Temperature effects on the toxicity of four trace metals to adult spotted Babylonia snails (Babylonia areolata)

A study was conducted to determine the median lethal toxicity of four heavy metals on the marine gastropod Babylonia areolata. Median lethal toxicity tests were conducted to observe the sensitivity of this gastropod to metals and how variations in temperature might affect toxicity of test elements. Four heavy metals were used in the study. It was observed that the 96-hr LC₅₀ (in mg/L) for the different metals was found to be nickel (Ni) 33.53 (35.22–28.43), copper (Cu) 44.59 (46.43–41.53), cadmium (Cd) 21.53 (23.43–18.37), and zinc (Zn) 27.34 (28.81–24.24) at room temperature 24 °C. With temperature as a variable, median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) values were observed to increase from 22.41 mg/L at 10 °C to 27.34 mg/L at 28 °C and reduce to 18.43 mg/L at 30 °C and a further rise in toxicity was observed at 35 °C where LC₅₀ value was 12.7 mg/L as seen in the case of Zn. It was also observed that at 40 °C thermal and chemical toxicity overlapped as 100% mortality was observed in controls. This trend was noted in all metals for Babylonia areolata indicating that temperature played an important role in determining LC₅₀ values of toxicants.     

Influence of some abiotic environmental factors on acute toxicity of inorganic lead to Cyprinus carpio var communis (Linn.) and Catla catla (Ham.) in simulated toxic aquatic environment

With the increase of water hardness from 60 to 720?mg/L CaCO₃, total alkalinity from 32 to 376?mg/L CaCO_3, pH from 7.6 to 7.9 and chloride from 28 to 350?mg/L, 96?h LC₅₀ on the basis of total lead increased from 8.2 to 1291?mg/L for Cyprinus carpio and 5.3 to 865?mg/L for Catla catla, when soil sediments were included these values were further raised to 1356 and 874?mg/L, respectively. The dissolved lead LC₅₀ values in all the treatments of soil and water was consistent with fixed amount of dissolved lead (1.04–1.78?mg/L) being needed for median lethal toxicity. Total lead toxicity also decreased with increase in pH from 6.3 to 11.3. 96?h LC₅₀ values increased for common carp 15 to 631?mg/L and for catla, 8 to 355?mg/L. But dissolved lead toxicity was found to increase with the increase of pH from 6.3 to 11.3 for both common carp (LC₅₀, 3.53 to 0.24?mg/L) and catla (LC₅₀, 2.21 to 0.09?mg/L). Removal of dissolved Pb with increasing carbonate content, particulate matter and pH due to adsorption, precipitation or coprecipitation reaction, reduced the dissolved lead concentration and thus the total lead toxicity. Increase in toxicity of lead with increase of exposure time was the biological response of longer contact time and decrease in dissolved lead toxicity with decrease in pH was due to increase H⁺ ion competition.     

Oxidative stress in the freshwater cyprinid crucian carp (Carassius carassius L.) upon chronic exposure to endosulfan

Oxidative stress and antioxidant responses of crucian carp, upon chronic exposure to endosulfan, were evaluated in vivo. The lethal concentration (LC_50–96?h) was 70 μg L^?1; on its basis, the fish were exposed to endosulfan at 20, 35, and 50 μg L^?1 and autopsy was done on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35. Lipid peroxidation was induced in a concentration-dependent manner, being highest at 50 μg L^?1 (3/4 LC_{50–96 h}, sub-lethal concentration-I, SL-I) on day 4 (720% versus control), followed in its extent (490%) at 30 μg L^?1 (1/2 LC_{50–96 h}, sub-lethal concentration-II, SL-II) on day 7 and lowest (260%) at 10 μg L^?1 (1/4 LC_{50–96 h}, sub-lethal concentration-III, SL-III) on day 14. Glutathione showed a concentration- and time-dependent elevation in the initial phase, with highest level on day 4 (180%) at SL-I, but showed significant reduction in all test concentrations from day 21 of post-exposure. Superoxide dismutase was decreased significantly throughout the study, with highest reduction (63%) on day 4 at SL-I; catalase increased in all test concentrations up to day 14 but showed a significant decrease from the day 28 of post-exposure. The potential role of these parameters as indicators of pesticide pollution in aquatic systems is discussed.     

