9种杀虫剂对中华大刀螂幼虫的毒性

螳螂是田间控制害虫种群增加的重要捕食性天敌之一。以中华大刀螂3龄幼虫(Paratenodera sinensis Saussure)为受试生物,利用9种常用杀虫剂配制成不同浓度梯度的药剂,通过喷雾法直接暴露,分别测定了LC50和死亡率来评价不同杀虫剂对中华大刀螂毒性和危害程度的影响。结果显示,9种杀虫剂对中华大刀螂幼虫的毒性(LC50值)差异很大,用药后24h的LC50在0.7182～347.7962mg·L-1之间,LC95在8.8057～1734.5650mg·L-1之间;用药后48h的LC50在0.3564～193.6887mg·L-1之间,LC95在3.8958～1548.3258mg·L-1之间;用药后72h的LC50在0.2232～115.3391mg·L-1之间,LC95在1.7730～530.6462mg·L-1之间。不同杀虫剂对中华大刀螂幼虫的毒性差异最高达到543.46倍。毒性大小依次为,高效氯氟氰菊酯﹥啶虫脒﹥联苯菊酯﹥毒死蜱﹥噻虫嗪﹥茚虫威﹥吡虫啉﹥阿维菌素﹥苏云金杆菌原粉(Bt)。根据田间推荐浓度处理的死亡率判断,毒死蜱、联苯菊酯、啶虫脒、高效氯氟氰菊酯为有害水平,Bt为中度有害水平,吡虫啉、茚虫威、噻虫嗪为微害水平,阿维菌素接近无害水平。根据LC50与田间推荐浓度的比值判断,阿维菌素、吡虫啉对螳螂种群数量不会产生太大影响;Bt、茚虫威和噻虫嗪对螳螂种群数量会产生一定危害;而毒死蜱、啶虫脒、联苯菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯将严重影响螳螂种群数量的稳定性。在24～72h范围内,不同杀虫剂LC50和LC95随施药时间的延长而降低,说明暴露时间越长毒性越大,危害程度也越大。建议在中华大刀螂生活范围内减少高效氯氟氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、啶虫脒和毒死蜱的施用,推荐杀虫剂田间使用量时,除考虑对防治对象的防效,还应考虑对天敌种群的危害,提高药剂使用安全性,保护天敌种群的稳定性。     

4种多环芳烃对仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)原肠胚发育的急性毒性研究

海洋中的多环芳烃(PAHs)具有较强的生物毒性,且海洋动物早期发育阶段是对环境因素变化响应的最敏感阶段。为探究海洋多环芳烃类有机污染物对仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)早期发育阶段原肠胚的毒性影响,采用半静态毒性实验方法,分别考察了4种多环芳烃苯并[a]芘、3-甲基菲、惹烯及2-甲基蒽对仿刺参原肠胚的24、48、72、96 h急性毒性效应。结果表明,在10、50、100、200μg·L~(-1)暴露浓度下,随着暴露时间的延长和暴露浓度的升高,4种多环芳烃对仿刺参原肠胚产生不同程度的急性毒性效应,仿刺参原肠胚存活率与4种多环芳烃浓度之间分别存在显著的剂量-效应关系(P0.05)。苯并[a]芘对仿刺参原肠胚在24、48 h的半致死浓度(LC_(50))分别为294.4、225.64 mg·L~(-1),3-甲基菲在24、48、72、96 h的LC_(50)分别为404.5、300.7、81.4、17.6mg·L~(-1),惹烯在24、48、72 h的LC_(50)分别为243.1、230、186 mg·L~(-1),2-甲基蒽在24、48、72、96 h的LC_(50)分别244、231.6、152.6、142.9 mg·L~(-1)。4种多环芳烃的安全浓度(SC)分别为39.76、49.8、61.8、62.6μg·L~(-1),其毒性大小顺序为苯并[a]芘3-甲基菲惹烯2-甲基蒽。基于定量构效关系(QSAR)的研究结果可知多环芳烃化合物的毒性差异可能与分子结构等性质有关。该实验为深入研究多环芳烃对海洋环境的毒性效应提供了理论依据。     

Acute toxicity of potassium permanganate to Caspian roach Rutilus rutilus caspicus in two size classes and under different aeration conditions

