新邵县岩溶地区石漠化综合治理试点初报

为科学实施新邵县岩溶地区石漠化综合治理试点工程,通过阐述该县石漠化现状,对本地区石漠化的成因与发育特征进行了初步剖析.该县在石漠化治理中,采取以小流域为单元,相应开展了植被恢复工程和小型水利水保配套工程区域综合治理试点,从技术思路、工程措施、营林措施、生物措施、农耕措施等方面具体实施;通过对以往治理石漠化和本次试点经验的基础上加以总结,旨在对遏制、治理石漠化的工作有所帮助.表5.参12.     

喀斯特峡谷石漠化地区生态重建模式及其效应

贵州碳酸岩盐出露面积达12万多km^2，占全省国土总面积的73％，是我国喀斯特地貌最发育的省份；山多坡陡，人地矛盾尖锐，生态环境极为脆弱，水土流失和石漠化问题突出，是我国石漠化面积最大、危害最严重的省份。石漠化地区缺水少土，属于造林困难地带和生态治理的重点地区。文章以喀斯特石漠化发育典型的花江大峡谷右岸的贞丰县兴北镇顶坛片区为例，在阐述顶坛片区的自然环境条件及石漠化现状的基础上，详细分析了目前正在实施的几种石漠化生态治理模式，对这几种模式的效益进行了对比研究，指出了它们的优点与存在问题，并提出了相应的对策建议。     

喀斯特山区石漠化生态治理效益模糊综合评价——以广西都安瑶族自治县为例

以广西都安县石漠化治理示范区为例,建立了石漠化生态治理效益的评价指标体系,运用模糊综合评价模型对石漠化生态治理效益进行了评价.结果表明,石漠化治理前生态效益、经济效益和社会效益等级分别为:一般、差、很差;治理后为:一般、一般、良好.石漠化治理前综合评价等级为差,治理后为一般,这说明广西都安县的石漠化治理已取得一定成果.     

不同等级石漠化环境下人工乔木林的植被与土壤物理特征

目前石漠化地区的植被恢复是生态系统研究的一大难题。以武陵山石漠化综合治理国家长期科研基地人工林为研究区,通过野外踏查选定樟树-马尾松人工林为研究对象,采用单因素方差分析、相关性分析和主成分分析相结合的方法,研究该地区樟树Cinnamomum camphora-马尾松Pinus massoniana林在无石漠化、轻度石漠化、中度石漠化和强度石漠化4种等级石漠化环境下的植被特征、土壤物理特征以及两者之间的关系,以期探寻不同等级石漠化环境下人工林植被和土壤物理性质的变化规律,为该地区生态恢复和石漠化治理提供理论依据。结果显示,（1）4种等级石漠化环境的物种多样性指数存在显著差异,均匀度与丰富度指数随石漠化等级的增加而逐渐减小。（2）草本层植物共有24科35属36种,以禾本科、菊科为主;灌木层植物共有28科43属47种,以蔷薇科为主;乔木层植物共有13科13属13种,以樟科为主,物种相对丰富。同一物种对不同等级石漠化环境的适应性差异显著,蔷薇科植物可作为石漠化等级的区分指标。（3）同一石漠化环境下,除土壤容重外,土壤自然含水量、田间持水量、最大持水量、毛管持水量、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、总孔...     

基于遥感的石漠化治理下土壤肥力变化特征分析

为揭示生态治理下不同石漠化等级土壤肥力变化特征和规律。采用2009年和2015年治理前后两期遥感影像进行石漠化解译,结合撒拉溪示范区测土配方施肥和定点采样监测测定数据,通过Kriging插值和GIS空间分析,研究土壤肥力变化特征,探讨不同石漠化等级与土壤肥力变化规律。结果表明,(1)从2009-2015年,撒拉溪示范区无石漠化面积增加了258.14hm~2,年动态度为1.91%。潜在、轻度、中度和强度石漠化面积分别减少了119.75、61.66、56.68和20.05 hm~2,石漠化得到明显好转。(2)土壤pH由弱酸向中性变化,速效钾含量有所降低,变异系数均由中等变异向弱变异变化。土壤有机质含量增加了16.13g?kg~(-1),增速最快,碱解氮增速也明显,土壤全氮含量变化不大,但是有效磷含量降低明显且变异最大,有机质、全氮、碱解氮和有效磷变异系数均为中等变异。(3)从潜在石漠化到强度石漠化,土壤pH缓慢升高后降低,全氮的变化趋势与有机质基本一致且均为下降。2009年土壤碱解氮含量变化先上升后下降,而2015年则先下降后升高再下降,呈波浪式变化;有效磷含量2015年逐渐降低,而2009年则先升高后逐渐降低;土壤速效钾含量先升后降。各肥力指标变异系数2009年明显高于2015年。(4)石漠等级变化趋势为强度向中度、中度向轻度、轻度向潜在、潜在向无石漠化方向转移,除pH、有机质和碱解氮朝正向变化外,其余指标均为负变化,其中碱解氮正向变化值最大,速效钾负向变化值最大。通过生态治理,石漠化等级逐渐降低,石漠化趋向良性发展,生态系统逐渐恢复,可在不同石漠化等级土壤中适量补充氮磷钾以保持土壤肥力。     

