A comparison study of aerosol emissions sources in two receptor sites in Salvador (Brazil) city

Total suspended particles (TSP) and metal concentrations were determined in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil at two sites: a residential area and a residential‐commercial‐industrial neighborhood. The determined metals associated with atmospheric aerosols include Al, Ca, Cr, Cd, Fe, Mg, Mn, V, Zn and Na. Factor analysis was employed to identify the major atmospheric deposition sources. At one site the data were best represented by two sources: resuspended soil + marine aerosol and vehicular emissions, which represents 93% of the total system variance. In the second one the data were best represented by three sources: resuspended soil, metallurgy and building construction, which represents 79% of the total system variance.     

Principal component analysis of trace elements in industrial soils

The concentrations of the elements Cr, Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni, Mn, Cu and As in soil samples from industrial areas in Serbia were studied. The complexity of the data of eight elements in fifty-nine soil samples was reduced by principal component analysis. Three significant factors, in which 78% of the total variance in the data was found, were attributed to possible pollution sources. The crude and fuel oil burning, local smelters and exhaust emissions were shown to impact heavily the soil trace element profile, whereas no distinct soil type factor was observed. This approach, evidencing spatial relationship, enabled a differentiation between the soil samples originating from different areas.Selected article from the Regional Symposium on Chemistry and Environment, Krusevac, Serbia, June 2003, organised by Dr. Branimir Jovancicevic     

珠江三角洲地区水体表层沉积物中多环芳烃的来源、迁移及生态风险评价

检测了珠江三角洲河流及南海近海表层沉积物中25种多环芳烃的含量．其含量范围为138-6793ng·g-1．主成分分析/多元回归分析结果表明,珠江三角洲水体沉积物中多环芳烃来源主要有石油排放,煤、木柴等低温燃烧排放,机动车尾气排放及生物成因．其相对贡献分别为石油排放占36％、煤、木柴燃烧占27％、机动车尾气占25％,自然来源占12％．珠江、东江河流沉积物中多环芳烃主要来源于区域内工业和生活废物的直接排入和机动车尾气的近距离沉降．西江沉积物中多环芳烃大气沉降是主要输入途径．南海沉积物中多环芳烃河流输入是主要途径．在多环芳烃由河流向海洋的输送过程中,茈可以作为一个有效指标示踪河流输送的多环芳烃．风险评价表明,东江及珠江部分河段沉积物可能存在着对生物的潜在危害,其它区域多环芳烃的生态风险处于较低水平．     

太原市环境空气中TSP和PM_(10)来源解析

2001年到2002年,在太原市5个采样点分别采集了环境空气中的总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)和可吸入颗粒物(PM10)。用化学质量平衡模型和二重源解析技术解析了TSP和PM10的来源,结果表明,各主要源类对TSP的分担率依次为燃煤尘28%、扬尘24%、建筑水泥尘14%、硫酸盐10%、机动车尾气尘10%、土壤风沙尘5%、钢铁尘4%、硝酸盐4%、其它1%;对PM10的分担率依次为扬尘30%、燃煤尘18%、机动车尾气尘15%、硫酸盐11%、土壤风沙尘9%、建筑水泥尘7%、硝酸盐4%、其它1%。     

武汉市青山区道路尘碳组分污染特征及来源分析

为研究武汉市道路尘中碳组分污染特征及来源,于2018年5月在武汉市青山区采集道路尘样品,用热光碳分析仪测定样品中有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)、烟炱(soot)和焦炭(char)含量,并使用特征比值法、相关分析及主成分分析法对道路尘碳组分污染特征和来源进行探讨分析.结果表明,道路尘中OC、EC、soot和char含量平...     

Polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in dated environmental samples,and their connection to known sources

This article investigates available environmental data from measurements of the everywhere present contaminants polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) in dated trends in sediment, soil and herbage from locales in Europe and North America. The PCDD/F data are examined in relation to potential major PCDD/F sources based on volume: wood and coal, example of natural combustion; pentachlorophenol (PnCP), example of chlorinated aro‐matics; and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pyrolysis, example of chlorinated aliphatic. Collected PCDD/F data of congener sums and 2, 3, 7, 8‐substituted congener (PCDD/F profiles) have been investigated with multivariate methods: principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares projection to latent structures model (PLS). The results show that PCDD/F data from 12 locales can be separated in one to three independent profiles. Normally one profile is related to the PCDD/F found in PnCP and another to combustion. A subtype of the ‘PnCP’ and ‘combustion’ profiles indicates PCDD/F contributions from PVC‐related combustions. The environmental profiles exhibit some differences from the suggested sources. The relatively unprotected PCDD/F related to PnCP is suggested to have passed photolytic and/or thermal dechlorinations. Lower‐chlorinated congeners in environmental profiles related to combustion appear to have been influenced by environmental distribution processes. PCDD/F data before industrial production of chlorinated organics have only limited similarity to PCDD/F in technical PnCP profiles; an average 4.6% of the PCDD/F is related to PnCP. This suggests that PnCP similarity in recent deposition profiles cannot be a result of environmental transformation. The average proportion of PnCP‐related PCDD/F profile in recent depositions is 35% with North America high (average 57%) and Europe low (average 24%).     

The influence of anthropogenic and natural geochemical factors on urban soil quality variability: a comparison between Glasgow, UK and Aveiro, Portugal

As part of a harmonised assessment of urban soils (), we investigated the variability of metal content in soils from Aveiro (Portugal) and Glasgow (UK). Samples were collected from parks and other public open spaces in each city. Metal content (Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) and basic soil parameters (texture, CEC, pH, organic matter) were determined and data investigated using principal component analysis (PCA). The two cities differ in absolute levels of metal content reflecting industrial and historical development. Factors identified by PCA included anthropogenic (Cu, Pb, Zn), soil properties and geology, which explain variability when data were assessed based on metal content, soil properties and land use. This study highlights the contribution from geological background even in strongly urbanised environments.     

环渤海北部沿海地区表层土壤中PAHs的污染特征及风险评价

系统采集了环渤海北部沿海地区31个表层土壤样品,利用GC/MS分析了16种USEPA优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量和组分特征,运用主成分因子载荷法揭示了其污染来源,并初步评价了其风险水平.结果表明,沿海地区65%的土壤已被污染,最高污染样点PAHs含量达920.4ng·g-1,平均含量309.5ng·g-1,与国内外相关研究比较,处于中低等污染水平.各类燃料的不完全燃烧是该地区土壤中PAHs的主要来源,石油类挥发或泄漏对采油区土壤中PAHs的累积影响显著.     

Screening the emission sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in China by multi-effects evaluation

We develop a multi-effect evaluation method to assess integrated impact of VOCs. Enable policy-makers to identify important emission sources, regions, and key species. Solvent usage and industrial process are the most important anthropogenic sources. Styrene, toluene, ethylene, benzene, and m/p-xylene are key species to be cut. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play important roles in the atmosphere via three main pathways: photochemical ozone formation, secondary organic aerosol production, and direct toxicity to humans. Few studies have integrated these effects to prioritize control measures for VOCs sources. In this study, we developed a multi-effects evaluation methodology based on updated emission inventories and source profiles, by combining the ozone formation potential (OFP), secondary organic aerosol potential (SOAP), and VOC toxicity data. We derived species-specific emission inventories for 152 sources. The OFPs, SOAPs, and toxicity of each source were estimated, the contribution and sharing of source to each of these adverse effects were calculated. Weightings were given to the three adverse effects by expert scoring, and then the integrated effect was determined. Taking 2012 as the base year, solvent use and industrial process were found to be the most important anthropogenic sources, accounting for 24.2% and 23.1% of the integrated effect, respectively, followed by biomass burning, transportation, and fossil fuel combustion, each had a similar contribution ranging from 16.7% to 18.6%. The top five industrial sources, including plastic products, rubber products, chemical fiber products, the chemical industry, and oil refining, accounted for nearly 70.0% of industrial emissions. Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Guangdong were the five provinces contributing the largest integrated effects. For the VOC species from emissions showed the largest contributions were styrene, toluene, ethylene, benzene, and m/p-xylene.     