Caspian roach, Rutilus rutilus caspicus, might experience potassium permanganate (PM) toxicity, because it is common and widely used disinfectant in fish rearing and propagation centers in Iran. Thus, acute toxicity (24-h-LC₅₀) of PM was determined on Caspian roach in two size classes (small and large groups), under aerated and non-aerated conditions, using static non-renewal system. 24-h-LC₅₀ for PM in Caspian roach was 3.2, 3, 3.2, and 2.8?mg?L^?1 in large-aerated, large-non-aerated, small-aerated, and small-non-aerated groups, respectively. Results indicated that aeration was led to decrease in PM toxicity, regardless of size class. However, large fish showed more tolerance to PM toxicity compared to small ones, under non-aerated condition. It is concluded that aeration could decrease the toxicity of PM that seems to be due to the increase in PM degradation, derived from increase in water turbulence. It is suggested that 96-h-LC₅₀ may be more suitable to determine the effects of fish size on PM toxicity than 24-h-LC₅₀.     

Lindane toxicity range-finding test in Senegal sole (Solea senegalensis) juvenile: note on histopathological alterations

The purpose of this study was to examine the sublethal and/or lethal effects produced by exposure of teleostean fish Solea senegalensis to γ isomer of lindane, γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH). S. senegalensis was exposed to 0.1, 1 or 10 mg L^?1 of lindane for 96 h. Samples of different tissues (gills, liver and kidney) were extracted and processed for histopathological observations. The 72 h LC₅₀ value of pesticide was found to be 0.16 ± 0.04 mg L^?1 γ-HCH. Histological observations including aneurysms and hypertrophy of lamellar epithelia in gills, blood stagnation and vacuolization in liver and alterations in the hematopoietic tissue in kidney were observed. The results of the study show the sensitivity of juvenile of S. senegalensis to lindane and histology as a reliable tool to detect the sublethal effects of pollutants on the environment and aquatic biota. The toxicological implications arising from these results are the subject for further multi-concentration tests useful in establishing water quality criteria.     

中国5种土壤跳虫对重金属镍的毒性响应

为了研究镍(Ni~(2+))对不同种类跳虫的毒性效应,将曲毛裸长(Sinella curviseta)、四刺泡角(Ceratophysella duplicispinosa)、小原等节(Proisotoma minuta)、茉莉花长角(Entomobrya sp.)、符氏直棘(Orthonychiurus folsomi)5种中国优势跳虫物种,在琼脂培养基环境下分别暴露于Ni~(2+)的8个浓度组中进行24 h、72 h-LC_(50)急性毒性试验和28 d生存试验。利用Bliss法测得其5种跳虫的24 h-LC_(50)分别为52.99、35.91、33.46、23.72、13.50 g·L~(-1);72 h-LC_(50)为46.25、4.54、13.37、14.79、4.35 g·L~(-1)。在28d生存试验中得到成虫存活数量和繁殖情况。结果表明,5种跳虫中曲毛裸长对镍有较强的耐受性,茉莉花长角和小原等节次之,四刺泡角和符氏直棘较弱。符氏直棘与四刺泡角相比,随时间增加对镍的耐受性有相对增强的趋势。此外,Ni~(2+)对跳虫的毒性影响表现出阶段性的阈值效应。Ni~(2+)对5种跳虫的繁殖均有抑制作用。     