两种等级喀斯特石漠化地区生物结皮对土壤养分恢复的影响

生物结皮是喀斯特生态系统中重要的地表覆盖植被,在石漠化土地恢复和生态治理工程中扮演着关键角色.通过土壤农化学分析方法研究不同石漠化等级下各类型生物结皮对其下层土壤理化性质的影响,对于探索喀斯特生态脆弱区土壤的形成发育及土壤环境的稳定至关重要.研究结果表明:在结皮层中全氮、速效氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾、土壤有机碳、土壤田...     

石漠化治理的地境再造模式研究

石漠化是自然因素和不合理的人类活动导致土地功能退化、岩石裸露的生态地质灾害,但其根源是脆弱的地质环境,故其治理必须从地质条件入手.植物地境是植物的地下生境,是植物生存的地下空间,由土壤、部分母质及包含在其中的水分、盐分、空气、有机质等构成.地境再造即是人工塑造植物所需的地境条件,为植物生存提供基础.地境再造模式包括植物地境特征调查、地境空间再造、土壤再造和适应所选物种的种植过程.事实证明,植物地境再造模式适用于石漠化治理.     

喀斯特高原不同石漠化程度土壤C、N、P化学计量特征和酶活性的关系

探究岩溶区不同石漠化程度土壤环境因子与土壤酶活性的关系对石漠化区的生态恢复具有重要意义。以云南省石林彝族自治县鹿阜镇为研究区,探究了4种石漠化程度(潜在石漠化、轻度石漠化、中度石漠化、重度石漠化)土壤碳、氮、磷养分计量特征及6个土壤酶活性(淀粉酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、脱氢酶和FDA水解酶)随石漠化程度的变化特征及其相关性,并分析了环境因子对土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,研究区不同石漠化程度土壤有机碳、全氮含量变化特征为重度轻度潜在中度,全磷含量变化特征为重度中度潜在轻度;C?N为潜在、轻度石漠化土壤高于中度、重度石漠化土壤,C?P、N?P变化特征为轻度潜在重度中度。有机碳、全氮、全磷含量均为重度石漠化土壤最高;C?N、C?P、N?P为潜在石漠化、轻度石漠化土壤最高。不同土壤酶活性在不同石漠化程度中变化特征不一致,其中,重度石漠化土壤脲酶、脱氢酶活性最高;中度石漠化土壤淀粉酶、脲酶活性最低,酸性磷酸酶活性最高;轻度石漠化土壤酸性磷酸酶活性最低。冗余分析及相关性分析表明,土壤有机碳、全氮与酸性磷酸酶活性呈负相关关系,与其他酶活性均呈正相关关系;TP与淀粉酶、FDA水解酶呈负相关,与其他酶活性呈正相关;C?N、C?P、N?P与淀粉酶活性呈极显著正相关关系,与酸性磷酸酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶活性呈负相关关系。冗余分析显示土壤因子对土壤酶活性变异影响大小排序为:全氮有机碳p H全磷C?NN?PC?P,其中全氮解释了64.4%的土壤酶活性变异。结合碳氮磷生态化学计量和土壤酶活性特征,该研究表明,全氮是影响喀斯特高原石漠化区土壤质量的主要限制因子。     

