现代农业快速发展背景下的农业生产废弃物管理对策探析——政府与农户的动态博弈

随着农业集约化、规模化发展,农业生产废弃物的管理问题凸显。循环农业、低碳农业的发展,在一定程度上激励了农户对农业生产废弃物资源化管理,取得了一定的成绩,但是也存在一定的问题,严重制约了农业生产废弃物资源化管理。文章通过构建政府与农户的动态博弈模型,分析补贴政策对农户提高农业生产废弃物资源化管理效率的作用,并基于政府与农户的动态博弈分析提出了促进农业生产废弃物管理效率提升及其可持续发展的建议,即：（1）根据不同的资源化管理方式的差异制定并实施差别补贴政策;（2）实行区域差别补贴标准;（3）延长补贴期限,实行分年度对农户进行不同数量的补贴;（4）培养农户管理意识,加强农户技能培训。     

降低蔬菜硝酸盐含量的农业措施

过量的硝酸盐在人体内积累,会对人体产生毒害作用。目前各大城市普查的结果表明．蔬菜中硝酸盐含量超标2～8倍。控制蔬菜硝酸盐的积累,是一个迫切问题。本文提出了降低蔬菜硝酸盐含量的若干农业措施。     

Organic farmers in islands: Agricultural management and attitude towards the environment

SUMMARY

This study explores differences among organic farmers who live in islands and have isolated small-size operations. The relationships between farmers' characteristics and attitudes and farm management were interpreted by studying how they manage their land, their attitudes towards the environment and alternative farming systems, and their involvement in organic farming. The research was carried out using questionnaires addressed to organic farmers on the island of Thassos. Nonlinear canonical correlation was applied for data analysis. This information could contribute to adjustment of policy decisions for on-farm diversification. Agricultural policy makers should approach organic farmers in northern Thassos (productive irrigated olive orchards with gentle slopes) by enacting standards to reduce the cost of alternative plant protection methods and promoting their products in order to maintain and expand organic farming. They should also approach organic farmers in southern Thassos (less productive, dry cultivated olive orchards with steep slopes, overgrazed and often abandoned) by providing them with the necessary information and appropriate agricultural know-how to effectively manage their farms. Organic farmers with stable off-farm income are more aware of environmental values and consider that they risk less than others in order to gain the benefits of alternative farming systems. However, they should attend training programmes to achieve economic success to allow them to continue farming organically.     

食物链途径人体健康风险评估的关键内容探讨

食物是人类生存的重要保障,食品安全事关人类生命健康.食品污染始于农田耕地,还包括生产制造、包装、贮存、运输、加工等环节,每个步骤处理不当都可能发生食品安全问题.农田为食物来源的基石,是空气、水体中污染物的汇,随着城市的扩张,人类经济活动导致农田污染加剧.人类从食物中摄取污染物与经口、呼吸、皮肤的途径一样,是人体健康风险评估不可缺少的考量因素之一.我国对食品安全非常重视,2010年1月原卫生部根据《食品安全法》建立《食品安全风险监测管理规定》和《食品安全风险评估管理规定》(试行),这两份文件涵盖了从土壤到餐桌一系列的风险过程.但由于每个过程产生的原因、污染物影响机制均不同,规定离具体实际应用目标还很远.2014年环保部以保护生态环境,保障人体健康为根本,为加强污染场地环境保护监督管理,规范污染场地人体健康风险评估,发布了《污染场地风险评估技术导则》,该文建立了土壤污染造成人体健康风险评价的操作方法.然而导则考虑了经口、皮肤、呼吸及饮用地下水等9种暴露途径和评估模型,唯独缺少经食物链暴露这一重要途径的相关内容.本文以英、美两国食物链途径的场地污染风险评估为依据开展了详细探讨,深入分析了评估程序中关于土地利用方式的分类、目标人群暴露特征、污染物在食物链中传输路径、模型选取及暴露参数等内容,以期为我国制定《食物链暴露途径风险评估导则》提供一定的参考依据和指导方法.     