6种重金属对3种海水养殖生物的急性毒性效应

以主要海水养殖动物菲律宾蛤仔、刺参、褐牙鲆为研究对象,采用静水毒性法评价了重金属对海洋生物的毒性效应,分别将受试动物暴露于不同浓度梯度的重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Hg及As单种试液中,概率单位法求得半致死质量浓度。结果表明,同一种重金属对3种不同养殖生物的毒性存在明显差异(P0.05),Hg对菲律宾蛤仔、刺参及褐牙鲆3种养殖生物的96 hLC50分别为0.134 mg·L~(-1)、0.0246 mg·L~(-1)及0.238 mg·L~(-1);Cu为0.323 mg·L~(-1)、0.0499 mg·L~(-1)及0.975 mg·L~(-1);As为2.464 mg·L~(-1)、0.301 mg·L~(-1)及8.345 mg·L~(-1);Cd为2.843 mg·L~(-1)、1.111 mg·L~(-1)及6.787 mg·L~(-1);Zn为30.246 mg·L~(-1)、0.449 mg·L~(-1)及17.114 mg·L~(-1);Cr为32.591 mg·L~(-1)、2.205 mg·L~(-1)及95.137 mg·L~(-1)。6种重金属对菲律宾蛤仔毒性强弱:HgCuAsCdZnCr;对刺参毒性:HgCuAsZnCdCr;对褐牙鲆毒性:HgCuCdAsZnCr。综合结果表明:Hg、Cu毒性最强,Cd、As及Zn次之,Cr毒性最弱。研究结果可为海水增养殖区重金属风险评价提供理论依据。     

Cu2+、Cd2+和Cr6+对斑马鱼联合毒性作用和生物预警的研究

为了研究重金属对水生生物的联合毒性作用,以斑马鱼为受试生物,采用半静态法,在研究Cu2、Cd2和Cr6+对斑马鱼单一毒性的基础上,以获得的Cu2+、Cd2+和Cr6+的96 h-LC50数据,利用等效应曲线法研究了Cu-Cd、Cu-Cr和Cd-Cr的联合毒性作用,并综合分析环境毒理学指标的测定结果,考察利用斑马鱼作为水...     

铜离子对中国花鲈幼鱼的毒性研究

为给中国花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)养殖提供污染生物学的理论数据,研究了中国花鲈幼鱼的铜离子中毒症状和半致死浓度(LC50);检测了幼鱼肝脏的谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和谷草转氨酶(GOT)活力;分析了铜离子胁迫对...     

7种金属离子对中国林蛙和中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪的急性毒性比较研究

为评估Cu2+,Hg2+,Cr6+,Cd2+,Li+,Al3+和Co2+7种金属离子对中国林蛙(Rana Chensinensis)和中华大蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans)蝌蚪的急性毒性效应,采用生物毒性试验方法对中国林蛙和中华大蟾蜍36期蝌蚪,进行上述7种金属离子的急性毒性试验,分别测定了这7种金属离子对中国林蛙蝌蚪和中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪的半数致死浓度(LC50)。此外,分析了中国林蛙和中华大蟾蜍36期蝌蚪的肥满度、肝指数等形态指标。结果显示,Cu2+、Hg2+、Cr6+、Cd2+、Li1+、Al3+、Co2+对中国林蛙蝌蚪的96h-LC50分别为0.270 mg·L-1、0.803 mg·L-1、2.375 mg·L-1、7.351 mg·L-1、11.273 mg·L-1、17.265 mg·L-1和20.973 mg·L-1。对中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪的96 h-LC50分别0.593 mg·L-1、0.593 mg·L-1、2.827 mg·L-1、2.592 mg·L-1、12.656 mg·L-1、14.020 mg·L-1和57.435 mg·L-1。中国林蛙蝌蚪对Cu2+、Cr6+、Li+、Co6+4种金属离子的敏感性相对较高,而中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪对Hg2+、Cd2+、Al3+3种金属离子的敏感性相对较高。形态指标的差异是中国林蛙与中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪对同一金属离子敏感性差异的原因之一。     

甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对泥鳅的急性毒性

将泥鳅暴露于甲维盐进行急性毒性实验,依据概率单位法计量不同暴露时间甲维盐相应的半致死浓度以及安全浓度。结果表明,甲维盐对泥鳅的48 h-LC₅₀为14.137 mg·L^-1 ,96 h-LC₅₀为6.765 mg·L^-1。甲维盐浓度与泥鳅的死亡率呈现明显的剂量效应关系。随着暴露时间延长,半数致死浓度降低,安全浓度降低。采用组织学方法评估了不同浓度的甲维盐暴露下,泥鳅视网膜、皮肤、鳃的组织学结构变化。在20 mg·L^-1甲维盐急性暴露下,泥鳅皮肤出现脂褐质沉积、分泌细胞减少、神经丘细胞大量丢失。同时甲维盐能够造成视网膜变薄,视细胞的內节/外节丢失,引起视觉障碍。     