Monitoring toxicity of an azo dye methyl red and a heavy metal Cu,using plant and animal bioassays

Toxicities of an azo dye methyl red and a heavy metal copper (Cu) were quantified, using growth and mortality as end points, in four plant species and three animal species by subjecting them to short-term (4 days for animals, 10 days for plants) static bioassays. Lemna aequinoctialis Welwitch (EC₅₀: 7–16 ppm) was found to be the most sensitive species for methyl red, Ceratophyllum demersum L. (EC₅₀: 25 ppm) and Lactuca sativa L. (EC₅₀: 56 ppm) were intermediate, while Oryza sativa L. shows reduction in seedling vigor (9–27%) of <50%, being the least sensitive amongst the tested plant species. Methyl red toxicity is almost 3–5-fold higher in growing medium (pH = 5.8–6.0), even at high nutrient levels, while Cu toxicity is higher in nutrient-poor alkaline medium at alkaline pH (8.3–8.7; EC₅₀: Ceratophyllum = 104–200 ppb; Lemna = 100–170 ppb) compared to nutrient-rich acidic medium (pH = 5.4–5.7; EC₅₀: Ceratophyllum = 2600–3175 ppb; Lemna = 4350–4715 ppb). Rice tolerance (EC₅₀: 6500 ppb) was found to be higher than hydrophytes while lettuce was most tolerant to Cu. Fish sensitivity toward the test chemicals was almost parallel to Ceratophyllum and Lemna [Gambusia affinis Baird and Gerard (LC₅₀: 250 ppb for Cu) and Poecilia reticulata Peters (LC₅₀: 24 ppm for methyl red)]. Similar to the plants, dye toxicity increased markedly (LC₅₀: 7 ppm) in the acidic medium (pH = 6.0). Amongst the tested organisms, Daphnia was found to be most sensitive to methyl red (EC₅₀: 6 ppm) while its sensitivity to Cu (EC₅₀: 230 ppb) was similar to hydrophytes and fish. Initially, the combination of dye and Cu (at their sublethal concentrations) had additive effects in duckweed, while dye concentration ruled afterward. These results indicate that hydrophytes and animals are equally sensitive toward the test chemicals. Dye toxicity in hydrophytes and fish was pH dependent, while in the case of Cu, it is related to the nutrient status of the growth medium of plants.     

Quantal response of Paleomonetes africanus in locally formulated drilling mud lubricants

The toxic potency of three locally formulated drilling mud lubricants against Paleomonetes africanus, a brackish water crustacean commonly found in the oil producing Niger Delta (Nigeria), was evaluated. A 96?h exposure to quantal (lethal) doses of the mud lubricants gave LC₅₀ (median lethal concentration) of 350, 620 and 210?mg?L^?1, respectively. The mud lubricant with the highest molecular weight of 40,000?g?mol^?1 (lubricant 2) had the least toxicity on the organisms, attributable to the reduced rate of diffusion into the vital cells of the test organism. The higher toxicity of lubricant 3 over lubricant 1, despite its higher molecular weight, might be as a result of its higher acid value of 21.60?mg?KOH?g^?1. The results show that the test lubricants would be environmentally friendly within the baseline concentrations and lethal times (LT₅₀) measured.     

Survival and growth of bivalve larvae under heavy-metal stress

In a study of the toxicity of mercury, silver, copper, nickel, and zinc to larvae of the American oyster Crassostrea virginica and hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria, the concentrations at which 5% (LC₅), 50% (LC₅₀), and 95% (LC₉₅) of the larvae died were determined, as well as growth at the LC₅ and LC₅₀ values. The order of toxicity for oyster larvae was Hg>Ag>Cu>Ni, and for clam larvae Hg>Cu>Ag>Zn>Ni. Growth of larvae of both species, with the exception of clam larvae in nickel-treated water, was not reduced at the LC₅ values, but was markedly reduced at the LC₅₀ values.     

Toxicity of zinc,cadmium and copper to the shrimp Callianassa australiensis. I. Effects of individual metals

The acute toxicity of zinc, cadmium and copper to Callianassa australiensis (Dana) was evaluated in static tests. Each test lasted up to 14 d and LC₅₀ values were calculated for 4, 7, 10 and 14 d intervals. The toxicity of each metal increased with exposure time; thus the 4 d LC₅₀ values of 10.20, 6.33 and 1.03 mg l^-1 were considerably higher than the 14 d LC₅₀ values of 1.15, 0.49 and 0.19 mg l^-1 for zinc, cadmium and copper respectively. Toxicity curves reveal that none of the values were asymptotic, indicating that median lethal threshold concentrations were not reached for any of the metals. This suggests that 14 d is an insufficient time in which to complete meaningful, acute lethality tests for marine shrimps. Longer tests are necessary if lethal threshold concentrations are to be used with application factors to derive safe concentrations for the protection of C. australiensis.     

