavior of the individual birds at the two sites was not correlated, suggesting no pronounced individual traits for the length of the initial phase. The behavior during this phase seems to be controlled by flight preparation, exploration, and non-navigational motivations rather than by navigational necessities alone. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

毒死蜱降解细菌XZ-3的分离及降解特性研究

从某农药厂排污口的污泥中采样,经驯化富集后筛选到1株能高效降解毒死蜱的细菌XZ-3,经过对其形态、生理生化特征及16S rDNA的分析,鉴定该菌株为节杆菌属（Arthrobactersp.）.测定了不同碳源、pH、温度及毒死蜱浓度对细菌降解能力和生长量的影响,以培养液在波长400 nm下的光密度值表示细菌生长量,液体介质中毒死蜱的提取采用漩涡振荡提取法,提取溶剂为石油醚,毒死蜱的测定采用紫外分光光度法.结果表明,该菌株24 h内对100 mg·L^-1毒死蜱的降解率高达86.8%;在外加碳源浓度为0.3%时降解率最大;细菌的生长量随着外加碳源浓度的升高而增加;pH在偏酸和偏碱性的条件下降解率较大,pH 9.0时达到最大,细菌的生长量在pH 8.0～10.0偏碱性的条件下较大;在毒死蜱浓度为100　mg·L^-1时降解率最大,该菌具有较强的抗药性,当毒死蜱浓度达到1?000　mg·L^-1时仍能生长,细菌的生长量在800　mg·L^-1时达到最大,绝对去除量随毒死蜱浓度的提高而增加;细菌的生长和降解需要适宜的温度,30℃培养时,降解率和生长量最大.本研究提出了细菌XZ-3生长和降解毒死蜱的最佳培养条件,可为农药污染治理及生产污水处理提供理论依据.     

一株对氯苯胺降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

从某化工厂污水处理车间好氧池活性污泥中分离到一株降解对氯苯胺的细菌PCA039菌株 ,该菌株能够以对氯苯胺为唯一碳源、氮源生长 .经过对其形态特征、生理生化、以及 16SrDNA序列分析 ,该菌株初步鉴定为Diaphorobacter sp..进一步研究表明 ,该菌株的生长过程中 ,氯离子释放同步于对氯苯胺降解 ,并且氯离子的释放量与对氯苯胺的降解量相当 .其利用对氯苯胺生长的最适温度和pH分别为30℃和7.5,3d时间内的最适降解浓度为300mg/L(2.35mmol/L) .测定了降解途径中相关酶的活性 ,表明对氯苯胺经过苯胺双加氧酶初始氧化和羟基化后 ,芳环的裂解是由邻苯二酚2,3-双加氧酶催化.     

Characteristics for the hybrid cell Foaz obtained from the  protoplast fusion between yeast and photosynthetic bacteria in soybean processing wastewater

The optimal pH and temperature, maximum specific degradation rate, half rate constant and flocculation rate for the hybrid cell Foaz were measured in the reaction for the degradation of soybean processing wastewater(SPW) in this study. The optimal pH and temperature for Foaz in SPW were the same as those of its parental strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y9407 and Rhodobacter sphaeroides P9479, but the flocculation rate, the maximum specific degradation rate and the half rate constant for Foaz were higher than those of its parental strains. The results suggest that the characteristics of the inter kingdom fusant Foaz constructed from the protoplast fusion between the eukaryote cell yeast S.cerevisiae and the prokaryote cell photosynthetic bacteriaR. sphaeroides may favor degrading organic pollutant in SPW and removing biomass from the effluent.     