我国农村连锁商业企业营销战略初探

随着我国经济的日益发展,农村连锁商业市场发展潜力巨大.本文通过分析我国农村连锁商业企业发展的营销环境,初步探讨了在农村进行连锁商业经营的基本营销战略.     

我国化肥和农药非点源污染状况综述

从农田排水与径流对地表水体的污染，渗漏对地下水体的污染和生态系统内部结构破坏加剧污染物流失等３个方面综述了我国近年来在化肥、农药非点源污染调查与研究方面取得的成果。     

广东北江上游流域农田土壤有机氯农药残留及其分布特征

北江是珠江的重要支流之一,为确定北江上游流域农田土壤有机氯农药（OCPs）的含量、来源以及分布特征,2010年11月,对该区域水稻田、菜地和果园土壤进行了采样、处理以及GC/MS分析。研究结果表明：27种OCPs中,除环氧七氯、狄氏剂、硫丹I、反式九氯、顺式九氯、异狄氏剂醛和甲氧氯外,其余均有不同程度的检出。总OCPs质量分数为2.71～62.4 ng.g-1,平均11.9 ng.g-1;含量最高的为DDTs,其次为硫丹和HCHs,其质量分数范围分别为1.82～60.3、0.103～19.6和nd（未检出）～1.74 ng.g-1;水稻田土壤DDTs的含量与果园相当,但明显高于菜地的残留水平。研究区域OCPs的源分析表明,HCHs主要来自于早期商业HCHs和林丹农药的残留,DDTs源于商业DDTs和三氯杀螨醇农药的残留。北江上游流域农田表层土壤OCPs储存量约为342 kg,其中DDTs 243 kg、硫丹63.7 kg、HCHs 15.0 kg。与国内外同类型报道相比,结合我国GB 15618-1995《土壤环境质量标准》,研究区域土壤OCPs残留的程度较低。     

中国农业排放源甲烷排放量的估算

本文在收集大量资料的基础上,采用IPCC推荐的计算方法对中国农业排放源的甲烷排放量进行了较为详细的估算。分别得出了中国稻田甲烷排放量、家养动物甲烷排放量和农业残留物甲烷排放量。     

景观生态学在农业景观生态规划中的应用

从景观生态学的基本原理入手 ,阐述景观生态学在农业景观生态规划中的应用。认为农业景观规划设计不仅关注景观的“土地利用”、“土地肥力”以及人类的短期需求 ,更强调景观的生态价值和美学价值及其带给人类的长期效益。农业景观生态规划设计的中心任务就是创建一个可持续发展的整体区域生态系统。以江苏省宝应县为例进行分析     

中国农业生物多样性及其保护

对我国农业生物多样性现状与变化态势进行了评述,分析了农业生物多样性丧失的原因,认为生境丧失、退化与破碎化、农业单一化耕作与驯养、农业物种的过度开发利用、外来物种的引进或入侵、环境污染以及全球气候变化等是造成农业生物多样性减少的主要威胁,同时提出一系列相应的保护对策。     

Human serum paraoxonase gene polymorphisms and association with chronic symptoms of pesticide toxicity in Indian farmers

The association between PON1 (serum paraoxonase) genotype and symptoms of pesticide toxicity was examined in a total of 268 farm workers in Andhra Pradesh, India. Approximately 140 of the farm workers who did not report at least two of the symptoms of chronic toxicity, such as abdominal pain, nausea, dizziness, headache, drowsiness, fatigue, tremors of fingers, numbness, or limb weakness were categorized as controls. The remaining 128 farmers showed 2 or more of the above symptoms. All the farm workers were genotyped for polymorphisms of PON1 gene at amino acid positions 55 (exon 3) and 192 (exon 6). A decrease in the percentage of high-activity genotypes at both L55M and Q192R was observed in the farm workers reporting symptoms of pesticide toxicity. When combined genotype distribution at both exons was analyzed, a marked increase in the percentage of low-activity genotypes LLQQ, LMQQ, MMQQ, and MMQR was also observed in symptomatic farmers compared to controls. Age, working years, smoking, duration of exposure, and alcoholism were not statistically significant when compared to symptoms of chronic toxicity. Our findings suggest that L55M and Q192R gene polymorphisms influence the variable susceptibility of farmers to pesticide; and thus may be considered a useful biomarker of genetic susceptibility in assessing an individual's risk of pesticide exposures.     