Formation of resistance in the Chironomus plumosus to four pesticides over 45 generations

A study was conducted on the Chironomus plumosus larvae to determine initiation of resistance to four pesticides – chlorfenvinphos, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, and malathion. First generational LC₅₀ values were well within the threshold value for chironomids based upon the literature. Subsequent LC₅₀ values were observed to increase, indicating a lessening of the toxicity of the pesticides to the chironomid. In the case of chlorfenvinphos, the 96 h LC₅₀ for generations 1–23 was 6 µg L^?1, in generations 3–7 was 8.57 µg L^?1 and 11.14 µg L^?1 for generations 8–9. Generations 10–12 had an LC₅₀ value of 22.58 µg L^?1 and generation 13 had an LC₅₀ value of 35.08 µg L^?1. Generation 14 had an LC₅₀ value of 47.58 µg L^?1. Generations 15–19 and 20–24 had 96 h LC₅₀ values of 60.68 µg L^?1, 72.58 µg L^?1, 85.08 µg L^?1, 97.58 µg L^?1 and 110.08 µg L^?1, respectively. Generations 25, 26 to 30, 31 to 38 and 39 to 45 had 96 h LC₅₀ values of 160.42 µg L^?1, 210.7 µg L^?1, 262.24 µg L^?1 and 274.36 µg L^?1, respectively. The variation between LC₅₀ values was found to be statistically significant. This was observed for most pesticides tested. Larval size and life cycle duration was observed to change from generation to generation with the body size decreasing markedly from 1 to 0.3 cm with life cycle increasing from 7 to 39 days.     

Acute toxicity of ammonia to a freshwater teleost,Labeo bata larvae

Ammonia toxicity tests were performed with Labeo bata (bata) larvae of three different size groups. One hundred percent survival of larvae (500.0?±?4.0?mg) was recorded when exposed to ammonia concentrations of 1.0–13.56?mg?L^?1 at 96?h of exposure. Bata larvae exposed to ammonia concentrations of 15.8–25?mg?L^?1 showed 10–74% mortalities. The 96?h LC₅₀ value for 200 (±5), 250 (±2) and 500 (±4) mg bata larvae were 11.5, 16.8 and 22.5?mg?L^?1 un-ionised ammonia concentrations, respectively. When fish were exposed to different doses of ammonia, behavioural changes immediately occurred even at the lowest dose. At first, the fish became hyperexcitable, the skin darkened and they showed an increased ventilation frequency, fish behaviour became normal, 24?h after exposure. A 96?h LC₅₀ value of un-ionised ammonia showed direct relationship with the increasing size of bata larvae.     

Acute toxicity of the synthetic pyrethroid pesticide fenvalerate to some air breathing fishes

Lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) of a synthetic pyrethroid pesticide, fenvalerate, for three species of air breathing fish Clarias batrachus, Channa punctatus and Heteropneustes fossilis were determined under water and acetone soluble condition in the laboratory using the static bioassay procedure of the American Public Health Association (APHA,1995). Acetone soluble fenvalerate was found more toxic than the water-soluble fenvalerate irrespective of species and exposure periods. The LC₅₀ value upon 96 days exposure to acetone soluble fenvalerate for C. batrachus, Channa C. punctatus and Heteropneustes H. fossilis were 1.35, 1.0 and 0.65?µg?L^?1, respectively. It is concluded from the present study that fenvalerate is highly toxic even to the hardy air breathing fishes and the pesticide, when dissolved in water, remains photostable and active to render toxicity for long duration.     

含氯苯酚类化合物结构表征与毒性预测

将有机化合物中的不同非氢原子及非氢原子之间的关系参数化得到新的结构描述符,运用该描述符对部分含氯苯酚类化合物分子结构进行了参数化表征。采用偏最小二乘回归(PLS)方法构建了化合物结构与毒性(-lgIC₅₀)之间的关系模型,模型的建模相关系数(R²)为0.948,“留一法”交互检验的相关系数(Q²)为0.922,标准偏差(SD)为0.184。结果表明结构描述符能较好地表征化合物分子结构特征,所建模型稳定性好、预测能力强,对于酚类化合物QSAR研究具有一定的参考价值。     

