银缕梅花芽生长和开花习性的观察

为了探索银缕梅稀有频危原因，于1990～1995年连续对其花芽生长和开花习性进行观察．结果表明：银缕梅花芽分化到苞片展开，需经1a时间；苞片展开，雌、雄蕊裸露20d后．雄蕊趋于成熟，雌蕊比雄蕊迟熟5～9d，故为雌雄异熟型．银缕梅坐果率为0～1（2），经人工辅助授粉可明显提高坐果率1倍以上，并能增强种子活力，使种子发芽率上升到85％～90％．     

Persistence of chlorpyriphos in okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus) fruits and soil

Persistence of cypermethrin and chlorpyriphos in okra and soil were studied following the application of pre-mix formulation of insecticides Action 505EC (chlorpyriphos 50%?+?cypermethrin 5%) at single (275?g a.i.?ha^?1) and double dose (550?g a.i.?ha^?1). The average initial deposits of chlorpyriphos in okra were observed to be 0.07 and 0.15?mg?kg^?1 in single and double dose, respectively, which dissipated to 92% after 10 days for both the dosages. Residues of soil under okra crop were found to be 0.15?mg?kg^?1 at the single and 0.36?mg?kg^?1 at the double doses. These residues persisted up to 3 days at single and 5 days at double dose. The half-life (t _1/2) periods of chlorpyriphos on okra and soil were observed to be 0.6 days and 1.9 days for single and double dose, respectively. Residues of chlorpyriphos reached below detectable level (BDL) of 0.01?mg?kg^?1 in okra fruits after 7 days at single dose and in 15 days in double dose. In soil, residues of chlopyriphos persisted up to 5 and 7 days in single and double dose, respectively. Following foliar applications of a insecticide formulation (Action 505EC, (chlorpyriphos 50%?+?cypermethrin 5%) on okra at @ 275 and 550?g active ingredient (a.i.)?ha^?1 resulting in active applications of chlorpyriphos at the rate of 250 and 500?g a.i.?ha^?1 the average initial deposits of chlorpyriphos in okra were observed to be 0.07 and 0.15?mg?kg^?1, respectively. These residue levels dissipated to 92% after 10 days at both the dosages. Residues of soil under the okra crop were found to be 15?mg?kg^?1 at the single and 36?mg?kg^?1 at the double dose. The residues persisted up to 3 days at the single and 5 days at the double dose. The half-life (t _1/2) periods of chlorpyriphos on okra were observed to be 0.6 days for application rates, and 1.9 days for soil. Okra fruits and soil samples collected on the 7th and 15th day after application did not show any chlorpyriphos residues above their determination limits of 0.01 and 0.005?mg?kg^?1, respectively.     

Distribution of organo-chlorine pesticides (DDT and HCH) between plant and soil system

This paper reports a study of the distribution of organo-chlorine pesticides (DDT and HCH) between rice plants and the soil system by spraying before the heading stage at four different dosage levels--control, normal dosage (15 kg ha(-1) of 6% HCH and 7.5 kg ha(-1) of 25% DDT), double dosage and four times dosage. Soil and plant samples were taken respectively at the 1st h, 3rd, 10th, 20th, and 40th day after spraying and at the harvest time. The results indicate that less than 5% of HCH and 15% of DDT were absorbed by the surface of rice leaves for normal dosage. Most of both pesticides moved into the soil in solution after spraying. Compared with DDT, HCH was degraded and run off more easily. HCH residues in the surface soil layer (1-3 cm) were already below 6.4 microg kg(-1) at the mature stage, lower than Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for Agricultural Soils: HCH < 0.05 mg kg(-1). However DDT residues in the surface soil layer remained 172 microg kg(-1), higher than the national standard: DDT < 0.05 mg kg(-1). According to the test f OCP residues in rice seeds, it can be concluded that the OCP sprayed onto the surface of rice leaves can move into rice plants and accumulate in the seeds at the mature stage. HCH residues in rice seeds of the double and four times dosage treatments, and DDT residues in all treatments, exceeded the Chinese National Food Standard (HCH < 0.10 mg kg(-1), DDT < 0.20 mg kg(-1)).     