室内空气中多环芳烃污染的测量和特征性研究

本文就室内空气中多环芳烃典型污染源－室内燃煤和室内吸烟排放的多环芳烃组成和含量进行了测定，并同室外大气（对照）中多环芳烃组成含量进行了对比，研究了室内环境不同污染源排放多环烃组成和含量的特征性，结果表明，室内燃煤污染同燃煤型室外大气源排放多环芳烃具有相似组成含量特征，而室朵烟草烟雾污染源的多环芳烃组成含量特征，则与室外煤型和交通型均有显著区别。     

Characteristics of metal contamination in paddy soils from three industrial cities in South Korea

Paddy soil contamination is directly linked to human dietary exposure to toxic chemicals via crop consumption. In Korea, rice paddy fields are often located around industrial complexes, a major anthropogenic source of metals. In this study, rice paddy soils were collected from 50 sites in three industrial cities to investigate the contamination characteristics and ecological risk of metals in the soils. The cities studied and their major industries are as follows: Ulsan (petrochemical, nonferrous, automobile, and shipbuilding), Pohang (iron and steel), and Gwangyang (iron and steel, nonmetallic, and petrochemical). Thirteen metals (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn) were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP–OES). The mean concentration of Cd (1.98 mg/kg) exceeded the soil quality guideline of Canada (1.4 mg/kg), whereas concentrations of other metals were under the standards of both Korea and Canada. Generally, levels of metal concentrations decreased with increasing distance from industrial complexes. Among the three cities, Pohang showed high concentrations of Zn (142.2 mg/kg), and Ulsan and Gwangyang showed high concentrations of Cr (33.9 mg/kg) and Ba (126.4 mg/kg), respectively. These contamination patterns were influenced by the different major industries of each city, which was clearly demonstrated by the principal component analysis results. Pollution indices suggested that As, Cd, Pb, and Zn were enriched in the paddy soils via anthropogenic activities. Comprehensive potential ecological risk indices were at considerable levels for most sites, especially because of major contributions from As and Cd, which can pose potential ecological threats.

     

应用UNMIX模型解析长春市大气中PM10来源

大气中可吸入颗粒物（PM10）是影响大气能见度、气候变化以及人体健康的重要污染物,研究大气中PM10的污染来源对于了解城市中大气的污染状况和制定大气污染物防治措施具有重要的意义。选择长春市的净月公园、劳动公园、君子兰公园、体育学院、儿童公园、客车医院、工商学院和邮电学院作为受体采样点,于2011年9月至2012年2月期间,采用KC-120型中流量PM10/TSP采样器（青岛崂山应用研究所）进行大气中可吸入颗粒物PM10的采样,共采集40个受体样品。样品经预处理后,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法分析了样品中的Be、V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Mo、Ag、Cd、Sb、Ba、Tl、Pb、Na、Mg、K、Ca共19种无机元素,将经过标准化后的760个数据代入EPA UNMIX6.0软件对长春市大气中PM10进行源解析研究,其中,Min Rsq=0.89（89%的数据方差可由该模型解释）,Min Sig/Noise=2.50。结果表明：长春市大气中的PM10主要有3个来源：源1为燃煤尘或工业扬尘,贡献率为19.5%;源2为机动车尾气或土壤风沙尘,贡献率为13.1%,源3为城市综合扬尘和其他未知尘源,贡献率为67.4%。对这3个源进行相关性分析,3个源间的相关系数并不是理论值0,而是在-0.553~0.345间变化;源1和源3间相关性最大,相关系数为0.553;其次是源1与源2,为0.345。由此说明,长春市的PM10污染是多种因素综合作用的结果。将UNMIX模型的解析值与测量值进行回归分析,发现总物种的解析值与测量值间具有良好的线性正相关关系（r2=0.98）,每个物种的解析值与测量值间的相关系数为0.713~0.980,相关性强,二者拟合效果较好。     

Lichens to distinguish urban from industrial PAHs

This paper shows that lichens can be used as biomonitors to distinguish urban from industrial polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are atmospheric pollutants originating mainly from incomplete combustion of fuels in vehicles and industry. The occurrence of PAHs in air is a serious health issue in urban areas and industrial areas because some PAHs are carcinogenic. Biomonitoring PAHs with lichens is generally applied for quantification of PAHs. However, the precise sources of PAHs are not well known. Here we use lichen to trace the source of PAHs. PAHs were analyzed in Pyxine subcinerea Stirton, a lichen species collected from twelve sites which vary from urban and industrial to periurban forest area of Haridwar, in the foothills of the Indian Himalayas. Total PAH concentration ranged between 1.25 and 187.3 μg g⁻¹. Results indicate a clear distinction between urban and industrial PAHs profile, using principal component analysis. Lichen sampled from industrial sites exhibited higher concentrations of two-, five-, and six-ringed PAHs, up to 60% of total PAHs, while samples from urban sites were dominated by four-ringed PAHs, predominantly fluoranthene and acenaphthylene. Molecular ratios indicate that combustion was the dominant source of origin of PAHs in industrial area, while urban sites showed mixed origin of PAHs, both pyro- and petrogenic.     

