Biomonitoring of heavy metal (Cd,Cu, Pb,and Zn) concentrations in the west intertidal area of Peninsular Malaysia by using Nerita lineata

Snails, Nerita lineata, were collected from 15 sites along the west intertidal area of Peninsular Malaysia from December 2005 until April 2006. The concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) were determined in the total soft tissues, operculums, and shells of the snails. Different patterns of heavy metal distributions were found in the different tissues (shell, operculums, and soft tissues) as well as spatial variations of heavy metal concentrations in the snails. This shows that the distribution of metals in the shells and the total soft tissues of N. lineata were not similar which could be due to different rates of metal accumulation, excretion, and sequestration. Since N. lineata is abundant on the rocky shores, below jetties and mangrove trees along the west intertidal area of Peninsular Malaysia and accumulate heavy metals, the snails are therefore potential biomonitors of heavy metal contamination for the west intertidal area of Peninsular Malaysia.     

Levels of heavy metals (Zn,Cu, Cd,and Pb) in mudskippers (Periophthalmodon schlosseri) and sediments collected from intertidal areas at Morib and Remis,Peninsular Malaysia

The concentrations of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb were determined in different tissues of mudskipper fishes Periophthalmodon schlosseri caught at two selected locations (Morib and Remis) of the intertidal mudflat area of Selangor state, West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia and in surface sediment samples. Metal concentrations in the mudskipper tissue and in the sediment samples tended to vary significantly (p < 0.05) between the two locations. Higher metal concentrations (except for Zn) were mostly found in the tissues of mudskippers from Remis. For sediment samples, significantly (p < 0.05) higher metal concentrations of all metals were also found at Remis. Generally, metal distribution between different tissues of mudskipper varied with scales being highly accumulative of Zn, Cd, and Pb, while for Cu, the highest mean concentrations were found in the liver. The lowest mean concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Cd were found in the muscles except for Pb, which was lowest in the liver. This study suggests that mudskippers can be potential biomonitoring organisms for heavy metal bioavailability and contamination of intertidal coastal mudflats. The concentrations of Cd and Pb were slightly above the acceptable limits of Malaysian and European food safety guidelines.     

Use of different soft tissues of Perna viridis a s biomonitors of bioavailability and contamination by heavy metals (Cd,Cu, Fe,Pb, Ni,and Zn) in a semi-enclosed intertidal water,the Johore Straits

Green-lipped mussels, Perna viridis, were collected from the eastern and western parts of the Johore Straits in September 2004 and January 2005. Based on the heavy metal concentrations in the different soft tissues (gonad, foot, mantle, gills, muscle, and remaining soft tissues) of these mussel samples, the eastern part of the Johore Straits (which is divided into two portions by a causeway), recorded higher levels of bioavailability and contamination by Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Zn when compared to the western part, while Kg. Pasir Puteh in the eastern part was found to record the highest bioavailability and contamination by heavy metals. The use of different soft tissues of P. viridis as biomonitors of bioavailability and contamination by Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, and Zn in the semi-enclosed Johore Straits is proposed, since erroneous results due to spawning and the problem of defecation before dissection could be overcome. Hence, a more accurate interpretation of the bioavailability and contamination by heavy metals in coastal waters could be obtained. To our knowledge, this is the most detailed study on the bioavailability and contamination of heavy metals in the Johore Straits on the Malaysian side of the waterway carried out by using the different soft tissues and metal distribution based on the Mussel Watch approach.     

Comparison of heavy metal concentrations in fish samples from three fish farms (Eastern Mediterranean) utilizing antifouling paints

Although aquaculture is considered the fastest growing food production industry, nevertheless there is little information regarding pollutant levels in cultured fish. Samples of cultured sea bass – Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758), sea bream – Sparus aurata (Linnaeus, 1758), and sharpsnout sea bream – Diplodus puntazzo (Walbaum, 1792) from three fish farms located in the Eastern Mediterranean which utilized antifouling paints on the nets were analyzed for quantitative determination of zinc (Zn), chrome (Cr), and copper (Cu) in the gills, the liver, and the muscle separately for each tissue and fish. The results show that the highest levels of zinc (up to 29.6 mg kg^?1 dry wt) were found in the gills of all samples of sea bream and sharpsnout sea bream while in the samples of sea bass, the highest levels of zinc and chrome were found in the liver (up to 39.3 and 13.8 mg kg^?1 dry wt, respectively). Insofar, as copper is concerned the highest exposure was found in the liver of sharpsnout sea bream (up to 5.49 mg kg^?1 dry wt). The results indicate that the use of antifouling paints in aquaculture practices are a significant source of chemical pollution in cultured fish and poses a risk to the exposed organisms.     