苏南某农业区浅层地下水DDTs污染特征分析

针对苏南某农业区浅层地下水中DDTs的污染特征进行了初步分析,结果表明,浅层地下水中DDTs最大检出质量浓度为1.04 μg·L-1,最大检出率为36.67％.浅层地下水DDTs污染呈散状分布,浓度高值点集中在研究区东北部,污染范围大,且表现出丰水期、平水期和枯水期含量依次递减的季节性变化特征.该地区包气带防污性能良好,黏土矿物和有机碳对DDTs吸附作用较强,可阻滞其向浅层地下水环境中迁移,是造成部分地段浅层地下水未检出DDTs污染的重要原因.受污染地表水体的垂向入渗是导致浅层地下水DDTs污染的直接原因,其侧向补给可能是浅层地下水DDTs污染的重要来源之一,且污染范围往往局限于地表水体附近地带.     

精确农业发展与我国农业生态工程创新

介绍了西方精确农业的主要目标及技术思想,比较了中国农业生态工程与精确农业的异同点。提出农业生态工程研究应正视自身发展中存在的问题,吸收精确农业有关原理及方法,在理论规范化,手段现代化,过程监测及其控制自动化,增加高新技术含量,与信息技术、机械工程专业有机结合,提高工程设计可操作性等方面的努力,推动农业生态系统设计与管理的信息化与知识化,逐步形成基于信息技术、生物技术及机械工程装备的农业生态工程技术体系。     

江西省农业可持续发展的生态安全评价

基于农业可持续发展状况建立江西省农业生态安全评价指标体系,采用聚类分析法将江西省农业生态安全度划分为不安全、较不安全、较安全和安全4个等级。从地域分异特征来看,环鄱区域生态系统遭受一定程度的破坏;赣南区域农业生态问题突出,农业生态安全性较差;赣中区域农业生态系统结构基本完整,农业生态安全状况较好。在11个地级市中吉安等6个地级市处于较安全等级,鹰潭等5个地级市处于较不安全等级。针对江西省农业可持续发展状况,探讨了农业生态安全体系建设问题。     

松涛水库水生生物农药污染水平及健康风险评价

在海南省松涛水库采集了鱼类和螺蛳共34个样品,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)检测样品中农药的浓度,并根据美国环境保护署(US EPA)的健康风险评价模型对松涛水库周围人群通过饮食途径摄入水生生物进行健康风险评价。结果表明,检测的29种农药,仅有7种在大部分样品中检出,分别为2,4-DDE、4,4-DDE、2,4-DDD、4,4-DDD、4,4-DDT、甲氧滴滴涕和甲基对硫磷,它们的平均含量(以湿重计)分别为0.32 ng·g~(~(-1))、3.68 ng·g~(~(-1))、0.17 ng·g~(~(-1))、1.33 ng·g~(~(-1))、0.90 ng·g~(~(-1))、1.34 ng·g~(~(-1))、0.32 ng·g~(~(-1))。鱼类肌肉以及螺蛳肉中农药的健康风险评价远远低于可承受水平,表明食用这些鱼类与螺蛳所造成的健康风险比较低。与其他研究相比,松涛水库的农药污染程度较轻。造成不同生物体间的农药含量差异的主要原因可能是牙叉库区的农药污染比南丰和番加库区的污染严重。     

我国农用稀土光转换材料研究进展

概述了近年来我国农用稀土光转换材料的研究进展及目前存在的问题.重点介绍了转光剂的类型及研究现状,展望了稀土光转换材料的发展前景.     

