天津快速的经济发展造成的环境问题及具对策

直面冷峻的环境现状,每一个有理性与责任感的公民无不忧心如焚.蔽日的烟云、腥臭的污河、毒化的农田和振聋发聩的噪音一刻不歇地疯狂考验和鞭笞着人们从心灵到生理的忍耐极限.本文使用大量详实的数据还原出天津环保的真相,社会各界的高度关注、积极参与和成效卓著的努力让我们对天津山清水秀的明日充满了期待.     

"难缠"意味着什么

一次,我国一家工厂想接一位德商的棉布袋订单.对方要求,棉布袋的材料必须是本色棉布,两面的图案须用6种颜色印刷,而且对袋子的尺寸和提手的针脚都作了严格的规定.德商没有当场与这家工厂的厂长签约,而是提出在做出符合标准的样品后,再谈今后的合作.     

中俄界河黑龙江沿岸地区自然保护区建设和管理研究

随着生产力水平的不断提高和世界经济一体化趋势的快速发展,国际河流已成为有关国家开发的热点,国际河流的生态保护与生态安全是国家维护自身生态安全的前沿.界河--黑龙江流域可持续发展,对边境地区的稳定.防止流域生态退化和保护黑龙江流域森林、黑土地、湿地等资源具有重要意义.界河沿岸地区的自然保护区在保护该地区的生态环境,生物多样性、生态系统功能和国土安全方面起到了非常重要的作用.文章介绍了界河沿岸地区自然保护区的发展状况以及数量、面积、类型、分布和管理等现状,分析了制约自然保护区发展的主要因素提出了因地制宜的建设该地区自然保护区的有效措施及发展方向.     

型煤使用效果的实验分析

近些年来,随着工企业的不断增多和经济的迅猛发展,环境的污染问题越来越受到人们的重视和关注,在这种情况下,导致了各种洁净性型煤的应运而生.那么,通过型煤与原煤燃烧的对比试验,对它的燃烧特性进行了测试,证明燃烧型煤可降低烟尘和SO2的排放,并提高炉膛的温度.     

循环经济:经济与环保的双赢

上世纪的80年代到90年代,循环经济已成为世界发达国家的经济经济发展的模式.现代循环经济作为一个完整的系统概念,最早是我国一些学者考察德国对废弃物管理的实践后于1998年引入的.     

加强领导开创环保工作的新局面

一、认清形势,增强做好环境保护工作的紧迫性和责任感 过去的一年,在各级党委、政府的正确领导和大力支持下,通过各级环保部门的积极努力,我区环境质量总体保持稳定,重点城市、重点区域和流域的环境质量有所好转,生态环境恶化的趋势初步得到遏制,环境保护工作取得明显进展.这些成绩是在自治区经济快速发展当中,资源、能源消耗较大的情况下取得的,困难多、难度大,成绩来之不易.借此机会,我代表自治区人民政府向辛勤工作在全区环保战线上的广大干部职工表示衷心的感谢和亲切的问候.     

电石渣综合利用研究进展

详细介绍了电石渣在生产建材,治理环境污染,生产化工产品等方面的利用,并对它们在处理效果,创造的经济效益及实际应用过程中遇到的问题进行了分析.提出了一种处理电石渣的有效方法--生产具备高附加值的纳米碳酸钙,在实现经济效益的同时,还能创造良好的环境效益及社会效益.     

室内环境污染问题浅析

室内环境质量是关系人们健康生活的重要问题之一,长期以来人们往往把目光更多的投向室外环境污染,但由于人的一生大部分时间是在室内度过的,因此,居室环境对人的日常生活有着重大影响,居室的选址、设计、建设以及传统的烹调和取暖造成的室内环境污染都会对人类健康产生重大影响.文章探讨并分析了室内环境主要污染物的种类.危害及其来源,同时针对室内环境污染的现状提出了控制室内污染的几点对策.     

浅谈环境权之新型人权性质

从3个角度阐述环境权是一项新型的人权.环境权的产生和提出就是以人权的形式,环境权的性质完全符合人权的基本性质,环境权的内容不可能归于传统的财产权和人格权.所以环境权具有不容置疑的人权性质.环境权入宪能更好地保护公民的环境权利.提供稳定、有力的保障.     

餐馆烟气污染的解决之道

俗话说"民以食为天",城市生活和经济发展衍生出的各类大小餐馆,不仅为繁忙的都市人提供了快捷方便的餐饮服务,也为经济繁荣贡献了不可忽视的力量.然而,由于城市的餐馆深入社区,其烟气排放已成为环保投诉较多的问题,餐饮的烟气与噪音对周边居民的生活环境的污染日益加剧.餐饮业的烟气和噪音污染已成亟待解决的问题.     

