Bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides from contaminated soil by cattle

The study aimed to quantitate the uptake by beef cattle of organochlorine pesticides in from soil. Although such uptake is known to occur, uptake rates have not been accurately measured for these animals and cannot be inferred from data obtained with dairy cattle. In this study, cattle received a diet, of a standard feedlot ration supplemented with organochlorine-pesticide (aldrin?+?dieldrin) contaminated soil. The levels of pesticides in the feed would approximate uptake through normal grazing. Samples of the subcutaneous fat were removed periodically and analysed for pesticide content. Uptake of dieldrin (but not other pesticides present in the soil) was rapid and substantial. Uptake from sandy soils was more efficient than that from clay soils. The experiment was terminated after 8 weeks, because of the high levels of dieldrin in the tissues. Depuration of the accumulated pesticides was a slow and complex process, requiring a longer period than accumulation.     

Evaluation of organochlorine insecticide residue levels in locally marketed vegetables of Jaipur City,Rajasthan, India

Considerable quantities of organochlorine insecticides are still used worldwide and their persistent residues are widely distributed throughout the environment. Various researchers from different parts of India and abroad have highlighted the extent of pollution caused by these insecticides. In view of the above facts the present study was conducted during 1993-1996 to investigate the magnitude of contamination of organochlorine insecticides in vegetables which were brought for sale to the consumers in the local markets of Jaipur city, Rajasthan, India. Samples of vegetables (potato, tomato, cabbage, cauliflower, spinach and okra) were collected at beginning, middle and end of the seasons with respect to different vegetables and organochlorine levels were assessed using Gas Liquid Chromatograph (GLC) equipped with Electron Capture Detector (ECD). Most of the collected samples were found to be contaminated with residues of DDT and its metabolites (DDD, DDE) isomers of HCH (alpha,beta and gamma-HCH), heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide and aldrin. Some of the detected insecticides exceeded the limit of tolerance prescribed by WHO/FAO.     

Accumulation of organochlorine insecticides in the blood of the general population of Nigeria

Gas Chromatographic determination of blood levels of organochlorine pesticides in people of Southern Nigeria is described. Among the compounds detected and quantified were the HCH‐isomers, DDT and its metabolites and dieldrin, the major pollutants being DDT, DDE and the HCH‐isomers. Delta‐HCH, HCB and Endrin were also detected in a few samples. Total DDT (DDT + DDE + DDD) ranged from 0.04–7.24 ppm, total HCH (alpha + beta + gamma) 0.08–5.64 ppm, and dieldrin 0.03–0.28 ppm.     

Effects of hexachlorocyclohexane administration on distribution of trace metals in rat tissues

The effects of daily administration of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) for 90 days on the distribution of Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn in rat tissues were investigated. The results indicated that HCH caused a significant increase in weight of liver and spleen and decrease in the weight of kidney, heart and brain. The spleen and heart demonstrated the maximum mobilization of metals. Comparing the individual trace elements, zinc appeared to be the most active element. None of the metals assayed registered change in RBC's but there was increase in Zn, Fe and Mn concentration in plasma.     

Incidence of organochlorine pesticide and PCB residues in an aquatic ecosystem of river duero in castile and Leon (Spain)

The occurrence of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in an aquatic ecosystem of River Duero was checked by means of a bioindicator organism: the grey heron (Ardea cinerea). Analyses of water, sediments, fish fat tissues and heron viscera revealed a marked bioaccumulation of organochlorine compounds, particularly hexa‐ and heptachlorinated biphenyls of industrial origin, which may account for the gradual decline in the number of individuals that make up the heron colonies studied.     

雷州半岛典型区域土壤有机氯农药污染探查研究

在雷州半岛典型区域共采集了74个表层土壤和4个剖面土壤,对土壤中有机氯农药残留及分布状况进行了研究。结果表明:有机氯农药检出率为100%,其中∑HCH(六六六)和∑DDT(滴滴涕)质量分数范围分别在nd～65.93μg·kg-1和0.04～52.00μg·kg-1之间,同国内外同类报道相比处于较低水平;按土壤中有机氯农药17种成分质量分数所占的比重排序,前五名分别为P,P'-DDE、β-HCH、硫丹硫酸盐、硫丹Ⅱ、艾氏剂;按不同利用类型土壤中有机氯残留质量分数由大到小排序为菜地→水田→果园→甘蔗地;有机氯农药残留质量分数随土壤深度的增加呈下降趋势,耕层(0~20cm)的有机氯农药残留质量分数都高于底下层次。     

Bioaccumulation of organochlorine contaminants in fish species from Lake Qarun,a protected area of Egypt