Endocrine stress response in Oreochromis sp. from exposure to waterborne cadmium: the plasma cortisol analysis

Cadmium (Cd) is known as one of the most dangerous environmental and industrial pollutants. It has no biological function and accumulates mainly in metabolically active tissue even at low concentrations, which in turn may cause tissue damage. The effect of Cd on the endocrine systems of fish is not well known. To test the hypothesis that Cd is a chemical stressor, Oreochromis sp. were exposed to waterborne cadmium chloride and their endocrine stress response (plasma cortisol) was investigated after 4 days and 20 days. The plasma cortisol levels were analyzed using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (λ = 250 nm) after liquid–liquid extraction. The detection limit of the method was found to be 0.87 ng/mL plasma. This study provides evidence that Cd probably causes exhaustion of endocrine systems. Oreochromis sp. exposure to Cd resulted in a 15%–53% and 52%–91% suppression of cortisol release after 4 days and 20 days of exposure, respectively, in comparison with the control group. The results suggest that Cd still activates the endocrine system at 20 days and the interrenal cells of Oreochromis sp. were not impaired after 20 days of exposure to Cd.     

Residue dynamics of carbendazim and mancozeb in grape (Vitis Vinifera L.) berries

The residue dynamics of carbendazim and mancozeb in grape berries is reported. The fungicides were sprayed in accordance with the most critical use pattern i.e. 4 times at 15 days interval separately at recommended and double doses. The residues of each fungicide dissipated following 1st order rate kinetics. The half-lives of carbendazim and mancozeb were 7.3 and 8.1 days at recommended dose and 4.6 and 5.7 days at double dose. Ethylenethiourea (ETU), the toxic metabolite of mancozeb was detectable at harvest following four sprays of mancozeb at recommended dose. At double dose, however, the residues of ETU could be detected even after three sprays of mancozeb. The pre-harvest intervals for carbendazim and mancozeb were found to be 26 and 12 days at recommended dose and 33 and 17 days at double dose, respectively.     

低浓度溶解氧下猪粪固体有机物水解产酸研究

本文以猪粪为发酵原料,通过批式实验研究不同溶解氧(DO)浓度(0—0.26 mg.L-1)、发酵时间(3—12 d)和挥发性固体(VS)浓度(11.14—111.35 g.L-1)对猪粪固体水解酸化过程的影响,确定了低DO浓度下固体有机物优化水解产酸工艺条件:中温35℃,初始VS浓度37.11 g.L-1,初期的DO浓度0.1—0.26 mg.L-1.在此条件下,发酵时间3 d,DO浓度下降到0.10 mg.L-1以下.猪粪发酵液pH值由7.45±0.10降低到5.86±0.17,VS降解率(25.67±1.20)%,挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)中乙酸(3895±91)mg.L-1、丙酸(2313±82)mg.L-1、正丁酸(1361±17)mg.L-1、正戊酸(540±11)mg.L-1.优化条件下的猪粪水解酸化液进行厌氧产甲烷发酵,发酵10 d内产气停止,低溶解氧水解酸化和厌氧产甲烷发酵累计时间仅为13 d,甲烷体积分数(69.5±0.2)%,VS产气率为(0.282±0.011)L CH.4g-1VS.研究结果表明,适当延长发酵时间能够增加VFA中乙酸的含量,初始VS浓度差异对发酵液VFA浓度和VS降解率的影响较显著,低溶解氧能够促进猪粪固体有机物水解过程.     

噻苯隆在甜瓜和土壤中的残留及消解动态

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析噻苯隆在甜瓜和土壤中残留的方法.本方法甜瓜中噻苯隆的平均回收率为90.2%—107.3%,变异系数为3.5%—12.9%;土壤中噻苯隆的平均回收率为81.4%—94.0%,变异系数为3.1%—8.8%.采用田间试验研究了噻苯隆在甜瓜和土壤中的残留动态.结果表明,河南和山东,噻苯隆在甜瓜中的消解半衰期为0.7—1.2d,土壤中的消解半衰期为4.1—7.6d.在甜瓜上使用0.1%的噻苯隆可湿性粉剂,按照最高推荐剂量和最高推荐剂量的1.5倍,施药一次,收获期距最后一次施药35d,噻苯隆在甜瓜和土壤中最终残留量均小于0.001mg.kg-1.说明噻苯隆为低残留,易降解农药.     

17α-甲基睾酮对稀有鮈鲫幼鱼性腺发育与血清卵黄蛋白原水平的影响

17α-甲基睾酮是一种人工合成雄激素,在水产养殖以及医药行业中广泛使用,其对鱼类的内分泌干扰效应研究工作相对较少.通过甲基睾酮对稀有鲫幼鱼的42天流水暴露,观察了其性腺发育和生物标记物变化.在500ng·L-1甲基睾酮暴露组中幼鱼生长受到抑制(p≤0.05),在50ng·L-1以上暴露组中性腺指数显著增加(p≤0.05),雄性个体比率明显升高.通过组织学观察发现,50ng·L-1以上浓度甲基睾酮暴露后卵巢组织切片中出现了精子细胞,且精子细胞数量随剂量的增加而增加.通过生物标记物卵黄蛋白原测定发现,在50ng·L-1以上浓度甲基睾酮暴露后,稀有鲫幼鱼血清中的卵黄蛋白原水平显著增加(p≤0.05).综合分析,17α-甲基睾酮主要表现出雄激素效应,而其在稀有鲫体内的代谢物则能够应激卵黄蛋白原,对稀有鲫幼鱼的最低可观察效应浓度(LOEC)为50ng·L-1.因此,仅依靠体内卵黄蛋白原应激单项指标不能准确判定化学品是否是环境类雌激素.     