Gaseous elemental mercury concentration in atmosphere at urban and remote sites in China

An investigation of gaseous elemental mercury concentration in atmosphere was conducted at Beijing and Guangzhou urban, Yangtze Delta regional sites and China Global Atmosphere Watch Baseline Observatory (CGAWBO) in Mt. Waliguan of remote continental area of China. High temporal resolved data were obtained using automated mercury analyzer RA-915 . Results showed that the overall hourly mean Hg0 concentrations in Mt. Waliguan were 1.7± 1.1 ng/m3 in summer and 0.6±0.08 ng/m3 in winter. The concentration in Yangtze Delta regional site was 5.4±4.1 ng/m3, which was much higher than those in Waliguan continental background area and also higher than that found in North America and Europe rural areas. In Beijing urban area the overall hourly mean Hg0 concentrations were 8.3±3.6 ng/m3 in winter, 6.5±5.2 ng/m3 in spring, 4.9±3.3 ng/m3 in summer, and 6.7±3.5 ng/m3 in autumn, respectively, and the concentration was 13.5±7.1 ng/m3 in Guangzhou site. The mean concentration reached the lowest value at 14:00 and the highest at 02:00 or 20:00 in all monitoring campaigns in Beijing and Guangzhou urban areas, which contrasted with the results measured in Yangtze Delta regional site and Mt. Waliguan. The features of concentration and diurnal variation of Hg0 in Beijing and Guangzhou implied the importance of local anthropogenic sources in contributing to the high Hg0 concentration in urban areas of China. Contrary seasonal variation patterns of Hg0 concentration were found between urban and remote sites. In Beijing the highest Hg0concentration was in winter and the lowest in summer, while in Mt. Waliguan the Hg0 concentration in summer was higher than that in winter. These indicated that different processes and factors controlled Hg0 concentration in urban, regional and remote areas.     

胶州湾水体重金属Hg Ⅰ.分布和迁移

根据1979年5月,8月,11月胶州湾水域调查资料,并且与近几十年来的调查资料进行对比分析,探讨和研究胶州湾重金属Hg的平面分布、垂直分布、季节分布以及发展趋势.结果表明:胶州湾东北部海域春季污染较为严重,西南部的污染程度相对较轻;春季和夏季的表层含量大于底层含量,秋季时底层含量高于表层含量;而且春季Hg污染较为严重,秋季水质状况最好.从历史资料来看,1979年到1982年,Hg污染在加剧;1982年到1997年,从污染严重到缓和,在1997年就达到了一类水质的要求;1997年到1999年,水质更加清洁.     

刁江水体多相介质中As,Zn和Pb的空间和季

调查了广西刁江河水中As,Zn和Pb的溶解态、悬浮颗粒态分布情况及季节变化,以及3种重金属在不同粒级沉积物中的分布情况. 结果表明:刁江流域河水与沉积物中3种重金属污染在流域尺度上的分布存在差异,沉积物污染更为严重. 与土壤污染一致,沉积物中3种重金属的污染范围扩散延伸到距离污染源近200 km的下游区域,其中车河矿区对As污染的贡献率明显高于大厂矿区,而对Pb污染的贡献率明显小于大厂矿区;不同重金属在水体中的赋存形态存在差异,河水中悬浮颗粒态Pb所占比例远高于As和Zn,这与3种重金属矿物的稳定性以及在不同粒级沉积物中的富集特征有关;河水中重金属的赋存形态存在季节差别,丰水期悬浮颗粒态重金属所占比例明显高于枯水期.      

Oxidative stress and DNA damages induced by cadmium accumulation

Experimental evidence shows that cadmium （Cd） could induce oxidative stress and then causes DNA damage in animal cells, however, whether such effect exists in plants is still unclear. In the present study, Vicia faba plants was exposed to 5 and 10 mg/L Cd for 4 d to investigate the distribution of Cd in plant, the metal effects on the cell lipids, antioxidative enzymes and DNA damages in leaves. Cd induced an increase in Cd concentrations in plants. An enhanced level of lipid peroxidation in leaves and an enhanced concentration of H2O2 in root tissues suggested that Cd caused oxidative stress in Vicia faba. Compared with control, Cd-induced enhancement in superoxide dismutase activity was significant at 5 mg/L than at 10 mg/kg in leaves, by contrast, catalase and peroxidaseactivities were significantly suppressed by Cd addition. DNA damage was detected by neutral/neutral, alkaline/neutral and alkaline/alkaline Comet assay. Increased levels of DNA damages induced by Cd occurred with reference to oxidative stress in leaves, therefore, oxidative stress induced by Cd accumulation in plants contributed to DNA damages and was possibly an important mechanism of Cd-phytotoxicity in Vicia faba plants.     