应用生物配体模型研究湘江水体中铜的生物有效性

为评估湘江水体中铜的生物有效性,通过铜对青鳉的急性毒性实验确定铜对青鳉的半致死浓度(LC₅₀),然后利用生物配体模型(Biotic Ligand Model, BLM)确定青鳉的累积半致死浓度(LA₅₀)。同时对湘江水样的预测结果表明,铜对青鳉的LA₅₀为12.43 nmol?gw^-1;BLM预测的与实验观测的LC₅₀差异倍数小于2,表明BLM预测结果非常准确。在此基础上预测铜对青鳉LC₅₀预测范围为344.70～761.96 μg?L^-1。湘江各点水质最终急性值(FAV)相差不大(11.04～14.25 μg?L^-1),但水中溶解态铜含量相差较大(0.29～10.48 μg?L^-1),同时毒性单位值(TU)相差较大(0.06～1.48 μg?L^-1),其中最小值在舂陵水入湘江下游采样断面,最大值在株洲断面。在全部调查断面中,只有株洲断面TU大于1(1.48),说明株洲断面水中铜含量超过了该断面水中BLM确定的标准最大浓度1.48倍。     

几种典型土壤中铜对赤子爱胜蚓的毒性差异比较研究

土壤污染物基础生态毒理数据是开展污染土壤生态风险评价和构建土壤生态筛选基准的重要依据.以湖南红壤、北京潮土、吉林黑土和经济合作与发展组织(OECD)推荐的人工土壤为测试介质,按照国际标准化组织(ISO)颁布的测试方法,研究了铜在4种不同土壤中对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的急性和慢性毒性.结果表明,铜在4种不同类型土壤中对赤子爱胜蚓的毒性效应差异较大,在湖南红壤、北京潮土、吉林黑土和人工土壤中的半致死浓度(14d LC50)分别为134.4、557.7、715.2和867.0mg·kg-1;赤子爱胜蚓体重对较低浓度铜污染响应相对不敏感,而较高浓度铜污染(接近引起蚯蚓死亡的高浓度)则可导致蚯蚓体重显著降低;铜对赤子爱胜蚓生殖(产茧量)的影响较为明显,其在湖南红壤、北京潮土、吉林黑土和人工土壤中对蚯蚓产茧量产生50%抑制作用的有效中浓度(28d EC50)分别为58.2、140.1、258.9和150.4mg·kg-1,无可见效应浓度(NOECs)分别为50、50、200和100mg·kg-1.鉴于我国土壤类型的多样性十分丰富,不同地区土壤性质差异较大等特点,在制定土壤筛选基准时需考虑污染物在不同土壤中生物有效性与毒性的差异。     

不同硬度条件下Cd~(2+)和Cu~(2+)对稀有鮈鲫的急性毒性

为研究水体硬度对稀有鮈鲫Cd~(2+)和Cu~(2+)毒性效应的影响,开展了96 h急性毒性试验。试验结果发现,当水体硬度(以CaCO_3计,下同)为50 mg·L~(-1)、250 mg·L~(-1)、450 mg·L~(-1)时,Cd~(2+)对稀有鮈鲫的96 h半数致死浓度(96 h-LC50)分别为4.30 mg·L-1、12.06 mg·L~(-1)、19.99 mg·L~(-1),对应的安全浓度(SC)依次为0.430 mg·L~(-1)、1.206 mg·L~(-1)、1.999 mg·L~(-1);Cu~(2+)对稀有鮈鲫的96h-LC50分别为0.046 mg·L-1、0.148 mg·L~(-1)、0.228 mg·L~(-1),对应的SC依次为0.0046 mg·L~(-1)、0.0148 mg·L~(-1)、0.0228 mg·L~(-1)。计算得到Cd~(2+)对稀有鮈鲫急性毒性与水体硬度的拟合方程为ln 96 h-LC50=0.687 ln H~(-1).243(r=0.998);Cu~(2+)对稀有鮈鲫急性毒性与水体硬度的拟合方程为ln 96 h-LC50=0.727 ln H-5.923(r=0.999),Cd~(2+)和Cu~(2+)对稀有鮈鲫的硬度斜率分别为0.687和0.727。这些结果表明,水体硬度可有效降低Cd~(2+)和Cu~(2+)对稀有鮈鲫的急性毒性,且稀有鮈鲫的硬度斜率与其他物种差异较大。在评估不同硬度水体下Cd~(2+)和Cu~(2+)的生物毒性及其生态风险时,应根据测试物种特异的硬度斜率而定。     