喀斯特高原山区土地潜在石漠化与地形因子的关系

选取位于贵州省普定县的后寨地下河流域中下游作为研究区,利用地理信息系统软件,解译出研究区2004年的潜在石漠化等级分布图,对海拔、坡度、坡向和坡位等地形因子同各等级潜在石漠化景观面积的相关关系进行定量分析。结果显示,研究区潜在石漠化景观在空间上呈不均匀分布;海拔、坡度和坡向等地形因子同潜在石漠化景观的多个等级斑块面积之间相关性显著(P<0.05或P<0.01);随着海拔的增加,低度和中度潜在石漠化面积所占比例逐渐增加,无石漠化和极低度潜在石漠化面积所占比例逐渐减少;随坡度的增加,无石漠化面积所占比例逐渐减少,低度、中度及极高度潜在石漠化面积所占比例逐渐增加;随着坡向由阴转阳,中度和高度潜在石漠化面积所占比例逐渐增加;而坡位与各等级潜在石漠化景观面积之间无显著相关性。     

喀斯特石漠化生态恢复过程中土壤质量变化分析——以古周生态恢复重建区为例

石漠化最突出的特征是水土和养分的流失,石漠化发展造成地表严重缺土。稀缺的土壤资源是生态恢复的重要限制性因素,其中,土壤质量是生态恢复重建的关键。研究石漠化生态恢复过程中土壤质量的变化特征,对石漠化区的植被重建和土壤养分的调控与管理具有重要意义。以环江古周生态恢复重建区为研究区,在野外调查和资料查阅的基础上,在研究区内选取具有代表性的人工任豆(Zenia insignis)林,分别在坡地和洼地按照石漠化的不同程度设置样地。采用野外取样与室内分析相结合的方法,采集土壤样品。研究了潜在、轻度、中度和重度石漠化土地及其分层土壤的容重、含水量、pH值、有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)、碱解氮(AN)、有效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)等土壤质量要素的变化情况并对其进行分析。结果表明,(1)石漠化生态恢复过程中,植被系统的恢复促使生物量增加,土壤有机质的来源变广,土壤养分含量增多。(2)石漠化生态恢复过程中,土壤质量不断变好,促进了地表植被的生长,石漠化治理效果明显。因此,土壤质量的向好与石漠化生态恢复过程形成相互促进的关系,并在生态恢复方向和阶段上具有一致性和同步性。(3)从重度石漠化到轻度石漠化,坡地土壤全氮平均含量从1.22 g·kg~(-1)上升到1.88 g·kg~(-1),增幅为54.10%;洼地土壤全氮平均含量从1.13g·kg~(-1)上升到1.36 g·kg~(-1),增幅仅为20.35%。坡地样地土壤碱解氮平均含量从84.55 mg·kg~(-1)上升到164.31 mg·kg~(-1),增幅为94.33%;洼地样地土壤碱解氮平均含量从41.90 mg·kg~(-1)上升到82.57 mg·kg~(-1),增幅为97.06%。坡地样地土壤速效钾平均含量从36.61 mg·kg~(-1)上升到58.52 mg·kg~(-1),增幅为59.85%;洼地样地土壤速效钾平均含量从15.02 mg·kg~(-1)上升到28.09 mg·kg~(-1),增幅为87.02%。(4)研究区内石漠化生态恢复过程与土壤质量状况关系密切,随着石漠化治理状况的好转,土壤含水量、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾含量呈现出上升趋势,土壤容重、pH值减小,土壤肥力增加。     

西南岩溶山区景观生态特征与景观生态建设

探讨了西南岩溶山区景观生态结构与功能以及景观生态过程的不同于其他区域的基本特征，尝试从景观角度认识西南岩溶区生态空间特性与演化过程。受地质地貌和土地利用的影响。西南岩溶山区景观基质脆弱、景观格局分异明显，具破碎化与景观结构粗粒化、景观动态变化范围大且速度快、整体退化明显的特点，以石漠化为特征的景观演化削弱了岩溶生态系统的生态服务功能。岩溶山区的景观生态建设须充分认识岩溶山区资源环境优势，充分利用当地的适生植物资源，协调生态效应和水文效应，促进水土资源的有效保持向高效利用发展，形成新的高效、和谐的人工自然景观。今后应把景观格局与生态过程结合起来、与人文因子和地学背景结合起来，加强小尺度的景观变化研究。     

Stalked tunicates Boltenia ovifera form biogenic habitat in the rocky subtidal zone of Nova Scotia