The purpose of this study was to determine concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Bouri fish (Mugil cephalus) from Lake Qarun, a protected area of Egypt, and evaluate the relative ecological risk of these compounds. Different tissues of the fish species were analyzed for 26 chlorinated pesticides and 29 PCB congeners. Total concentrations (µg/kg wet weight, ww) of OCPs ranged between 1487 and 6217 (mean: 3260) and of PCBs between 9.0 and 61 (mean: 34). The trend of detected organochlorine pollutants was: endrin aldehyde > dieldrin > hexachlorobenzene > PCBs > endrin > 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethanes (DDTs). Heptachlor epoxide; oxy-, cis-, and trans-chlordane; trans-nonachlor; β-hexachlorocyclohexane; δ-hexachlorocyclohexane; and endosulfan I and endosulfan sulfate levels were below the detection limit. The ratios of (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylenes [DDEs] + 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethanes [DDDs])/ΣDDTs in fish tissues indicated no recent DDT exposure. Concentrations of DDTs and PCBs were generally comparable or higher than those found in studies of similar species worldwide. The concentrations of hexachlorobenzene, dieldrin, and endrin aldehyde in fish muscles exceeded the maximum residue level recommended by various organizations.     

Presence of metals in drinking water distribution networks due to pipe material leaching: a review

Drinking water quality should remain constant from the drinking water treatment plant to the consumer's tap. However, water quality characteristics might be affected by interactions with pipe materials. This review describes the iron, copper, lead, zinc, aluminum, chromium, and cadmium in drinking water leached from the pipe material present in drinking water, as well as the factors and mechanisms that affect leaching processes. Data analysis suggests that monitoring the water quality in distribution systems is important for their proper management; however, the low measured concentrations highlight the need for sensitive sensors. In addition, further research is necessary to anticipate possible future effects before the installation of new materials/infrastructure or changes in water source/treatment.     

Induction of micronuclei in bone marrow cells and hepatotoxicity of one of the most common over-the-counter pyrethroid insecticide products in Nigeria

Increasing environmental pollution in the tropics is creating a breeding ground for mosquitoes, leading to increasingly frequent use of insecticides to combat home infestation of mosquitoes, the vector of malarial parasites. Household members are therefore more prone to aerosol exposure and subsequent health effects. We assessed the hepatotoxic and clastogenic effects in rats exposed to different levels of aerosols of one of the insecticides most commonly in used in Nigeria. There were significant (p?2 in the groups of rats exposed to the aerosols when compared with the control group. In addition, rats exposed to the insecticide aerosols have elevated activities of serum enzymes: γ-glutamyl transferase, aspartate amino transferase and alanine amino transferase, as well as number of micronuclei scored in the bone marrow, at levels that are significantly (p?相似文献   

Persistent of Organochlorine Pesticides in the Green Lip Mussel (Perna Viridis) From Marine Estuaries in Thailand

Thailand has benefited from the availability of pest control chemicals for improving agricultural products and in public health like any other developing countries. in order to understand the distribution and contamination in the Gulf of Thailand, a Mussel Watch programme has been set up to monitor trace toxic substances of organochlorine pesticides along the Gulf of Thailand since 1989.

This paper focuses on the concentration of organochlorine pesticides in green lip mussels (Perna viridis) during 1989 to 1996. the mussel samples were used as a biological indicator and analyzed for 23 organochlorine compounds. the highest frequencies of organochlorine pesticide residues in Thailand were found in aldrin, dieldrin and DDTs in all samples and the highest concentration of DDT-isomer were p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT during 1989-1990 and 1991. the p,p'-DDE was only found during 1993-1995.

In 1996 the level of the DDT isomer (o,p-DDE) were found in the range of 11-16ppb(ngg^-1 wet weight), HCH isomer (a-HCH) was found ND -1.6ppb(ngg^-1 wet weight) and cis-chlordane found at ND - 3.4 ppb(ngg^-1 wet weight). Other organoichlorine pesticide compounds such as dieldrin, heptachlor, aldrin, endrin and endosulfan isomers were not detected. the detection limit of all organochlorine compounds were 1.3-8.2ppb(ngg^-1 wet weight). Trends of organochlorine pesticide residue in this area were found differently from the previous data during 1989-1991.     