Relations between heavy metal levels in soil,detritophagous and phytophagous invertebrates

Heavy metal (HM) levels in soil samples taken from surface soil horizon (up to 30 cm depth) and in the bodies of two invertebrate groups (earthworms as detritophagous and snails as phytophagous) were investigated during the vegetation period of 1993 in Central Moravia. Within the frame of large scale monitoring the above samples were taken repeatedly in ten selected habitats, mostly Protected Landscape Areas (PLA) and forests, and heavy metal levels of seven elements (Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe) were estimated by AAS after laboratory treatment. In soil samples three HM forms (fixed, soluble and available) were differentiated. Results indicated that the individual HM are distributed in a characteristic way both in soil and in invertebrate bodies. A relative comparison indicated that soil is the main depot for Pb, Cr, Mn and Fe, whereas biomass accumulates mainly Zn, Cu and Cd (related to kg dry matter). Characteristic differences were also found in the HM levels between detritophagous (earthworms) and phytophagous (snails) invertebrates. Elevated HM levels in several Protected Landscape Areas should be considered as warning symptoms.     

Tracking the metal distribution in the tropical Valencia lake catchment: Soil, rivers and lake

In tropical areas, the relations between soil, rivers, and lakes are poorly understood as regard to the physicochemical transformation that occurs when solid materials are transferred among them. In order to ascertain the natural dynamics of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, and Co, as well as the perturbations by human activity, soils and sediments from a tropical catchment were studied. To accomplish the above mentioned objective, the Valencia Lake catchment was subdivided into three systems, i.e. soils, rivers and lakes. Original data and those previously published by Mogolló;n and Bifano (1994), and Mogolló;n et al. (1995, 1996) were used to establish the numerical relation between the average concentration in the three systems. The percentage labile fraction and metal distribution in different particle size fractions were studied in selected samples. A total of 410 samples was analysed.Lithology and topography are the main factors that differentiate the physicochemical characteristics of soils and sediments. Processes coupled with solid material transport from the upland to lowland area cause the increase of the HNO₃ (1M) extractable metal concentration, and of the percentage labile fraction, metal redistribution towards fine particle fraction. In spite of the tropical climate, the pedogenesis of exposed sediments and the transport along the river courses, have very low influence. Most of the transformations seem to occur during the soils – river transfer of materials. The carbonate precipitation in the lake causes further increase of metal concentration and the percentage labile fraction. The pollutant input increases metal concentration, the percentage labile fraction and the trend of accumulation toward fine particles.     

工业城市不同功能区土壤和蔬菜中重金属污染及其健康风险评价

为了研究和评价工业城市不同功能区的土壤和蔬菜中重金属污染和健康风险状况,以株洲市为例,在工业区（石峰区）、农业区（芦淞区）和旅游区（大京风景区）分别采集土壤和蔬菜样品,分析重金属Cd、As、Pb、Hg、Zn、Cr和Cu的质量分数,并采用地质累积指数法（Igeo）和健康风险评价模型分别对土壤和蔬菜中重金属进行评价。结果表明：工业区、农业区和旅游区土壤中Cd、As、Pb、Hg、Zn、Cr和Cu的平均质量分数都超出湖南省土壤背景值,部分重金属甚至超出国家土壤环境质量二级标准。不同功能区土壤中重金属的地质累积指数（Igeo）表明：工业区、农业区和旅游区土壤受到不同程度的重金属污染,其中Cd和Hg的污染最为严重,污染程度依次是工业区〉农业区〉旅游区。不同功能区蔬菜中Cd、As、Pb和Zn的危害商（HQ）值都大于1.0,而Cu和Cr的危害商（HQ）都小于1.0。不同功能区蔬菜中重金属危害指数（HI）都大于10.0,尤其是工业区蔬菜的危害指数（HI）〉100.0,当地成年人食用受到重金属污染的蔬菜会导致严重的健康危害,其中Cd和As,是危害指数（HI）的主要贡献者,两者贡献率之和的范围为75%~89%,而Cr的贡献率几乎为0。     