The stalked tunicate Boltenia ovifera is widely distributed in the Arctic and North Atlantic oceans on rocky substrata at 10–300 m depth, although its ecological role in benthic communities is poorly understood. The distribution and abundance of B. ovifera were recorded at 10–100 m depth in towed-video transects in November 2011 and in June, July, and November 2012 off a wave-exposed headland near Halifax, Nova Scotia. Specimens also were collected at 30 m depth using SCUBA (44°26.88′N, 63°31.59′W) in September 2012. Areas dominated by B. ovifera had densities of 10–100 individuals m^?2 on rocky substrata at 30–60 m depth. These tunicate beds often were associated with sparse kelp (Agarum clathratum) and turf-forming red algae. A generalized additive model indicated that depth, substrate type, and benthic algal type were strong predictors of tunicate abundance. Twenty-two epibiotic species were found on specimens of B. ovifera, including juvenile conspecifics. Filter-feeding macroinvertebrates, including anemones and soft corals, were more abundant in areas with B. ovifera than in areas without these tunicates. Our findings suggest that beds of B. ovifera can act as biogenic habitat to enhance local species richness in the rocky subtidal zone of Nova Scotia.     

Use of pelagic prey subsidies by demersal predators in rocky reefs: insight from movement patterns of lingcod

Allochthonous subsidies of energy and nutrients can affect community structure in patchy marine habitats, including rocky reefs, and their ecological consequences may depend on the mechanism of energy transfer. Lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) are demersal predators that trophically link nearshore rocky reefs with offshore pelagic habitats through consumption of pelagic fishes. We quantified lingcod habitat use and movement patterns to make inferences about the temporal and spatial conditions under which lingcod may acquire pelagic prey. Lingcod maintained small home ranges (21,272 ± 13,630 m²) within a rocky reef in the San Juan Archipelago, Washington; eight of nine individuals used rocky habitat exclusively. Depths occupied by lingcod (0–50 m) coincided with pelagic fish distribution on the rocky reef; however, diel patterns in lingcod activity varied inversely with occurrence of pelagic fishes on the reef. Our findings suggest that the pelagic subsidy to lingcod is not strongly mediated through directed off-reef foraging by lingcod.     

土地石漠化的生态地质环境背景及其驱动机制--以贵州省喀斯特山区为例

在分析贵州省喀斯特山区的土地石漠化的生态地质环境背景基础上 ,探讨了土地石漠化内、外动力驱动机制。认为地质构造运动塑造了陡峻而破碎的喀斯特地貌景观 ,由此产生的较大地表切割度和地形坡度 ,为水土流失提供了动力潜能 ;古环境演化为喀斯特石漠化提供了广泛分布的碳酸盐物质。温暖潮湿的季风气候为喀斯特地貌的强烈发育提供了必要的溶蚀条件 ,超载的社会经济压力则是导致喀斯特山区土地石漠化最重要的驱动力。     

Landscape evaluation in conservation: molecular sampling and habitat modeling for the Iberian lynx.

Conservation of endangered species requires comprehensive understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements, in order to implement better management strategies. Unfortunately, this understanding is often difficult to gather at the short term required by rapidly declining populations of many rare vertebrates. We present a spatial habitat modeling approach that integrates a molecular technique for species detection with landscape information to assess habitat requirements of a critically endangered mammalian carnivore, the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus), in a poorly known population in Spain. We formulated a set of model hypotheses for habitat selection at the spatial scale of home ranges, based on previous information on lynx requirements of space, vegetation, and prey. To obtain the required data for model selection, we designed a sampling protocol based on surveys of feces and their molecular analysis for species identification. After comparing candidate models, we selected a parsimonious one that allowed (1) reliable assessment of lynx habitat requirements at the scale of home ranges, (2) prediction of lynx distribution and potential population size, and (3) identification of landscape management priorities for habitat conservation. This model predicted that the species was more likely to occur in landscapes with a higher percentage of rocky areas and higher cover of bushes typical of mature mediterranean shrubland mosaics. Its accuracy for discriminating lynx presence was approximately 85%, indicating high predictive performance. Mapping model predictions showed that only 16% of the studied areas constitute potential habitat for lynx, even though the region is dominated by large extents of well-preserved native vegetation with low human interference. Habitat was mostly clumped in two nearby patches connected by vegetation adequate for lynx dispersal and had a capacity for 28-62 potential breeding territories. The lynx population in Sierra Morena is probably the largest persisting today, but it is still critically small for optimism about its long-term persistence. Model results suggest habitat conservation and restoration actions needed for preserving the species, including reconciliation of hunting management with preservation of mature shrubland over large areas (particularly in rocky landscapes). The approach presented here can be applied to many other species for which the ecological information needed to develop sound habitat conservation strategies is lacking.     