电化学消毒法对水中大肠杆菌的灭活特性

本研究通过电化学消毒小试装置,系统考察了电极板材料、极板间距、p H、水温、Na Cl浓度等因素对水中大肠杆菌CGMCC 1.3373灭活效果的影响,并进一步考察了电化学消毒对抗生素抗性大肠杆菌CGMCC 1.1595的灭活效果及其抗性变化.结果发现,在相同的电化学消毒条件下,阳极采用钌铱涂层的钛电极板的灭活效果显著优于铅涂层和铱钽涂层电极板,并且极板间距为50 mm时灭活率最高.进一步研究表明,电化学消毒法对大肠杆菌的灭活率随水的p H升高而降低,随水温和Na Cl浓度升高而升高.在相同消毒条件下,电化学法对四环素抗性大肠杆菌的灭活率显著低于普通大肠杆菌.消毒后存活的抗性菌对四环素、青霉素、氯霉素的抗性,随消毒时间延长呈现先下降后上升的规律.     

Effects of drought climate on the photosynthesis of Aneurolepidium chinense community in the typical steppe region of Inner Mongolia

Under the dry weather conditions in the typical steppe region of Inner Mongolia, the diurnal change curve of photosynthetic rate of Aneurolepidium chinense community is a curve of "double peaks" with midday depression. The photosynthetic rate in the morning is height than in the afternoon, which is related to the water condition at that time. The decrease range of community photosynthetic rate at noon is closely correlated with the low air relative humidity and soil moisture, the photosynthetic rate decreases less under better water condition.The instantaneous photosynthetic rate and diurnal net photosynthesis declined in dry condition, but they rised after irrigation or nitrogen-fertilization. Thus irrigation and fertilization is a effective way to improve grasslands and to raise grassland productivity.     

Effects of Cd2+ on the nucleolus in root tip cells of Allium cepa

The effects of different concentrations of cadmium chloride ranging from 0.5 to 20 ppm on the nucleolus in root tip cells of Allium cepa were studied using the silver staining technique. The results indicated that after the treatment with Cd²⁺,different changes in nucleolar morphology appeared. The nucleolar material was extruded from the nucleus into the cytoplasm,and the nucleoli at mitotic metaphase did not disappear. Apparently,cadmium showed a specific effects on the nucleoli in root tip cells of Allium cepa. The possible mechanism behind this phenomenon is also briefly discussed.     

麦秸强化微生物降解石油烃及场地试验

在油-盐混合污染耕地的耕作层中施加麦秸以强化水浸洗盐和促进微生物对石油烃的降解.通过实验考察了麦秸添加量对降解石油烃所用的阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae)和刺孢小克银汉霉菌(Cunninghamella echinulata)的生长及其对于石油烃降解行为的影响.结果发现,在土壤中添加5%(质量分数)麦秸可使土壤中的细菌和真菌生物量提高至对照样品的25和3倍;19 d时总石油烃降解率从29.2% 提高到48.0%,其中饱和烃、芳烃的降解率分别从31.5%和39.1%提高到55.7%和55.9%.在中原油田污染耕地现场试验结果表明,石油烃降解菌添加25 d后,添加麦秸的修复土壤中的细菌和真菌生物量为对照土壤的158和9倍;45 d后试验地块中的总石油烃质量分数降至0.3%以下,石油烃降解率最高达到75%.上述结果显示出添加麦秸与真菌-细菌协同修复方法相结合在治理油-盐混合污染耕地中具有很好的应用前景.     

A GFP-based bacterial biosensor with chromosomally integrated sensing cassette for quantitative detection of Hg(II) in environment

A mercury biosensor was constructed by integrating biosensor genetic elements into E. coli JM109 chromosome in a single copy number, using the attP/attB recombination mechanism of λphage. The genetic elements used include a regulatory protein gene (merR) along with operator/promoter (O/P) derived from the mercury resistance operon from pDU1358 plasmid of Serratia marcescens. The expression of reporter gene gfp is also controlled by merR/O/P. Integration of the construct into the chromosome was done to increase the stability and precision of the biosensor. This biosensor could detect Hg(II) ions in the concentration range of 100-1700 nmol/L, and manifest the result as the expression of GFP. The GFP expression was significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) for each concentration of inducing Hg(II) ions in the detection range, which reduces the chances of misinterpretation of results. A model using regression method was also derived for the quantification of the concentration of Hg(II) in water samples.     