4种甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂不同剂型对斑马鱼急性毒性效应

采用半静态法测定了4种甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂原药及制剂对斑马鱼(Brachydonio rerio)急性毒性。结果表明,以实测浓度计,250 g·L~(-1)嘧菌酯悬浮剂对斑马鱼的96 h半数致死浓度(LC50)值为0.539 mg·L~(-1),急性毒性为高毒,95%嘧菌酯原药和50%嘧菌酯水分散粒剂对斑马鱼的LC50(96 h)值分别为1.09和1.21 mg·L~(-1),急性毒性均为中毒;98%啶氧菌酯原药和22.5%的啶氧菌酯悬浮剂对斑马鱼的LC50(96 h)值分别为0.0974和0.0972 mg·L~(-1),急性毒性均为剧毒;95%吡唑醚菌酯原药、15%吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂和250 g·L~(-1)吡唑醚菌酯乳油对斑马鱼的LC50(96 h)值为0.0613、0.0549和0.0487 mg·L~(-1),急性毒性均为剧毒;95%醚菌酯原药和50%醚菌酯水分散粒剂对斑马鱼的LC50(96 h)值分别为0.468和0.702 mg·L~(-1),急性毒性均为高毒。这4种甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂对斑马鱼均有较高风险,会对其他水生生物也存在潜在的风险。     

虫螨腈对斑马鱼的急性毒性及生物富集性研究

以斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)为试验生物,采用半静态法测定虫螨腈对斑马鱼的急性毒性和生物富集系数。试验结果表明,虫螨腈对斑马鱼96 h-LC50为0.015 mg·L-1,其95%的置信限为0.011 mg·L-1~0.12 mg·L-1,属于高毒。在两个处理浓度2.0×10-4mg·L-1和2.0×10-3mg·L-1下,连续暴露8 d,斑马鱼对虫螨腈的生物富集系数(BCF8d)分别为1 211.6和1 549.7,属于高富集性农药。     

Toxicity of metals to tadpoles of the common Sunda toad,Duttaphrynus melanostictus

Tadpoles of the common freshwater Sunda toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Amphibia, Bufonidae), were exposed for a 4-day period under laboratory conditions to copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), and manganese (Mn) at various concentrations. Mortality was assessed and median times of death (LT₅₀) and lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) were calculated. LT₅₀ and LC₅₀ increased with the decrease in mean exposure times and concentrations for all metals. LC₅₀ (96?h) for Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb, Ni, Fe, Al, and Mn were 0.03, 0.3, 4.2, 1.5, 8.8, 0.4, 1.9, and 39?mg?L^?1, respectively. Cu was the most toxic to D. melanostictus, followed by Cd, Fe, Al, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Mn (Cu?>?Cd?>?Fe?>?Al?>?Pb?>?Zn?>?Ni?>?Mn). Duttaphrynus melanostictus is similarly sensitive to these metals as other amphibian tadpoles.     

Differential toxic response of Chironomus travalensis kieffer ( Chironomidae : Diptera ) to some industrial effluents

Acute toxicity testing of some industrial effluents (rubber (Rr), brewery (Br), and bottling (Bt)) on Chironomus travalensis (Diptera larvae) was determined at 96-h using a static bioassay technique. Effluent quality characterization revealed acidic pH values of 4.5 for Rr, 5.64 for Br, and 4.32 for Bt effluents. Tests were carried out in replicates between 10 and 100% effluent concentrations. Mortality rate rose progressively with increasing concentrations. Bt effluent was the most toxic with 96-h LC₅₀ of 61.5%, closely followed by Rr effluent with 96-h LC₅₀ of 87% and the least toxic was Br effluent with 96-h LC₅₀ of 90%.     

沉积物中五氯酚对底栖生物的急慢性毒性效应

以淡水底栖动物花翅羽摇蚊幼虫和淡水单孔蚓为研究对象,研究了沉积物中五氯酚对底栖生物的急慢性毒性效应。五氯酚对花翅羽摇蚊幼虫96 h及10 d的半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为20.6 mg·kg-1和12.5 mg·kg-1,28 d羽化半数抑制浓度(EC50)为0.79 mg·kg-1。沉积物中五氯酚对花翅羽摇蚊幼虫的羽化具有延滞作用,而且对雌性摇蚊羽化的延滞作用大于雄性,最终导致羽化摇蚊的性别失衡。淡水单孔蚓对五氯酚的耐受力较摇蚊幼虫强。五氯酚对淡水单孔蚓的96 h及14 d的LC50分别为37.6 mg·kg-1和20.2 mg·kg-1,对淡水单孔蚓21 d生长抑制的EC50为1.39 mg·kg-1。研究结果对推导五氯酚沉积物质量基准和进行沉积物生态风险评价提供依据。     