The effect of limiting nutrient on metal toxicity to selenastrum capricornutum

Metal toxicity on selenastrum capricornutum were examined by batch culture and chemostat culture system. EC₅₀ values under nutrient‐limited condition and saturated condition were compared. The two EC_5Os differed by a factor of 10.6 for Cd in batch test, and differed by a factor of 6.5 in continuous test. Both batch and continuous test results indicate that inhibition on algal growth is more severe under nutrient‐limited conditions compared to that under near saturation conditions.

Strong correlation, as characterized by the correlation coefficient ρ, were found between the activation level (nutrient requirement) and the tolerance of microorganisms to the toxicant. ρ is equal to 0.9 for the case of Cd in batch test and 0.6 in continuous test. The theory in this study provides generally good estimations to the dose‐response relationship at limiting nutrient conditions. The study indicate that nutrient conditions constitute an important factor in algal toxicity tests.     

2种经典模型对抗生素与重金属锌的蛋白核小球藻时间依赖联合毒性作用的评估比较

污染物在环境中普遍以混合物的形式存在,其累积毒性与毒性相互作用具有潜在的环境风险。因此,本研究以水环境中普遍存在的氨基糖苷类抗生素(硫酸链霉素、硫酸安普霉素和双氢链霉素)和重金属锌(Zn)为目标污染物,以蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa,C. pyrenoidosa)为指示生物,应用直接均分射线法设计3种抗生素与Zn的3个二元混合物体系,应用时间毒性微板分析法系统测定3种抗生素和重金属Zn及其二元混合物射线的时间-浓度-毒性数据,以浓度加和(concentration addition,CA)与独立作用(independent action,IA)为标准加和参考模型,分析混合物毒性相互作用及其随时间变化规律。结果表明,随着暴露时间延长,3种抗生素和重金属Zn对C. pyrenoidosa的毒性逐渐增强; 2种模型对3个二元混合物体系的毒性相互作用评估基本一致,即在低浓度区域始终呈现加和作用,而在高浓度区域随暴露时间延长由协同作用逐渐转变为加和作用;而对于同一混合物体系,CA和IA模型预测毒性之间的差距随着浓度增加而增加,且IA预测曲线始终位于CA预测曲线上方,显示了IA模型在评估具有相异组分混合物的毒性时较CA模型接近实际观测值。     

重金属胁迫对日本对虾(Penaeus japonicas )胚胎发育的影响

以受精1 h以内的日本对虾受精卵为实验对象,采用静水试验方法,研究了Zn、Hg、Cu、Pb、As、Cd和Cr 7种重金属对日本对虾胚胎发育的影响。结果表明,在实验浓度范围内,7种重金属中Hg、Cu对日本对虾胚胎发育毒性最大,其次是Zn、As、Cd,Pb和Cr无明显影响。Hg、Cu、Cd、As、Zn对日本对虾胚胎LC₅₀值分别为：0.0177 mg·L^-1、0.1070 mg·L^-1、1.6057 mg·L^-1、3.3682 mg·L^-1、8.2644 mg·L^-1,致死效应最低可观测效用浓度（LOEC）分别为0.0037 mg·L^-1、0.0166 mg·L^-1、0.1302 mg·L^-1、1.1572 mg·L^-1、2.1522 mg·L^-1;抑制发育LOEC分别为0.0062 mg·L^-1、0.0176 mg·L^-1、0.4002 mg·L^-1、1.9497 mg·L^-1、0.0617 mg·L^-1。随着Hg、Cu浓度的升高,胚胎孵化率不断下降,无节幼体死亡率不断上升,在Hg 0.0256 mg·L^-1浓度组中,胚胎48 h死亡率达到100%。以上结果说明,Hg、Cu等重金属的存在会延缓日本对虾胚胎的发育速度,随着重金属浓度的增加,滞育现象愈加明显,在Cu 0.32 mg·L^-1浓度组中,未见无节幼体孵出。