盐渍地刺槐体内Na的积累和分布

研究了Na在不同树龄刺槐(Robiniapseudoacacia)地下部分和地上部分的分布,以及刺槐地下部分Na含量与对应土层Na含量的关系。在长时间盐胁迫下,大量Na盐进入刺槐体内,随着生长时间的增加,Na盐积累量骤然增加。刺槐地下部分Na的绝对含量和积累速率显著高于地上部分。随着根系不断向土层深处伸延,刺槐根部Na含量显著增加。本研究揭示了在高盐环境中,刺槐通过调节Na在植物体内的分配,以减少Na+的生理毒害,提高其对高盐胁迫的耐受性。     

成都城区蔬菜地土壤中农药残留及其分布特征

采用GC-ECD检测、GC/MS-MS确证的方法对成都城区14个区县蔬菜地土壤中23种有机氯农药（OCPs）进行分析,以揭示OCPs的残留现状及其分布特征。结果表明,OCPs残留水平在不同区县间差异很大,变化范围20.18～104.33μg.kg-1之间,近郊区县（双流、龙泉驿、郫县、新都、温江）远低于边缘区县。被检出的18种OCPs中,DDTs、HCHs检出率最高（100%）,残留水平为16.11～99.51、1.31～9.34μg.kg-1,分别占OCPs残留总量质量分数的87.68%、8.15%;六氯苯（HCB）次之（90%）;灭蚁灵、环氧七氯、硫丹Ⅰ和γ-氯丹也有不同程度的检出（44.29%～47.14%）,主要分布在近郊区县;艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、毒杀芬的检出率较低（32.86%～37.14%）,多分布于彭州、都江堰、大邑、崇州等地。土壤中OCPs的各种异构体、代谢物变化规律显示,DDTs、HCHs残留主要源于早期的使用或大气输入,但不排除金堂、青白江、新津地区近期可能有新的DDTs输入,崇州、彭州、都江堰、大邑地区可能有HCHs输入。     

农田浅层土壤氮素空间分布研究

采用田间随机抽样法研究了麦田氮素的空间分布规律。从均值看,硝态氮在土壤0~20 cm表层大量累积,20~40 cm层锐减,下层变化减慢;土层中铵态氮含量低且表现出不同层次间的稳定性。小麦生长期间灌溉显著影响土壤中硝态氮的分布:与不灌水土壤样本相比较,灌溉大大降低了表层土壤硝态氮的累积量。土壤全氮0~20 cm层明显高于20~40 cm层。     

若尔盖高寒湿地表层土壤有机碳空间分布特征

若尔盖高寒湿地是世界上著名的高原湿地,分布着我国面积最大的泥炭地,土壤有机碳储量十分丰富,但其空间分布特征尚不清楚。运用野外调查采样、室内分析与地理信息系统的空间分析方法,对若尔盖高寒湿地表层土壤有机碳的空间分布特征以及碳密度和碳储量进行了研究。结果表明,若尔盖区域表层土壤有机碳含量高的地方分布于沼泽集中或密集的地方,例如年保也则沼泽区,阿当乔沼泽区,牙哥曲沼泽和龙日坝沼泽等。黑河流域表层土壤有机碳含量普遍高于白河流域,这也和黑河流域水系较多,沼泽率高于白河流域有关。从垂直分布上来看,很多地方有机碳含量在10～20cm深度要大于0~10cm深度的有机碳含量,20～30cm的有机碳含量最少。表层土壤有机碳密度与有机碳含量有密切关系,其空间分布格局相似,有机碳含量高的地方有机碳密度也高,且黑河流域的值明显高于白河流域,有机碳密度值变化范围在0～105kg·m-2之间,其中湿地土壤有机碳密度变化于21.5～105kg·m-2之间。     

广东北江上游流域农田土壤有机氯农药残留及其分布特征

北江是珠江的重要支流之一,为确定北江上游流域农田土壤有机氯农药（OCPs）的含量、来源以及分布特征,2010年11月,对该区域水稻田、菜地和果园土壤进行了采样、处理以及GC/MS分析。研究结果表明：27种OCPs中,除环氧七氯、狄氏剂、硫丹I、反式九氯、顺式九氯、异狄氏剂醛和甲氧氯外,其余均有不同程度的检出。总OCPs质量分数为2.71～62.4 ng.g-1,平均11.9 ng.g-1;含量最高的为DDTs,其次为硫丹和HCHs,其质量分数范围分别为1.82～60.3、0.103～19.6和nd（未检出）～1.74 ng.g-1;水稻田土壤DDTs的含量与果园相当,但明显高于菜地的残留水平。研究区域OCPs的源分析表明,HCHs主要来自于早期商业HCHs和林丹农药的残留,DDTs源于商业DDTs和三氯杀螨醇农药的残留。北江上游流域农田表层土壤OCPs储存量约为342 kg,其中DDTs 243 kg、硫丹63.7 kg、HCHs 15.0 kg。与国内外同类型报道相比,结合我国GB 15618-1995《土壤环境质量标准》,研究区域土壤OCPs残留的程度较低。     

Organochlorine levels in human blood from residents in areas of limited pesticide use in Sudan

Ninety-nine human blood samples were collected from the riverine region of northern Sudan and the traditional and mechanized rain-fed areas of western and eastern Sudan, representing areas of limited pesticide use in Sudan. Blood samples were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) followed by electron-capture detection (ECD). p,p′-DDE (a metabolite of DDT), heptachlor epoxide, β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), and dieldrin were detected in all locations surveyed. The level of total organochlorine burden was highest in the traditional rain-fed area, followed by the mechanized rain-fed area, and the riverine area. A highly significant correlation was observed between total organochlorine blood burden and the age of the donors (r = 0.608**).     