Contribution of additives Cu to its accumulation in pig feces： study in Beijing and Fuxin of China

Massive amounts of pig manure are produced by intensive pig farm in China, and the composition of pig manure has changed much due to the use of feed additives. However, little is known about the exact Cu （copper） feed as additives or present as contaminants in pig feed and the residues in feces. One hundred and thirty-seven feeds and one hundred and forty-two fecal samples from 48 pig farms were collected in Beijing and Fuxin cities in 1999 and 2005, respectively. The concentrations of Cu were in the range of 6.86-395.19 mg/kg in the feed samples, and the mean values were in the order of weaner〉 grower-finisher〉 sow＇s feeds. The high concentrations over EU recommendations implied that excessive levels of Cu are fed on many pig farms in Beijing and Fuxin. Cu was also present in high concentrations in feces, and concentrations were highly variable. Cu concentrations in the feces from grower-finisher and weaner pigs were significantly greater than feces of sows. The super-intensive and small-scale farms had higher levels of Cu in feces than the middle farms. Cu concentrations in pig feces were approximately 5-times greater than in pig feeds. Feed management in grower-finisher pigs on super-intensive and small-scale pig farms is needed to reduce high Cu concentrations in feces and risks to soil contamination while feces are land-applied.     

Distribution of atrazine in a crop-soil-groundwater system at Baiyangdian Lake area in China

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黄浦江江水和沉积物中汞的分布和形态特征

黄浦江江水的总汞、溶解态汞和颗粒汞含量变化较大,其平均值分别为(0.4±0.44)ng/mL、(0.27±0.42)ng/mL和(0.13±0.10)ng/mL,江水中汞以溶解态汞为主.黄浦江沉积物的总汞含量为70.52ng/g～387.30ng/g,平均汞含量为(204.03±97.41)ng/g.江水和沉积物中汞的沿江分布具有中游高,上游和下游低的特征,西渡—南浦大桥江段汞含量为整个黄浦江最高的江段,汞的分布特征与两岸工农业布局相一致.沉积物总汞与有机质显著相关,沉积物中高汞含量的地点都在高水汞点的下游,与河流的动力沉积特点一致.沉积物中汞以可交换态、腐殖酸结合态、残渣态为主,少量为碳酸盐结合态.从上游到下游,沉积物中可交换态汞具有两端高中间低的特点,而残渣态汞与此相反.在剖面方向上,沉积物中的汞主要集中在残渣态,少量为腐殖酸结合态,可交换态及碳酸盐结合态,随着深度增加残渣态所占比例不规则增加.愈接近长江口,沉积物中的重金属愈容易被重新激活.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

青岛大气气溶胶水溶性无机离子的粒径分布特征

为了解大气颗粒物中水溶性离子的来源及环境效应,利用安德森采样器连续采集青岛近海2008年1~12月大气颗粒物分级样品,用离子色谱法分析其中主要的水溶性离子,并讨论其粒径分布特征.结果表明, NH4+、K+、Cl-、NO3-、PO43-、SO42-主要存在于粒径小于2.1μm的细粒子中,Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、F-则主要存在于粒径大于2.1μm的粗粒子中.各离子的粒径分布存在明显的季节变化.NH4+、K+和SO42-四季均主要分布于细粒子中,而Mg2+和Ca2+则主要分布在粗粒子中,两者均在3.3~4.7μm出现峰值;Na+在春、夏、秋3个季节主要存在于粗粒子中,集中分布在3.3~7.0μm粒径范围内,而在冬季则集中分布于0.43~1.1μm且细粒子含量高于粗粒子;春季Cl-在粗粒子中分布较多,尤以2.1~3.3μm范围内的最为突出,而其他3个季节均是细粒子比例明显偏高;NO3-春、夏两季在粗、细粒子中的含量各占50%,秋、冬季节均为细粒子占多数;PO43-夏季只出现在0.65~1.1μm以及>11μm的粒径范围内,粗粒子占95%,其他3个季节则是细粒子含量较高;春季F-在3.3~4.7μm出现峰值,夏季各粒径均未检出,而秋、冬两季粗、细粒子各占50%.K+、NH4+、F-、Cl-、NO3-、SO42-和PO43-受供暖期燃煤取暖的影响较大.K+和NH4+在供暖期和非供暖期峰值均出现在0.43~0.65μm粒径范围;F-供暖期在0.43~0.65μm和3.3~4.7μm粒径段出现峰值;供暖期Cl-的峰值出现在0.43~0.65μm粒径段,而在非供暖期,则出现在2.1~3.3μm的粗粒径段;SO42-和NO3-在供暖期和非供暖期的峰值均出现在0.43~0.65μm和3.3~4.7μm粒径段;供暖期PO43-的最大峰值出现在0.43~0.65μm粒径段,而在非供暖期其最大峰值出现在3.3~4.7μm粒径段.     

环渤海湿地芦苇对TC、TN、TP吸收通量的研究

主要调查研究环渤海湿地芦苇对TC、TN、TP的吸收通量。调查表明,2008年环渤海湿地的芦苇面积为20.08×104hm2。2009年,芦苇总生物量在7月、10月和11月的调查结果分别为267.2×104t、183.4×104t和138.0×104t。7月、10月和11月,芦苇对TC的吸收通量分别为115.58×104t、80.68×104t、64.23×104t;对TN的吸收通量分别为4.03×104t、1.45×104t、0.84×104t;对TP的吸收通量分别为0.37×104t、0.10×104t、0.031×104t。