Intertidal assemblages on artificial and natural habitats in marinas on the north-west coast of Italy

Following the progressive expansion of human populations, the number of artificial habitats is increasing in shallow waters of urbanised coastal areas. The comparison of assemblages between natural and artificial habitats is necessary to determine whether there is real loss and fragmentation of natural habitats. This study investigates the changes in intertidal assemblages caused by marinas for tourists, along exposed rocky shores on the north-west coast of Italy. Marinas, being made of transplanted boulders and by internal wave-sheltered seawalls, introduce different types of artificial habitats in a relatively small area. Intertidal assemblages on breakwaters, seawalls and adjacent rocky shores were compared at three locations, thousands of metres apart. To assess the generality of patterns through time, natural and artificial habitats were sampled at three different times, over a period of about 2 years. Data were analysed by means of multivariate and univariate analyses to test the hypotheses that assemblages and abundances of single taxa differed among habitats, consistently among locations and times of sampling. Furthermore, the variability of assemblages at the scales of tens of centimetres and metres was compared among habitats. Assemblages on seawalls were largely distinct from those on rocky shores or breakwaters. Seawalls, which supported a smaller number of species than breakwaters and rocky shores, were dominated by encrusting algae and lacked common species such as Rissoella verrucosa and Patella rustica. The abundance of main-space occupiers did not differ between breakwaters and rocky shores, but there were differences in variability of assemblages at both the spatial scales investigated. This study provides evidence for differences between intertidal assemblages supported by artificial habitats at marinas and those on adjacent rocky shores. Differences in habitat-structure (and/or wave-exposure in the case of seawalls) could explain the occurrence of distinct intertidal assemblages. Despite the nature and magnitude of these differences, varied according to the type of artificial habitat considered, neither breakwaters nor seawalls could be considered surrogates of rocky shores.Communicated by R. Cattaneo-Vietti, Genova     

Role of peat organic matter on isotopic composition of most abundant benthic organisms in intertidal habitats of SW Iceland

The transfer of peat organic matter (OM) from tidal pools of upper littoral to downstream rocky shores and its potential incorporation into marine biota were investigated using the stable isotope approach. Samplings were carried out in September 2004 in two SW Icelandic sites (Osar and Hvassahraun), where we selected (1) areas with shores where grass gently declined towards rocks and, on reaching the sea line, formed small tidal peat pools and (2) areas where grass and rocky shores were not contiguous, rather the grass lower limits were several hundreds of meters back from the shore. In both grass and no grass areas, in the intertidal zone, all benthic organisms and all potential OM sources were sampled. Dominant macroalgae were Ascophyllum nodosum ([Linnaeus] Le Jolis) and Fucus vesiculosus Linnaeus. In grass sites, organisms partially reflected the isotopic composition of peat OM, while in no grass sites, peat represented only a negligible amount of available OM, or its signal was totally absent from the environment. Intertidal organisms could rely on peat both directly by suspension feeding, grazing or scavenging and indirectly by predation (crabs) on low level consumers (barnacles).     

A mathematical model of competition and colonization in a community of marine benthic algae

A mathematical model has been constructed for the algal community on the rocky shores of a Norwegian fjord. We report here on the studies of competition and colonization along a vertical transect from the upper intertidal to the sublittoral habiats. Results on species abundance and distribution (patterns of zonation) and time to reach maturity have been compared to observations both in the fjord area and in other rocky shore areas.Competition coefficients for the algae were inferred from plant morphology and shown to be in agreement with observations of algal abundance and their zone-forming ability. Competition restricts the distribution of the species, especially at the lower elevations, but does not alter their relative position. However, increasing uniform competition prolongs the time in which zone-forming can occur, and it also decreases the overall biomass which an area can sustain. Colonization by a single species may create transient stages in community development of the same order of magnitude as algae longevity, and probably also alters the zonation pattern to some degree.The simulation results indicate that the large-scale algal distribution pattern in the Hardangerfjord area results from global stability of the rocky shore community.