Characterization of airborne particulate matter in thessaloniki,Greece

TSP samples, collected at two stations in the area of Thessaloniki during the period July 1987‐June 1988, were analysed for heavy metals (Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, Co, Ni and V). Flame and flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used for metal determinations. Metals determined were characterized with respect to their origin from natural or man‐made emission sources. Source identification was attempted by relation of metal concentrations to wind direction, and interelement correlations.

Results obtained showed that Pb, Zn and Cu are emitted from man‐made sources (traffic, domestic heating, industry), V, Ni and Co are derived partially from natural and man‐made sources, while Cr is mainly soil‐derived.     

Development of source profiles and their application in source apportionment of PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript> in Xiamen,China

Ambient PM_2.5 samples were collected at four sites in Xiamen, including Gulangyu (GLY), Hongwen (HW), Huli (HL) and Jimei (JM) during January, April, July and October 2013. Local source samples were obtained from coal burning power plants, industries, motor vehicles, biomass burning, fugitive dust, and sea salt for the source apportionment studies. The highest value of PM_2.5 mass concentration and species related to human activities (SO₄ ^2–, NO₃ ^–, Pb, Ni, V, Cu, Cd, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC)) were found in the ambient samples from HL, and the highest and lowest loadings of PM_2.5 and its components occurred in winter and summer, respectively. The reconstructed mass balance indicated that ambient PM_2.5 consisted of 24% OM (organic matter), 23% sulfate, 14% nitrate, 9% ammonium, 9% geological material, 6% sea salt, 5% EC and 10% others. For the source profiles, the dominant components were OC for coal burning, motor vehicle, biomass burning and sea salt; SO₄ ^2– for industry; and crustal elements for fugitive dust. Source contributions were calculated using a chemical mass balance (CMB) model based on ambient PM_2.5 concentrations and the source profiles. GLY was characterized by high contributions from secondary sulfate and cooking, while HL and JM were most strongly affected by motor vehicle emissions, and biomass burning and fugitive dust, respectively. The CMB results indicated that PM_2.5 from Xiamen is composed of 27.4% secondary inorganic components, 20.8% motor vehicle emissions, 11.7% fugitive dust, 9.9% sea salt, 9.3% coal burning, 5.0% biomass burning, 3.1% industry and 6.8% others.

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广州大气气溶胶总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）中的有机示踪化合物

为了解广州市气溶胶中有机示踪化合物的分布特征,采用N,O-双（三甲基硅烷基）三氟乙酰胺（BSTFA）衍生化预处理技术和GC/MS分析技术,于2002—2003年对广州市大气气溶胶中的有机示踪化合物进行了定性和定量分析.结果表明,脱水糖类、β-谷甾醇、脱氢松香酸主要来源于生物质燃烧;葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、海藻糖等主要来源于土壤的再悬浮;藿烷类、甾烷类化合物主要来源于化石燃料的燃烧;胆甾醇可以作为肉类烹饪等餐饮源的有机示踪物.广州市大气中所检测到的所有糖类化合物与植物蜡的浓度比值春、秋两季较高,这可能与春天是植物叶片扩张和耕耘播种的季节、秋天是果实成熟和农作物收割的季节有关.     

Assessing heavy-metal contamination and sources by GIS-based approach and multivariate analysis of urban–rural topsoils in Wuhan,central China

Nine potentially harmful heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb, Ni, and Zn) were measured in 477 topsoil samples collected from urban–rural areas in the city of Wuhan in order to identify their concentrations and possible sources, and characterize their spatial variability for risk assessment. Results showed that in most rural areas heavy-metal concentrations in soil were similar to their natural background values, but Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn concentrations were relatively higher in densely populated districts and around industrial facilities. Multivariate analyses (correlation matrix, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis) indicated that Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn were mainly derived from anthropogenic inputs, and Co, Cr, and Mn were controlled by natural source, whereas Ni appeared to be affected by both anthropogenic and natural sources. The result of risk assessment indicated that nearly 48% of the study area suffered from moderate to severe contamination.     