大气沉降对土壤重金属累积的影响

选择大气污染严重的太原市为研究区,通过定点监测,分析了不同类型区大气TSP和降尘的污染状况及周年内的月变化趋势,测定了大气干湿沉降中Hg、Cd、Pb三种重金属元素的含量,并计算出大气干湿沉降对土壤系统重金属的年输入量分别为Hg4.48g/(hm2×a),Cd6.34g/(hm2×a),Pb349.4g/(hm2×a);不同类型区大气污染状况与大气沉降输入土壤中重金属累积顺序一致均为工矿区＞城区和近郊区＞风景区＞远郊区。     

上海市不同工业类型土壤重金属含量差异性分析

为揭示不同工业类型土壤重金属含量的差异性,研究以上海市为例,选取机械制造、化工、印染三种污染较为严重的工业类型,进行实地采样分析.结果表明,上海工业土壤重金属元素As、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn没有超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准,但Ni的平均值达到75.23 mg·kg~(-1),是国家土壤环境质量二级标准的1.5倍;以上海市土壤背景值为评价标准,除As外,各元素单因子污染指数均大于1,由高到低依次为:Ni,Zn、Pb,Cu,Cr,As;印染企业、机械制造、化工企业综合污染指数均大于2,属于中度污染,污染程度由高到低依次为:印染企业,化工企业,机械制造,表现出明显的累积趋势.相关分析和因子分析表明,元素Pb、Cu和Zn有相似来源,Cr和Ni有相似来源,As为另一来源;前两类元素含量远高于对应元素背景值,超标率均在90%以上,来源主要受人为活动影响;As元素含量与背景值相当,来源主要与成土母质有关.通过对比分析发现,Cr、Ni来源主要与机械制造和化工等企业污染排放有关;印染企业生产过程中污染物的排放可能是Pb、Cu、Zn的主要来源;各类型企业土壤均存在多个元素累积,呈现出复合污染的趋势.     

土壤胶体对重金属运移行为的影响

累积在表层土壤中的重金属,在一定条件下可以向地下迁移,进而影响地下水水质.由于现有污染物运移预测模型对重金属等污染物在土壤中运移的预测与实际监测结果偏差巨大,土壤胶体对土壤重金属运移的影响越来越受到人们的重视.土壤胶体组成丰富,在土壤环境中广泛存在.土壤胶体能够与重金属等污染物质相结合,对重金属等污染物质的运移产生重要影响.土壤胶体运移和土壤胶体与重金属的相互作用受到水动力、pH、离子强度、胶体粒径、土壤含水率等多种物理化学条件的影响.本文综述了土壤胶体对土壤重金属运移影响的诸多因素,介绍了胶体作用下重金属等污染物在多孔介质中的运移模型,提出了当前研究中存在的问题,并对今后需要展开的工作提出了建议.     

重金属暴露与前列腺癌发生和进展的关系综述

前列腺癌是男性泌尿系统发病率最高的恶性肿瘤.目前关于其发病机制有很多不同的学说,其中环境中的重金属暴露引起前列腺癌的研究逐渐成为研究热点之一.文章重点阐述了镉、砷、铜等重金属导致前列腺癌发生和发展的最新研究进展.研究发现,重金属暴露能够导致前列腺上皮细胞抗凋亡能力增强、雌激素受体增加、DNA甲基化异常、肿瘤干细胞形成,最终导致正常的前列腺上皮细胞发生恶性转化.关于重金属暴露引发前列腺癌的更多机制还有待进一步深入研究.因此,研究环境中重金属暴露导致前列腺癌发生机制对职业性暴露的人群提供健康指导以及预防前列腺癌的发生均具有重要的现实意义.     

五种重金属在小麦植株不同器官中的分布特征

为研究Cd、Pb、As、Cu、Zn等5种重金属在小麦植株不同器官的分布特征，以郑州9023为供试品种，采用田间试验方法，应用原子吸收分光光度法和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICPS)分别测定了小麦植株不同器官的重金属质量分数并进行了分析。结果表明，小麦植株中较易富集Cd的器官是根、叶及废弃物，较易富集Pd、As的器官是根、茎及废弃物，较易富集Zn、Cu的器官是根、茎和籽粒；在这5种重金属中，Zn在小麦茎和籽粒中的富集系数最高，Cd在地上部分其他器官的富集系数最高，而Pb在这些器官中富集系数均为最低，Cu和As则居中。     

汀江某河段底泥中重金属含量的测定及生态风险评价

采用ICP-MS法测定汀江某河段底泥样品中重金属的含量,了解该地区13种元素的分布特征,通过地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对底泥重金属污染进行综合评价.结果表明,用ICP-MS测定重金属快速、简便、结果准确,地积累指数法得出13种元素污染程度由强至弱依次为Cd>Cu>As>Se>U>Co=Zn>Pb>Mn>Th>Ni=Tl>Cr,生态危害指数法得出6种重金属对样品所在区域造成的潜在生态危害,由强到弱依次为Cd>Cu>As>Pb>Zn>Cr,Cd、Cu和As为该地区的主要污染因子.其中3#点位RI值为1283,提示生态危害程度很强、污染程度最高,2#点位其次,1#点位也存在一定污染.     