Time-dependent effects of chlordane on thyroid histological structure and function in rats

In order to study the time-dependent effects of chlordane on thyroid hormone levels and histological structure in rats, 120 healthy 4-week-old SD rats were divided randomly into 12 groups. Rats in treatment groups were treated orally by gavage with chlordane at a dose of 15 mg kg^?1 for 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, or 40 days, while rats in control group received an equal volume of corn oil. Serum levels of thyroxine (FT4), triiodothyronine (FT3), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured by radioimmunoassay. Sections of thyroids were dyed with hematoxylin–eosin to detect any pathological alterations. In chlordane treated groups, on day 5, changes in serum levels of FT4, FT3, and TSH were not found. On days 10 and 15, serum levels of FT4 and FT3 decreased, accompanied by increased levels of TSH. On days 20, 30 and 40, serum levels of these hormones returned to control values. As for alterations in histology, on day 10–15, follicular epithelium of the thyroid were found to proliferate into two layers in chlordane treated rats. On day 20, in focal areas the two-layer afollicular epithelia were observed to continuously proliferate into 3–4 layers of follicular epithelium, termed hyperplasia plaques. On days 30 and 40, solid buds and secondary follicles to solid buds were detected. The earliest alteration of thyroid hormones in treated SD rats occurred between 5 and 10 days with corresponding histopathologic changes. As the exposure time increased, the serum levels of hormones and histopathology altered in a time-dependent manner.     

Antioxidant rich diet supplements (Spirulina and tamarind fruit pulp) mitigate hematological disorders in fluoride exposed mice

The effect of antioxidant rich diet supplements of Spirulina and tamarind fruit pulp at 230 mg kg^?1 body weight, separately as well as in combination, on various hematological parameters of Swiss albino mice exposed to fluoride for seven days at daily doses of 190 mg kg^?1 body weight and for 90 days at daily doses of 94 mg kg^?1 body weight is reported. Compared with controls, fluoride exposure decreased erythrocyte (12%–18%), leukocyte (16%) and platelet counts (7%, only for short-term exposure), hemoglobin (2%–17%) and packed cell volume (2%–14%) in Swiss albino mice reared on standard feed but these were altered little in the diet supplement groups. Fluoride exposure decreased lymphocytes in both standard feed (16%–21%) and diet supplement groups (5%–19%, but only after long-term exposure). Fluoride withdrawal led to recovery of the post-treated mice from long-term exposure. Spirulina alone and also in combination with tamarind fruit pulp was found more effective than tamarind alone in reducing hematological disorders in fluoride treated mice.     

Performance of an ANAMMOX reactor treating wastewater generated by antibiotic and starch production processes

A pilot-scale anaerobic ammonia oxidation (ANAMMOX) reactor was used to treat mixed wastewater resulting from a chlortetracycline and starch production process. The results, collected over the course of 272 days, show that the ratio of influent ammonium to nitrite, pH, and temperature can all affect the efficiency of nitrogen removal. The ratio of influent ammonium to nitrite was maintained at about 1:1 at a concentration below 200 mg·L^-1 for both influent ammonium and nitrite. The total nitrogen (TN) loading rate was 0.15–0.30 kgN·m^-3·d^-1, pH remained at 7.8–8.5, and temperature was recorded at 33±1°C. The rate of removal of ammonia, nitrite, and TN were over 90%, 90%, and 80%, and the effluent ammonium, nitrite and TN concentrations were below 50, 30, and 100 mg·L^-1.     