鼎湖山自然保护区土壤有机碳、微生物生物量碳和土壤CO2浓度垂直分布

选取鼎湖山3种植被类型(季风常绿阔叶林,针阔叶混交林和马尾松林),按0～15,15～30,30～45cm土层取样,测量了各土层土壤有机碳(SOC)质量分数,熏蒸培养法测量了微生物生物量碳(Cmic),同时用气象色谱法测量了地表和土壤15、30、45、60cm处CO2体积分数,并用静态箱/碱石灰吸收法测量了土壤呼吸速率。结果如下:(1)随土层的加深,SOC质量分数降低,0～15cmSOC显著高于其他两层,季风常绿阔叶林SOC显著高于其他两种植被类型;(2)土壤碳密度和土壤有机碳含量垂直分布规律一致,0～15cm土壤碳密度显著高于其他两层;(3)0～30cm土层微生物生物量占总土壤微生物生物量的81%～92%,随土层加深微生物生物量迅速降低。微生物生物量和土壤有机碳的比值表明,三种植被类型土壤均处于土壤碳积累中,深层土壤碳积累程度高于表层;(4)土壤CO2浓度随土层的加深迅速升高,主要与土壤透气性有关。     

禹城地区土壤铅含量空间分布的指示克里格估值

以鲁西北禹城地区土壤重金属Pb含量为例,针对其存在特异值与偏态分布的特点,利用指示克里格法研究了土壤Pb含量小于特定阈值的条件概率分布,分析了该地区土壤Pb含量的空间分布特征,并对普通克里格和指示克里格的估值效果进行交叉验证。结果表明：研究区土壤Pb含量总体较低,未超过国家标准的限值,但不同部位土壤Pb含量差异较大;普通克里格法和指示克里格法形成的土壤Pb含量空间分布格局相似,但普通克里格法的平滑效果强于指示克里格法;研究区域土壤环境质量总体良好,Pb含量高值区主要集中在各乡镇驻地附近的农田;指示克里格对土壤Pb含量空间估值的精度优于普通克里格,指示克里格法更适用于原始数据呈非正态分布且特异值对估值结果有较大影响的土壤属性。本研究结果为该地区土壤环境质量评价和重金属污染防控提供科学依据。     

Vertical distribution and environmental significance of PAHs in soil profiles in Beijing,China

Vertical distribution of both the concentration and composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ten profiles in Beijing has been investigated. The results showed that PAH concentrations and compositions in topsoil from different sampling sites were different. PAH concentrations were much higher in topsoil of the investigated urban area, industrial region, and paddy field with wastewater irrigation than in other areas. Moreover, PAH concentrations in topsoil were much higher than those at greater depth, where the concentrations were relatively consistent in most soil profiles. The fingerprints of PAHs in the samples from topsoil (0–30 cm) in the same profiles were similar and were obviously different from those at greater depth, suggesting that PAH sources were consistent in topsoil samples and were discriminating between topsoil and deeper soils. PAHs in topsoil mainly arose from mixed sources of combustion of liquid fuel, coal, and/or wood, as well as wastewater irrigation, while those at greater depth were derived from soil genesis and the process of soil formation.     

土壤中施用生物炭对番茄根系特征及产量的影响

采用室内盆栽试验定量分析方法,在砂壤土中掺加4种不同比例的生物炭（10、20、40、60 g·kg-1）,研究了生物炭对砂壤土毛管持水量、番茄（Lycopersicon esculentum）不同生育期的生长性状及收获时根系特征和产量的影响。通过根系扫描仪和分析软件重点研究了砂壤土中掺入不同含量生物炭对番茄各根系参数的影响。结果表明：随着生物炭施入量的增加,土壤毛管持水量增大,各处理均高于对照,与对照相比平均增加1.46倍。施加生物炭促进了番茄根系的发育和产量的提高,每千克干土加40 g生物炭处理的主根长、主根直径、总根系鲜质量和产量分别是对照的1.20、1.24、1.21和2.67倍。每千克干土加20 g生物炭处理的总根表面积、总根体积和总根系密度分别是对照的1.15、1.17和1.80倍。主根直径与产量相关性最高,相关系数为0.845。生物炭对番茄根系形态特征的优化与产量的提高具有一定的促进作用。