农田土壤重金属污染状况及修复技术研究

重金属污染因具有毒性、易通过食物链在植物,动物和人体内累积,对生态环境和人体健康构成严重威胁。随着工业快速发展、农药及化肥的广泛使用,农田土壤重金属污染越来越严重,研究农田土壤重金属污染现状及修复技术对农产品安全具有重要意义。综合国内外农田土壤重金属污染状况,农田土壤重金属污染主要来源于固体废弃物堆放及处置、工业废物大气沉降、污水农灌和农用物质的不合理施用。该文综述了国内外有关农田重金属污染土壤修复技术（物理修复、化学修复、生物修复、农业生态和联合修复）的研究进展,并针对各种修复方法,阐述了其原理、修复条件、应用实例及其优缺点,重点论述了植物修复的机理和应用,提出了草本与木本联合修复可有效提高农田土壤重金属复合污染的修复效率,为农田土壤土壤重金属复合污染修复提出了新的途径。最后在对已有研究分析的基础上,提出了联合修复技术（如生物联合技术、物理化学联合技术和物理化学-生物联合技术）可以在一定程度上克服使用单一修复手段存在的缺点,可提高复合污染的修复效率、降低修复成本,未来应深入探索联合修复技术间的相互作用机理,以期为农田土壤重金属综合治理与污染修复提供科学依据。     

烟气脱硫石膏对滩涂围垦土壤重金属解吸及残留形态的影响

滩涂围垦土壤是重金属等难降解污染物的主要最终归宿场所之一,其重金属的解吸将影响重金属的迁移性、生物有效性和潜在毒性,研究重金属的解吸对土壤污染评价、修复及环境容量预测至关重要.研究了烟气脱硫石膏对广州市南沙滩涂围垦土壤重金属的解吸效果,并分析了烟气脱硫石膏对重金属形态的影响.在离心管中称取20.0 g过0.25mm筛土样,加入20 mL水和不同量的烟气脱硫石膏,在室温下于恒温振荡器振荡,风干研碎后用原子吸收分光光度法测定重金属全量,并用Tessier连续提取法研究了处理前后重金属形态变化.研究结果表明,随着脱硫石膏施用量的增加,经过振荡离心后的滩涂围垦土壤中重金属质量分数先急剧下降,之后变化趋于平缓.与原土相比各重金属最大解吸率分别为:Cd 30.38%,Cu17.73%,Ni 15.00%,Zn 14.19%,Pb 9.46%,Cr 8.89%.比较处理前后重金属的形态变化,发现各重金属的可交换态解吸率均达50%以上,并且重金属碳酸盐结合态质量分数也有减少.说明烟气脱硫石膏能降低土壤对重金属的吸附,经振荡离心后能降低土壤中重金属的毒性和生物可利用性.     

地面苔藓对成都大气沉降重金属污染的监测

采用微波消解、ICP-AES对成都市一环至三环区域内15个取样点处5种地面苔藓植物体内重金属质量分数进行测定和分析,以监测和研究成都市大气沉降重金属污染状况及区域差异。结果表明：苔藓植物对重金属的富集在种间及种内差异显著,5种苔藓对Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr、As及Ni有较强的吸收能力,大小顺序为立碗藓(Physcomitrium sphaericum (Ludw.) Fuernr.)>地钱(Marchantia polymorpha L.)>鳞叶藓(Taxiphyllum taxirameum(Mitt.) Fleisch.)>柔叶青藓（Brachythecium moriense Besch.)>尖叶美喙藓（Eurhynchium eustegium（Besch.）Dix.）。对其中具有代表性的3种苔藓植物进行种内比较发现,对于立碗藓,人民公园的 Cd、Zn 质量分数最高,三洞古桥公园有最高质量分数的 Cr、Ni、Cu 及较高的 Pb,而塔子山公园的Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr及As质量分数最小;地钱对Pb、Cd、Cu、及As的积累量在人民公园达到最大,大多数重金属质量分数的最小值出现在成都理工大学;在鳞叶藓中,新阵地高尔夫俱乐部的Cd、Zn、Cr及Pb质量分数高于其余样点,东陂体育公园As质量分数最高,相反三洞古桥公园处多数重金属质量分数最小。各样点以Ni污染最重,Pb、Cr、Cu、As属污染中等,Cd和Zn污染较轻,且大气沉降重金属质量分数表现为中心城区、交通繁忙区及工业区高,郊区较低的特点。与2005年相比,成都市大气重金属污染依旧严峻,重金属质量分数呈现新的空间分布,Ni、Cr质量分数明显增加。因此,立碗藓、地钱和鳞叶藓可作为良好的生物指示植物,以此来监测成都市大气重金属污染状况。     