Assessment of toxicity of two types of drill cuttings from a drilling rig on the Trinidad East coast using Metamysidopsis insularis

This study investigated the relative toxicity of water-based cuttings (WBC) and synthetic oil-based cuttings (SOBC) to the marine species, Metamysidopsis insularis. Results obtained indicate that SOBC (LC₅₀ 1.2 (0.85–1.6)%) was more toxic to M. insularis than WBC (LC₅₀ 9.9 (8.3–11.8)%), with similar metal contents in both types of cuttings. The elevated levels of metals found in the cuttings when compared to surficial sediments may be due to both drilling fluids, as well as the rock strata from which the cuttings were obtained. Furthermore, total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) analyses demonstrated significantly higher concentrations of TPH present in SOBC (14,680?±?1250?mg?kg^?1) compared to WBC (860?±?115?mg?kg^?1). This may also be due to the increased depth and hence oil bearing rock formations in the selected sampling area, along with the associated synthetic oil-based drilling fluid. These findings therefore supply evidence that drill cuttings after treatment prior to discharge are potentially toxic to marine organisms.     

Effect of Water Variables On Lead Tolerance in Postlarvae of Penaeus Indicus (H. Milne Edwards)

Lead tolerance in Penaeus indicus post-larvae (PL) was studied in relation to the water variables: salinity, temperature and pH. the LC₅₀ for 96 hrs was 7.22 ppm at ambient conditions of salinity (20%_o), temperature (29°C) and pH (7.2). the post-larvae were found to be sensitive to salinity variations with a significant (P < 0.05) low LC₅₀ values at lower (2%_o) and higher (29%_o) ranges. Though a decrease in LC₅₀ value was observed both at higher (45°C) and lower (10°C) temperatures, it was significantly (P < 0.05) low only at higher temperature indicating more toxicity. the LC₅₀ values also showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in acidic (pH 2.8) and alkaline (pH 11.0) conditions. the data indicate that lead toxicity increases in the PL of P. indicus with variations in the water variables.     

城市污水厂污泥倾倒对海洋生物的毒性研究

以广州市和佛山市的5个城市污水处理厂的污泥为实验对象,选取费氏弧菌、蒙古裸腹溞、卤虫、裸项栉鰕虎鱼仔鱼4种不同营养级的海洋生物为受试对象,结合化学分析方法,研究广州区域周边污水污泥浸出液的生物毒性效应。结果显示各污水污泥浸出液的毒性均较大,且浸出液的Cu污染浓度较高;广州市污水污泥对4种受试生物的毒性效应要高于佛山市。从污泥毒性对受试生物的选择性方面分析,发现卤虫筛分能力强且灵敏度高,而费氏弧菌则相关性好且方法简捷。研究结果为反映城市污泥的生物毒性强度和选择合适毒性评价受试生物提供基础数据。     

芴对斑马鱼不同发育阶段毒性效应的比较

为考察多环芳烃芴对斑马鱼的毒性效应,将斑马鱼成鱼以及0 hpf(孵化后0 h)和10 hpf(孵化后10 h)的斑马鱼胚胎分别暴露于不同浓度的芴溶液中,观察各时间段半数致死浓度(LC50)及各毒理学终点的半数效应浓度(EC50)。结果表明,成鱼、0hpf胚胎、10 hpf胚胎的48 h-LC50分别为4.013、6.074、28.980 mg·L-1,三者对芴的致死敏感性为成鱼0 hpf胚胎10 hpf胚胎。芴的毒性作用主要发生在胚胎的分节期(10 h)之前,0 hpf胚胎各项指标敏感性依次为:36 h心率异常48 h心包囊肿24 h无主动运动48 h卵黄囊水肿24 h发育阻滞。斑马鱼对芴染毒最敏感指标为36 h心率异常,0 hpf胚胎心率值随染毒浓度增大而减小,并在8 mg·L-1达到抑制峰值,心率最大抑制率为41.3%。芴主要作用于斑马鱼胚胎心脏器官组织。     