Associations of trace elements in aerosol at the south Adriatic coast

We applied statistical methods to the data of a 5-year sampling period to characterize the features of trace elements in airborne particulate matter at the South Adriatic Coast. The analysis of surface soil samples was also performed. The data were processed by cluster analysis, enrichment factor determination and receptor rose statistics. It is shown that the principal element association consists of Fe, Mn and Ti originating from surface material resuspension. Hg and Se were shown to originate from more complex natural and anthropogenic processes. A strong emission source of Cd and Se was identified in the SSE direction.Selected article from the Regional Symposium on Chemistry and Environment Krusevac, Serbia, June 2003, organized by Dr. Branimir Jovancicevic.     

Chemometric evaluation of heavy metal pollutions in Patna region of the Ganges alluvial plain,India: implication for source apportionment and health risk assessment

While metal pollution and distribution in soil are well documented for many countries, the situation is more serious in developing countries because of the rapid increase in industrialization and urbanization during last decades. Although it is well documented in developed countries, data about substantial metal pollution in Indian soil, especially in eastern Ganges alluvial plain (GAP), are limited. In this study, eight different blocks of Patna district located in eastern GAP were selected to investigate the contamination, accumulation, and sources of metals in surface soil considering different land use types. Additionally, human health risk assessment was estimated to mark the potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effect of metals in soil. The concentration of all metals (except Pb) in soil was below the Indian standard limit of the potential toxic element for agricultural soil. Pb was the most abundant in soil, followed by Zn and Cu, and accounted for 52, 33 and 8% of the total metal. In terms of land use types, roadside soil detected higher concentrations of all metals, followed by park/grassland soil. Principal component analysis results indicated traffic pollution and industrial emissions are the major sources of heavy metals in soil. This was further confirmed by strong inter-correlation of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu and Pb). Human health risk assessment results indicated ingestion via soil as the primary pathway of heavy metal exposure to both adults and children population. The estimated hazard index was highest for Pb, suggesting significant non-carcinogenic effect to both adults and children population. The children were more prone to the non-carcinogenic effect of Pb than adults. However, relatively low cancer risk value estimated for all metals suggested non-significant carcinogenic risk in the soil.     

武汉市城区大气PM2．5的碳组分与源解析

大气细颗粒物（PM2．5）和碳组分（OC,EC）是影响大气能见度、气候变化以及人体健康的重要污染物,研究大气颗粒物及其中碳组分的污染特征及各类典型污染源对大气细颗粒物及碳组分的贡献,对于认识区域和城市大气污染状况,控制细颗粒物的污染,具有重要意义。2011年7月至2012年2月,利用大流量PM2．5采样器采集武汉市大气细颗粒物样品并对其碳组分进行测定。武汉市城区大气中PM215、OC和EC的质量浓度平均值分别为（127±48．7）、（19．4±10．5）和（2．9±1．48）μg·m-3。其PM2．5的浓度处于我国主要城市的中等偏高水平,而OC、EC的浓度则属中等偏下水平,但均高于国外城市。武汉市大气PM2,质量浓度的季节性变化呈现出秋季〉冬季〉夏季的趋势,是气象因素和污染源排放综合影响的结果。OC浓度和EC浓度具有较好的相关性（r2=0．69）,表明二者存在来源联系。OC／EC的比值为6．7,指示武汉市大气中OC和EC的来源受汽车尾气排放和生物质燃烧的共同影响。SOA的平均质量浓度值为12．5μg·m-3约占PM2．5平均质量浓度的9．8％,表明SOA对武汉市城区大气PM2．5具有重要贡献。结合PM2．5所含的水溶性离子、微量元素组成,利用正矩阵因子分析（PMF）模型对武汉市城区大气PM2．5来源进行解析,结果表明,其主要来源及贡献率分别为机动车源（27．1％）、二次硫酸盐和硝酸盐（26．8％）、工厂排放（26．4％）和生物质燃烧（19．6％）。