Distribution and ecology of deep-water mollusks from the continental slope,southeastern Gulf of California,Mexico

Specimens of deep-water mollusks were collected with a bottom dredge in the SE Gulf of California during four cruises (TALUD project) in 2000–2001. A total of 24 species (16 Pelecypoda, 5 Gastropoda, and 3 Scaphopoda) were collected. Analyses of environmental data (depth, epibenthic temperature and oxygen content, sediment texture and organic matter content) associated with each record indicated that the community diversity of these deep-water mollusks was related to oxygen concentration and density was correlated with depth. A canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that the five environmental variables explained 53.8% of observed variance in the model. In a multiple regression analysis, density (ind l⁻¹) was best correlated with dissolved oxygen concentration (R = −0.25), followed by temperature (R = −0.20), organic matter content (R = −0.15), and depth (R = −0.12). As oxygen best explained variance in the CCA it was selected to perform a single correspondence analysis (CA) using the most abundant and frequent species (two Pelecypoda and three Scapophoda). The analysis shows that pelecypods occur in near anoxic values while scaphopods occur in intermediate oxygen concentrations.     

Time-dependent effects of pentabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) on thyroid hormones and histology in rats

In order to examine the time-dependent effects of pentabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-99) on thyroid hormones levels and histological structure in rats, 4-week-old SD rats were divided into 10 groups randomly, according to their body weight. Rats in treatment groups were orally gavaged with BDE-99 at the dose of 60 mg kg^?1 for 10, 15, 20, 30 or 40 days, while rats in control group received equal volume of corn oil. Serum levels of thyroxine (FT4), triiodothyronine (FT3), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured by radioimmunoassay. Sections of thyroids were dyed with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) to detect any pathologically alterations. In BDE-99 treated groups, on day 10, changes in serum levels of FT4, FT3 and TSH were not found. On days 15 and 20, serum levels of FT4 and FT3 decreased, accompanied by increased levels of TSH. On days 30 and 40, serum levels of these hormones returned to control values. As for alterations in histology, on day 15, follicular epithelium of the thyroid were found to proliferate into two layers in BDE-99 treated rats. On day 20, in focal areas the two-layer follicular epithelia were observed to continuously proliferate into 3–4 layers of follicular epithelium, called hyperplasia plaques. On days 30 and 40, solid buds and secondary follicles to solid buds were detected. The earliest alteration of thyroid hormones in treated SD rats occurred at the duration of 10–15 days, with corresponding histopathologic changes. As the exposure time increased, the serum level of hormones and histopathology altered accordingly in a time-dependent manner.     

Energy content at metamorphosis and growth rate of the early juvenile barnacle<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Balanus amphitrite</Emphasis>

The energetic cost of metamorphosis in cyprids of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite Darwin was estimated by quantification of lipid, carbohydrate and protein contents. About 38–58% (4–5 mJ individual^–1) of cypris energy reserves were used during metamorphosis. Lipids accounted for 55–65%, proteins for 34–44% and carbohydrates for <2% of the energy used. Juveniles obtained from larvae fed 10⁶ cells ml^–1 of Chaetoceros gracilis were bigger (carapace length: 560–616 µm) and contained more energy (5.56±0.10 mJ juvenile^–1) than their counterparts (carapace length: 420–462 µm; energy content: 2.49±0.20 mJ juvenile^–1) obtained from larvae fed 10⁴ cells ml^–1. At water temperatures of 30°C and 24°C and food concentrations of 10⁴ and 10² cells ml^–1 (3:1 mixture of C. gracilis and Isochrysis galbana) as well as under field conditions (26.9±3.1°C and 2.2±0.8 µg chlorophyll a l^–1), juveniles obtained from larvae fed the high food concentration grew faster than juveniles obtained from larvae fed low food concentration until 5 days post-metamorphosis. Laboratory experiments revealed a combined effect of early juvenile energy content, temperature and food concentration on growth until 5 days post-metamorphosis. After 10 days post-metamorphosis, the influence of the early juvenile energy content on growth became negligible. Overall, our results indicate that the energy content at metamorphosis is of critical importance for initial growth of juvenile barnacles and emphasize the dependency of the physiological performance of early juvenile barnacles on the larval exposure to food.Communicated by O. Kinne, Oldendorf/LuheAn erratum to this article can be found at     

Validation of QuEChERS-based method for determination of flusilazole residues in grape by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector

A high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector analytical method was developed to determine the residue levels of flusilazole in grape and investigate the dissipation pattern and safety. The results showed that the mean recoveries were in the range of 86%–90%. Limits of detection and quantification were 0.008 and 0.02 mg/kg, respectively. The residue levels of flusilazole were best described by first-order rate kinetics and with half-lives ranging from 4.2 days (recommended dose) to 4.6 days (double the recommended dose). In conclusion, flusilazole at the recommended or even at double the recommended doses does not pose any apparent hazards to consumers.     