全氟烷基磺酸盐(PFOS)、全氟己烷磺酸盐(PFHS)和全氟丁烷磺酸盐(PFBS)对非洲爪蟾胚胎的发育毒性

全氟烷基磺酸盐(PFASs)在工业生产和生活中广泛应用,某些PFASs已成为环境中普遍的污染物。鉴于对动物和人类的潜在毒性,全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)已被禁用,由一些半衰期相对较短的短链PFASs(如全氟丁烷磺酸盐,PFBS)替代。虽然四碳的PFBS和六碳的全氟己烷磺酸盐(PFHS)已经广泛使用,但目前对其毒性及其机制的了解很少。通过检测发育毒性和致畸性的非洲爪蟾胚胎致畸试验(FETAX),得到PFOS、PFHS和PFBS半致死浓度(LC50),半致畸浓度(EC50)和最小抑制生长浓度(MCIG),比较研究了3种化合物的发育毒性。结果发现,PFOS的LC50、EC50和MCIG分别为51.46、108.20和35mg·L-1。PFHS和PFBS的LC50大于100mg·L-1,对胚胎形态和生长没有明显影响。PFASs暴露引起非洲爪蟾胚胎运动行为异常。FETAX结果表明,PFOS急性发育毒性明显大于PFHS和PFBS。     

敌百虫对中国林蛙蝌蚪生长发育的毒性效应

为评价水域环境中敌百虫(trichlorfon)污染对两栖类幼体的急性毒性,将中国林蛙(Rana chensinensis)28～29期(Gos-ner)蝌蚪分别暴露于10～30 mg· L-1敌百虫5个不同浓度的水体中,分别在24、48、72和96 h统计蝌蚪的死亡率,计算半致死浓度(LC50).结果显示,暴露24、48、72和96 h,敌百虫对蝌蚪的LC50分别为14250±3.23、49.19±128、25.68±2.04、1555±1.93 mg·L-1,安全浓度(SC)为156±0.19 mg· L-1.蝌蚪中毒后尾部多呈弯曲状,仰翻,外观浮肿.对死亡蝌蚪的解剖表明,其鳃腔内充水,内鳃萎缩,肝脏、肠管和肾脏呈灰白色.另外,将28～29期蝌蚪分别暴露于0.2 ～ 2.0 mg·L-1敌百虫4个不同浓度的水体中进行慢性暴露实验,检测蝌蚪暴露28和42 d时的体重和体长以及75％个体变态所需的时间.结果表明,蝌蚪在低剂量敌百虫水体中持续暴露,其生长发育受到明显抑制,并可导致蝌蚪身体扭曲、尾部强直性弯曲等畸型发生,蝌蚪的死亡率显著增高,作用强度呈现剂量和时间的累积效应.慢性暴露实验证明SC以下的敌百虫水体仍威胁着蝌蚪的生存.     

The influence of solid matrices on arsenic toxicity to Corophium orientale

In marine ecosystems, benthic organisms are really important because they are the first step in the transfer of contaminants from environment to biota. To this end, this study focused on biological assays with the amphipod Corophium orientale exposed to two different molecules of arsenic: arsenate (As^V), the most abundant form in sediments, and dimethyl-arsinate (DMA), expected to be moderately toxic as an intermediate in the process of detoxification. The toxicity of arsenic compounds was measured after exposure to three different matrices: water, spiked natural sediment and inert spiked quartz sand. LC₅₀ values were calculated for each exposure, and the results confirmed the highest toxicity of As^V, in addition to underlining the importance of matrix of exposure. Water exposure was the matrix which presented the highest toxicity for inorganic arsenic (As^V LC₅₀=3.51 mg L^?1 vs DMA LC₅₀=54.65 mg L^?1), spiked natural sediment demonstrated its capability to chelate arsenate toxicity (As^V LC₅₀=34.27 mg kg^?1 vs. DMA LC₅₀=52.19 mg kg^?1) and spiked quartz sand presented intermediate values for As^V (LC₅₀=25.26 mg kg^?1), whereas for DMA a lower toxicity was registered (LC₅₀=872.35 mg kg^?1). This study can provide some useful data linked with chemical speciation of arsenic and exposure matrix, for improving the correct management of contaminated sediment.     

Acute toxic effects of organic effluents on Chironomus travalensis Kieffer (Chironomidae: Diptera)

The acute toxicity of abattoir and sewage effluents on Chironomus travalensis was determined in a 96?h static bioassay. The toxicity was undertaken in replicates using effluent concentrations between 5% and 100%. Determination of the physical and chemical parameters of both effluents was carried out. The abattoir effluent was toxic to the test organisms at different concentrations while the sewage effluent did not produce lethality. The 96?h LC₅₀ value of the abattoir effluent was 23%. The acute toxicity unit at 96?h was 4.3. To avoid the adverse effect of effluent waste to aquatic life, it is recommended that effluent waste needs to be channelled through normal treatment procedures in industrial and residential areas.