基于Ti/SnO_2阳极氧化法的典型染料废水电化学氧化规律

采用Ti/SnO2电极间接阳极氧化法处理直接深棕M和活性艳蓝KNR模拟染料废水,研究电解质种类、pH、电压、NaCl投加量及电解时间对其降解效果的影响;在最佳组合条件下,通过分析UV-Vis光谱以及降解过程中氮元素的存在形式,研究上述2种染料的降解规律。结果表明,在pH为3,电压20 V,NaCl投加量为2.5 g/L的条件下,电解30 min后,直接深棕M和活性艳蓝KNR的脱色率分别达到80%和95%,60 min后直接深棕M的COD去除率可达75%,活性艳蓝KNR的COD去除率达到90%;电解60 min后,直接深棕M的偶氮双键完全破坏,萘环和苯环结构被逐步降解,活性艳蓝KNR溶液电解2 min,其分子结构中的蒽醌共轭体系被破坏,随反应的进行,蒽醌结构逐渐被破坏,染料逐步降解。     

基于Ti/SnO2阳极氧化法的典型染料废水电化学氧化规律

采用Ti／SnO2电极间接阳极氧化法处理直接深棕M和活性艳蓝KNR模拟染料废水,研究电解质种类、pH、电压、NaCl投加量及电解时间对其降解效果的影响;在最佳组合条件下,通过分析uV—Vis光谱以及降解过程中氮元素的存在形式,研究上述2种染料的降解规律。结果表明,在pH为3,电压20V,NaCl投加量为2．5g／L的条件下,电解30min后,直接深棕M和活性艳蓝KNR的脱色率分别达到80％和95％,60min后直接深棕M的COD去除率可达75％,活性艳蓝KNR的COD去除率达到90％;电解60min后,直接深棕M的偶氮双键完全破坏,萘环和苯环结构被逐步降解,活性艳蓝KNR溶液电解2min,其分子结构中的蒽醌共轭体系被破坏,随反应的进行,蒽醌结构逐渐被破坏,染料逐步降解。     

粉煤灰负载铁离子催化氧化活性黄染料废水

以粉煤灰为载体,制备铁/粉煤灰负载型催化剂,并利用该催化剂催化H2O2氧化降解活性黄染料废水,探讨了H2O2投加量、催化剂投加量、染料初始浓度和初始pH值等因素对染料废水COD去除率和脱色率的影响。结果表明,当染料废水COD初始浓度为200 mg/L,初始pH值为1.7,投加0.5 g/100 mL催化剂及加入1.0 mL浓度为1.13 mol/L的H2O2溶液时,处理效果最好,此时染料废水的COD去除率和脱色率分别达到63%和99%,并且废水的可生化性得到很大的提高。利用该负载催化剂能够有效地减少活性黄染料废水中Fe3+的残留量。     

活性炭负载Fe~(3+)催化H_2O_2氧化邻苯二甲酸二甲酯

将Fe3+负载在活性炭上制得载铁催化剂Fe/AC,并研究了该催化剂对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)的催化降解性能。通过正交实验和单因素实验,探讨了催化剂投加量、H2O2投加量、溶液pH值和反应温度对水中DMP降解率的影响,同时对DMP矿化度进行了分析。实验结果表明,制得的载铁催化剂具有较高的催化活性;降解效果的影响顺序是反应温度催化剂投加量H2O2投加量溶液pH值;在反应温度为80℃、催化剂投加量为4 g/L、H2O2投加量为20 mL/L和溶液pH值为3的条件下反应120 min后,质量浓度为10 mg/L的DMP降解率最高可达97.73%;在优化的实验条件下反应150 min,DMP矿化度可达62.73%;催化剂反复使用5次仍具有较好的催化活性,DMP降解率仍可达到77%以上;反应过程中溶液Fe3+浓度的变化维持在1.07 mg/L左右,且可推测催化降解DMP主要是由非均相和均相催化氧化反应共同作用的。     

活性炭负载Fe^3＋催化H2O2氧化邻苯二甲酸二甲酯

将Fe3＋负载在活性炭上制得载铁催化剂Fe/AC,并研究了该催化剂对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）的催化降解性能。通过正交实验和单因素实验,探讨了催化剂投加量、H2O2投加量、溶液pH值和反应温度对水中DMP降解率的影响,同时对DMP矿化度进行了分析。实验结果表明,制得的载铁催化剂具有较高的催化活性;降解效果的影响顺序是反应温度〉催化剂投加量〉H2O2投加量〉溶液pH值;在反应温度为80℃、催化剂投加量为4 g/L、H2O2投加量为20 mL/L和溶液pH值为3的条件下反应120 min后,质量浓度为10 mg/L的DMP降解率最高可达97.73%;在优化的实验条件下反应150 min,DMP矿化度可达62.73%;催化剂反复使用5次仍具有较好的催化活性,DMP降解率仍可达到77%以上;反应过程中溶液Fe3＋浓度的变化维持在1.07 mg/L左右,且可推测催化降解DMP主要是由非均相和均相催化氧化反应共同作用的。     