Field dissipation and health hazard assessment of Fenhexamid on Egyptian grapes

Dissipation behavior and hazard assessment of the fungicide fenhexamid applied to grapes were investigated under climatic conditions in Egypt. Fenhexamid residues were extracted from grape samples with ethyl acetate. The extract was cleaned up by QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method, and determined by gas chromatographic method (GC-μECD). The average recoveries ranged between 94.2% and 99.4% with associated relative standard deviation not exceeding 12%. The estimated limit of quantification for fenhexamid was 0.1 mg/kg. The field results showed that fenhexamid dissipated rapidly from grapes and had a half-life of approximately 4.21 days. Hazard assessment was evaluated by using the hazard quotient (HQ). Data showed that the HQ value was significantly less than HQ = 1. Results indicate that hazard of fenhexamid use in grape even at 1.5-fold higher than recommended dosage was negligible to humans. This study could provide guidance for safe and reasonable use of fenhexamid in grapes and prevent health problems to consumers. However, further hazard assessment studies are needed to ascertain the hazard of fenhexamid residues on grape to vulnerable groups, including children, pregnant women, and elderly consumers.     

Reliability of solid phase microextraction in estimating bioavailability of pyrene in soil

Solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography was employed to estimate bioavailability of pyrene in soils with different properties of textures, organic matter contents (SOM) and aging periods. Experimental results indicated that biodegradation rates increased from 0.10 (sandy loam) to 0.15 (silty loam) microg g-1 hr1. By contrast, biodegradation rate decreased from 0.10(1.3% SOM) to 0.04 (7.6% SOM) microg g-1hr1. The amounts of pyrene biodegraded decreased 27% when SOM was modified from 1.3 to 7.6%, indicating that distributions of pyrene in soils at biodegradation end points were affected by the SOM. Sequestration as measured by sonication extraction had evidently occurred in aged soil samples. SPME measurements slightly overestimated the amount of pyrene degraded by indigenous and seeded microorganisms, in soils with the different properties (correlation coefficient, R2= 0.74). The present study demonstrates that the SPME method can not replace biodegradation tests commonly used for predicting bioremediation efficacy.     

Potential correlation between perfluorinated acids and liver morphology in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus)

In this study, residual concentrations of chlorpyrifos (CPF) were determined in feed (40) and fodder (25) samples collected from various locations of Tarai region of Uttarakhand. For extracting residues, liquid–liquid partition followed by alumina column clean up was used and the detection and quantification of residues was undertaken with the help of high-performance liquid chromatography using C18 column and diode array detector at 220?nm. Of the total 40 feed samples analyzed, 7 (17.5%) samples were found positive for CPF with the mean residual concentration of 0.058?µg?g^?1; while out of 25 fodder samples, CPF residues were detected in a single (4%) sample with residual concentration of 0.39?µg?g^?1. However, none of the feed or fodder samples contained CPF residues above the prescribed limit.     

Dissipation kinetics of novaluron in tomato,an arid ecosystem pilot study

Novaluron, a newly introduced insecticide, is used for control of a number of field pests. However, information regarding novaluron residues and dissipation profile is limited. In this study, dissipation and residual levels of novaluron in tomato under open field conditions were investigated using high performance liquid chromatography equipped with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) with quick, easy, cheape, effective, rugged (QuEChERS) method. The method was validated using blank samples spiked at three levels and results showed that recoveries ranged from 93% to 99%. Novaluron residues tend to dissipate following first-order rate kinetics with half-life of 2.08 days. Data demonstrated that the use of novaluron at recommended doses would not pose any hazards to consumers. The present results aid to establish the safe use of this pesticide on tomatoes, and possibly on other crops in Egypt.     

Behaviour of pendimethalin and oxyfluorfen in peanut field soil: effects on soil biological and biochemical activities

A field experiment was conducted to study the dissipation kinetics of herbicides pendimethalin and oxyfluorfen in black soil of peanut field at half recommended rate (HRE), recommended rate and double recommended rate as well as to assess their effects on soil microbial parameters and enzymatic activities. In addition, their role in the transformations and availability of some plant nutrients like nitrogen transformation (through ammonification and nitrification processes) and availability of phosphorous were also studied. Incorporation of these herbicides was found to stimulate the activity of soil microbial biomass carbon, fluorescein diacetate hydrolysing activity, alkaline phosphatase and ammonification rates, while dehydrogenase activity, acid phosphatase, nitrification rate and available phosphorous was adversely affected. However, urease remains almost unchanged except for little stimulation at later stages. Dissipation of pendimethalin and oxy?uorfen followed first-order reaction kinetics with half-life (T_1/2) of 13.7–20.1 and 21.5–27.4 days, respectively. Residues of both herbicides persisted up to 60 days in the soil at all the doses except 45 days for pendimethalin at HRE.