Arsenic occurrence in Brazil and human exposure

Environmental exposure to arsenic (As) in terms of public health is receiving increasing attention worldwide following cases of mass contamination in different parts of the world. However, there is a scarcity of data available on As geochemistry in Brazilian territory, despite the known occurrence of As in some of the more severely polluted areas of Brazil. The purpose of this paper is to discuss existing data on As distribution in Brazil based on recent investigations in three contaminated areas as well as results from the literature. To date, integrated studies on environmental and anthropogenic sources of As contamination have been carried out only in three areas in Brazil: (1) the Southeastern region, known as the Iron Quadrangle, where As was released into the drainage systems, soils and atmosphere as a result of gold mining; (2) the Ribeira Valley, where As occurs in Pb-Zn mine wastes and naturally in As-rich rocks and soils; (3) the Amazon region, including the Santana area, where As is associated with manganese ores mined over the last 50 years. Toxicological studies revealed that the populations were not exposed to elevated levels of As, with the As concentrations in surface water in these areas rarely exceeding 10 microg/L. Deep weathering of bedrocks along with formation of Fe/Al-enriched soils and sediments function as a chemical barrier that prevents the release of As into the water. In addition, the tropical climate results in high rates of precipitation in the northern and southeastern regions and, hence, the As contents of drinking water is diluted. Severe cases of human As exposure related to non-point pollution sources have not been reported in Brazil. However, increasing awareness of the adverse health effects of As will eventually lead to a more complete picture of the distribution of As in Brazil.     

基于不同土地利用方式的深圳市农用地土壤重金属污染评价（Evaluation of the Heavy Metal Pollution in Different Agricultural Soils of Shenzhen City）

为探讨深圳市农林土壤重金属的污染现状,分菜地、果园、林地和荒地等4种不同的土地利用类型,共采集了52个表层土壤样品,采用原子吸收法测定了其重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr和Ni全量,单项污染指数法和内梅罗综合指数法评价了6种重金属在土壤中的污染现状.评价结果显示,部分土壤样点存在较为严重的重金属污染,Cd的污染最为严重,Cu的污染最轻;不同用地类型下的污染等级不同,荒地处于尚清洁(警戒限)水平,菜地和林地处于轻度污染水平,果园处于中度污染水平,全市农用地土壤处于轻度污染水平.     

保安湖鱼体重金属和有机氯农药污染特征及健康风险评价

在湖北保安湖采集主要食用鱼类(团头鲂、鲫鱼、草鱼)样品,通过测定鱼体中的重金属(Cr、Cd、As、Pb、Hg、Cu、Zn)和有机氯农药(六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs))含量,基于不同评估模型分析了这3种鱼的污染特征和健康风险。结果显示,鱼样中Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb和Hg的含量分别为1.03～1.13、0.93～1.66、22.80～31.54、0.08～0.49、0.004～0.007、0.040～0.050和0.03～0.06 mg·kg~(-1);鱼样中HCHs、DDTs的含量为5.94～38.04和5.99～38.38 ng·g~(-1)ww。根据国家规定的有毒有害物质限量标准,团头鲂和鲫鱼中As分别超标0.2和3.9倍;鲫鱼体内HCHs和草鱼体内DDTs含量分别超标0.9和2.8倍;其他鱼样重金属和有机氯农药含量均未超过标准限值。总体来看,鲫鱼重金属严重污染,重金属综合污染程度的顺序是鲫鱼团头鲂草鱼;鲫鱼和草鱼体内有机氯农药(OCPs)达到重度污染,OCPs综合污染程度为草鱼鲫鱼团头鲂; 3种鱼样重金属和OCPs复合暴露条件下健康风险评估结果表明,食用3种鱼肉的致癌风险都大于10-6,即均存在一定的潜在致癌风险,致癌风险概率为鲫鱼草鱼团头鲂,同时,食用鲫鱼还存在非致癌健康风险,其污染来源及有效防治值得进一步研究。     

洮儿河流域农业生态地质环境研究

系统分析了吉林西部洮儿河流域的农业生态地质环境特征,揭示了流域内影响农业可持续发展的五大农业生态地质环境问题;按照地质、地貌、自然资源状况、生态环境灾害、环境质量等综合要素对流域进行了环境分区;最后论述了流域内农业生态地质环境的演化过程和影响因素。