1株草螺属植物内生菌R-13的分离鉴定及对龙葵吸收土壤镉的影响

植物内生菌联合超积累植物修复重金属污染土壤可显著提高植物修复效率.从镉污染稻田水稻根系中分离获得1株编号为R-13的植物内生菌.分别利用显微观察、碳源利用及分子生物学手段将该菌株鉴定为1株红苍白草螺菌（Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans）;该菌株具有较强的耐Cd²⁺能力,在镉含量为300 mg·kg^-1的固体培养基上仍能生长.经显色反应发现R-13菌株具有产生铁载体和分泌吲哚乙酸（IAA）能力,此外,经Pikovskaya''s固体培养基和Ashby固体培养基试验表明R-13菌株溶磷作用微弱,但是具有较强的固氮能力.在盆栽试验中,利用高通量测序技术追踪R-13菌株在龙葵根部定殖情况,发现接种1次3 d后草螺菌属在龙葵根系内相对丰度相比空白对照（CK）增加201.88%,两次接种可使草螺菌属在龙葵根部的相对丰度相比CK增加1182.44%,接种5 d后草螺菌属在龙葵根系内相对丰度开始出现显著降低趋势.当接种20 mL·pot^-1菌液时对龙葵的根、茎、叶及果实中镉含量无显著影响,当接种菌液达到40 mL·pot^-1时可显著提高龙葵营养器官中的镉含量,当接种量达到200 mL·pot^-1时龙葵营养器官中镉含量最高.此时,根系中镉含量与对照组相比提高84.42%,茎秆中提高43.67%,叶片中提高64.06%,果实中提高20.29%.综上可见,根系接种植物内生草螺菌R-13可显著提高龙葵根系中草螺菌属的相对含量,同时可起到强化龙葵吸收镉的作用,该菌株在植物修复镉污染土壤技术中具有较好应用前景.     

呼伦贝尔沙地核心保护区樟子松径向生长的气候响应特征

沙地樟子松是我国三北防护林工程的主要推广树种,查明该树种核心区的树木生长的气候环境制约因子,有助于提升对全球变化不利影响的适应能力,为区域生态文明建设与可持续发展提供科学数据。通过对呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松保护区核心区树轮样本的研究,揭示森林内部该树种年轮记录的生长气候响应特征。结果表明:与标准年表相比,差值年表具有更好的气候要素表征能力。水分是核心区沙地樟子松径向生长的主要限制因子,差值年表与上年8月至当年7月降水总量显著相关(0.512,p0.01)。在过去的81年中极端湿润年和干旱年分别出现15次和11次。核心区沙地樟子松差值年表具有显著的2—8年的周期信号,空间相关显示差值年表有一定的区域水文气候变化代表性。     

铜绿微囊藻生长与铁氧化物吸附解吸磷的相互作用机制研究

本文研究铜绿微囊藻生长与铁氧化物吸附解吸磷的相互作用机制,旨在为富营养化池塘、水库调控和治理提供理论指导。采用化学方法合成铁氧化物并对其进行表征,研究铁氧化物对磷的吸附特性和铜绿微囊藻生长与铁氧化物吸附解吸磷的相互作用。结果表明铁氧化物的物相组成与自然界土壤和底泥中铁氧化物存在形态相似;铁氧化物对磷的吸附属于专性吸附,吸附等温曲线符合Langmuir方程。在含铁氧化物的BG11培养基中培养铜绿微囊藻,铁氧化物对磷的吸附导致培养液中总磷（TP）和水溶性磷（SWP）浓度降低,抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长。铜绿微囊藻在含吸附磷的铁氧化物而无磷的BG11培养基（4.02 < pH < 10.05）中能够正常生长,藻生长导致溶液pH升高是诱导铁氧化物解吸磷的主要因素,铜绿微囊藻光合作用释放的氧气可以抑制三价铁向二价铁的转化。针对铜绿微囊藻诱导铁氧化物释放磷并被其吸收的机制,要控制富营养化水体蓝藻爆发,除控制外源磷输入外,应该抑制底泥中铁磷释放,或通过藻细胞的收集和移除来降低底泥中铁氧化物的磷负荷。