Seasonal variation of heavy metals in sediment of Lake Ulansuhai,China

Sediment samples were collected from 10 sites in Lake Ulansuhai during summer and winter 2009 to reveal seasonal variations in sediment heavy metal levels. The geoaccumulation index (GI) was calculated to assess the severity of metal pollution. The GI values suggest that, in winter, the lake sediments were polluted slightly with Cu (GI=0.66–1.34), Zn (GI=0.59–1.35), Cr (GI=0.49–0.82) and Pb (GI=0.60–0.96), and moderately with Cd (GI=1.03–4.23). The degree of pollution was higher in winter than in summer. By contrast, the degree of pollution was higher in summer than in winter for Hg and As. Correlation analysis can be used to identify factors influencing seasonal variations in heavy metals. The concetrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd were negatively correlated with water temperature and hydrodynamic conditions, but positively correlated with organic matter concentration in the sediments and with a sediment particle size of<63 μm (p<0.01). Meanwhile, Hg and As concentrations were affected by redox state and salinity. Among the metals tested, Hg and Cd posed a more serious pollution risk.     

Characteristics of heavy metal absorption of river bed sludge components

Chronic inhalation of aerosols of different Cd compounds by rats gave sufficient evidence that inhaled Cd is a lung carcinogen in rats. In contrast, the evidence in humans has been termed limited that inhaled Cd causes lung cancer in occupationally exposed humans. In order to assess the carcinogenic potential of ambient air concentrations of Cd, the accumulated dose of Cd in lung tissue from a rat inhalation study was modelled taking into account deposition and retention of Cd in the lung. A lung Cd—cancer incidence relationship could then be established, and an equivalent human exposure could be calculated using man specific pulmonary Cd retention and deposition data for Cd containing particle sizes in the ambient air. Linear interpolation to low doses showed that the pulmonary carcinogenic risk from inhalation of environmental airborne Cd is generally very low, but may reach about 1 × 10^‐4 in polluted industrialized areas. Combined exposures to Cd plus other carcinogens or air pollutants may increase the risk considerably. Cd in cigarette mainstream smoke was estimated to contribute less than 5 % of the total lung cancer risk from smoking cigarettes. However, the influence of co‐exposure to other compounds in cigarette smoke is not known and should be taken into account.     

污染沉积物中重金属的释放及其动力学

研究了广州城市水体污染沉积物在不同pH条件下释放重金属的能力以及酸性条件下重金属的释放动力学。研究结果表明,重金属从污染沉积物中的释放主要是在酸性(pH<4)条件下发生,并且释放率随pH的升高而迅速降低。重金属的释放顺序大致为Cu≈Zn≈Ni>Pb。重金属的释放动力学过程可分为两个阶段,第一阶段一般认为是重金属从沉积物表面的快速解吸过程,第二阶段则可能是重金属缓慢地从沉积物内部微孔向溶液的扩散过程。释放动力学过程可以用Elovich方程和双常数速率方程(Freundlich修正式)较好地描述。     

Metals in the sediment and liver of four fish species from different trophic levels in Tisza River,Serbia

In aquatic environments metals originate from various natural and anthropogenic sources. The degree of contamination in fish tissues depends on the pollutant, fish species, their mode of feeding, sampling site and trophic level. This study presents concentrations of Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr and Zn in sediment and liver of four ecologically different fish species: piscivorous northern pike (Esox lucius L.), benthivorous sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus L.) and silver bream (Brama brama L.), and omnivorous common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Fish were caught at four sites along the stretch of the River Tisza in Serbia during October 2010. The concentrations of metals have been assessed using the inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectrometry. Results revealed that metals with the highest values in sediment and fish samples were Al and Fe, respectively and sometimes concentrations of Zn are in the same order of magnitude as Fe concentrations. The highest concentration of metals was recorded in omnivorous common carp.