均相催化强化US/FCME协同体系降解硝基苯

考察了NaCl、AlCl3、Na2SiO3、CuSO44种均相催化剂对超声波(US)/铁炭微电解(FCME)协同体系降解硝基苯的催化效果,结果表明,CuSO4的催化效果最好,在体系反应液初始pH为3.0,混合填料投加量为5.0 g/L(铁炭质量比为1∶1),CuSO4投加量为800 mg/L时,体系对硝基苯的降解率达到99.2%,但溶液COD值仅下降了24.6%,矿化效果一般,红外光谱分析表明降解体系的主要中间产物为苯胺。     

磁性载体固定化机油降解菌FZ5的研究

利用聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠-磁性竹炭复合制备磁性悬浮小球,该小球的磁矫顽力为28.6 mT,具有较强的磁场,可用于磁场引导分离。利用磁性悬浮小球作为载体对机油降解菌FZ5进行固定化,研究了固定化时间、降解时间、固定化小球投加量、初始pH值和初始机油浓度对机油降油率的影响。结果表明,在固定化挂膜3 d,固定化小球投加量为8％,初始pH值为7,初始机油浓度为400 mg/L,降解培养3 d后对机油的降解率可达91.21％。     

ACF电极电解处理含NaCl结晶紫染料废水的研究

以吸附结晶紫达到饱和的活性炭纤维为阳极,在NaCl介质中对初始浓度为100 mg/L的结晶紫染料废水进行了电解脱色处理。实验考察了NaCl浓度、pH值和电流密度等对溶液脱色率的影响,测定了电解时溶液中生成的游离氯浓度及不同电解时间后溶液的紫外-可见吸收光谱曲线,并对不同电解时间后溶液的归一化吸光度比值进行了计算。结果发现,溶液中所产生的游离氯的浓度随电解时间的增加快速上升,20 min时就几乎达到了最大值;在活性氯的作用下,结晶紫分子中的大π共轭体系被破坏,溶液迅速脱色;电解液中所含的NaCl浓度、电解液的pH值和电流密度等都对脱色率有影响;在一定实验条件下,初始浓度为100 mg/L的结晶紫染料废水在电解60 min后脱色率可高达99.3%。     

vis/H2O2/草酸铁处理活性艳红染料的实验研究

采用vis/H2O2/草酸铁法,对活性艳红染料废水进行处理.研究了H2O2、K2C2O4和Fe2(SO4)3·7H2O的投加量、pH值和光照时间等因素对染料废水处理效果的影响和最佳处理条件.结果表明,pH值2.5;30%H2O2的投加量0.1 mL;0.1 mol/L Fe2(SO4)3·7H2O的投加量1.0 mL;0.1 mol/L K2C2O4的投加量1.5 mL;光照时间40 min的最佳条件下,70 mg/L的活性艳红模拟染料废水脱色率可达99.82%.通过对vis/H2O2/草酸铁法和Fenton法、H2O2法、草酸铁法等方法进行对比实验,vis/H2O2/草酸铁法明显优于其他方法,是一项有研究价值和开发应用前景的污染治理新技术.     

Fe0-厌氧微生物体系处理活性艳红X-3B的试验研究

采用间歇式摇床试验,研究了葡萄糖共基质条件下Fe0-厌氧微生物体系中Fe0投加量、pH值、染料初始浓度对活性艳红X-3B模拟废水脱色率的影响,比较了Fe0-厌氧微生物、纯厌氧微生物及纯Fe03种体系中废水的脱色效果.结果表明:Fe0-厌氧微生物体系中初始浓度(50～500 mg/L)对活性艳红X-3B的脱色率影响不大;而Fe0投加量、pH值存在一个最佳范围;当Fe0投加量为260 mg/L,pH值为6.0,污泥浓度为0.35 g VSS/L,停留时间约为30 h时,体系中活性艳红X-3B的脱色率可达90%左右,比相同试验条件下纯Fe0、纯厌氧微生物体系达到此脱色率所需时间分别缩短了约1/2、7/10.在Fe0-厌氧微生物体系中,由紫外可见分光光度分析可推测活性艳红X-3B的脱色机理主要是其偶氮键发生断裂,生成苯胺和萘类物质,而且苯胺和萘类物质能得到进一步降解.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

Sorption and predicted mobility of herbicides in Baltic soils

This study was undertaken to determine sorption coefficients of eight herbicides (alachlor, amitrole, atrazine, simazine, dicamba, imazamox, imazethapyr, and pendimethalin) to seven agricultural soils from sites throughout Lithuania. The measured sorption coefficients were used to predict the susceptibility of these herbicides to leach to groundwater. Soil-water partitioning coefficients were measured in batch equilibrium studies using radiolabeled herbicides. In most soils, sorption followed the general trend pendimethalin > alachlor > atrazine～ amitrole～ simazine > imazethapyr > imazamox > dicamba, consistent with the trends in hydrophobicity (log K_ow) except in the case of amitrole. For several herbicides, sorption coefficients and calculated retardation factors were lowest (predicted to be most susceptible to leaching) in a soil of intermediate organic carbon content and sand content. Calculated herbicide retardation factors were high for soils with high organic carbon contents. Estimated leaching times under saturated conditions, assuming no herbicide degradation and no preferential water flow, were more strongly affected by soil textural effects on predicted water flow than by herbicide sorption effects. All herbicides were predicted to be slowest to leach in soils with high clay and low sand contents, and fastest to leach in soils with high sand content and low organic matter content. Herbicide management is important to the continued increase in agricultural production and profitability in the Baltic region, and these results will be useful in identifying critical areas requiring improved management practices to reduce water contamination by pesticides.