有机无机肥料对土壤肥力和作物产量的影响研究初报

研究有机无机肥料对土壤肥力及作物产量的影响．５年的定位监测结果表明，施无机Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ结合冬蔬菜残茎叶还田，不但能增加作物产量和提高经济效益．而且还能培肥土壤．而无机肥料加猪粪或冬绿肥还田的增产效果及土壤培肥效果与全无机肥相近．稻秆还田是增加土壤有机质的一项比较明显的有效措前，这一结论得到了再次验证．施用有机肥料可以增加土壤有效态微量元素的含量．     

设施土壤pH值与有机质演变特征研究

设施土壤的pH、有机质与土壤环境质量及设施栽培作物生产水平密切相关。文章对云南不同区域、不同大棚种植年限、不同轮作制度的设施土壤pH与有机质的演变特征进行研究,结果表明:大棚种植年限长的地区,土壤pH、有机质变化明显;随着大棚种植年限的增长,土壤pH呈下降趋势,有机质含量则呈上升趋势;随着土壤层次的加深,大棚土壤pH逐渐升高,而有机质则逐渐降低;不同轮作方式,花-菜轮作比菜-菜轮作有利于增加有机肥对设施土壤pH的缓冲性。     

红壤中交换性铝调控条件的研究Ⅱ.有机质和CaCO_3对交换性铝的影响

研究了有机质和ＣａＣＯ３。对发育于花岗岩和第四纪红色粘土母质上的红壤的交换性铝的影响。结果表明,在用Ｈ２Ｏ２去除土壤中的有机质后,交换性铝的含量随有机质的降低而降低,但降低的速度不均匀,由慢到快似有一个“突跃”。而在向土壤中添加有机质的研究结果则表明,交换性铝的含量随有机质的增加而增加;在增加的过程中由快到慢,达到极点后,有机质含量再增加,交换性铝反而下降。在相同的土壤环境中,由于作物品种不同,施用等量的ＣａＣＯ３（或石灰粉）对土壤交换性铝的含量及作物产量的影响不同,而且差异显著。     

Effect of long-term application of corn stalks and inorganic fertilizers on fluorescence characteristics of water extractable organic matter in a meadow black soil of northeast China

ABSTRACT

Returning crop residues into fields, either alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizer, is considered as a practical way to enhance soil fertility. However, information concerning the effects of crop residues and inorganic fertilizer application on water extractable organic matter (WEOM) in soil is scarce. The aim of this study was to examine the 10-year effect of corn residue (CR) return with or without the application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizer on the quantity and quality of WEOM in a black soil of northeast China by means of ultraviolet absorbance, fluorescence excitation--emission matrix, and derived spectroscopic indices. The application of NPK fertilizers and CR, alone or together, increased the content of total soil organic carbon (SOC), water extractable organic carbon (WEOC), and ratio of WEOC/SOC, with the sequence being NPK + CR > CR > NPK > CK. Compared with control treatment, the individual application of NPK fertilizer decreased the aromaticity of WEOM. In contrast, elevated proportion of tryptophan-like fluorophore and microbially derived fulvic acid-like components with low molecular weight was detected in the WEOM. The amendment with CR alone resulted in increase in aromaticity of WEOM and proportion of plant-derived humic acid-like component with large molecular weight, accompanied by reduced proportion of tyrosine-like compounds. For the soil with CR restoration, the application of NPK fertilizer increased aromaticity of WEOM, and large molecular weight fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like compounds were found. However, the proportions of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like compounds were diminished. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of WEOM using fluorescence spectroscopy describes responses to be observed in long-term different fertilization strategies.     

蔬菜施不同肥料对产量和土壤肥力的贡献

为控制施肥对蔬菜和土壤的负面影响，充分利用施肥对土壤肥力的保护功能，探讨蔬菜合理的有机肥施用量，在不同质地土壤上，田间试验小白菜、苦瓜、豇豆三种蔬菜施不同量有机肥，收获时测定其产量、品质及试验前后的土壤有机质质量分数。结果表明，(1)在施适量无机NPK的条件下，每造蔬菜的有机肥(禽畜粪便，下同)施用量，砂土上小白菜为4500kg／hm^2、苦瓜和豇豆为3000kg/hm^2；在壤土上，小白菜和苦瓜均宜施3000kg/hm^2，豇豆则宜施4500kg／hm^2；在粘土上，小白菜每造只宜施1500～3000kg／hm^2的有机肥。(2)有机肥必须与无机肥合理配合施用，才能获得最佳的产量和品质效果。(3)施有机肥3000-4500kg/hm^2 适量无机肥可使土壤有机质水平保持在种植蔬菜前的质量分数水平，该施肥量和方式不仅可使蔬菜高产、优质，还有利于保护土壤肥力。(4)对蔬菜产量的贡献，有机肥和化肥配合施用的处理对蔬菜产量的贡献最大，来自土壤的效应由小到大依次为有机肥和化肥配合施用→化肥→有机肥，进一步反映合理施肥有利于保护土壤肥力。     

Effects of organic matter on the specific adsorption of heavy metals by soil

The adsorption of heavy metals on soil from the Neihu Landfill Site in Taipei City was investigated in order to assess the groundwater pollution problems. The effects of soil organic matter and the behaviors of organic complexing ligands like EDTA and humic acid to the overall adsorption process were studied and discussed. For explaining the results, the pH value of soil system and the properties of the soil/aqueous interface were chosen as two significant and interacted factors for discussion. The concept of the specific adsorption mechanism was also demonstrated and discussed. The results showed that the complexing ligands existing in soil liquid phase have more influences than natural organic matter does. The competitive sequences of different organic matter contents indicated that organic functional sites preferentially bind with Cu and Cd. The presence of EDTA and humic acid which formed ligandlike complexes will reduce Cd adsorption efficiency. These effects will induce mobility and the fate of heavy metals in soils, such as bioavailability.     

Dissipation of the triketone mesotrione herbicide in the soil of corn crops grown on different soil types

The new triketone herbicide mesotrione corresponds to the older sulcotrione in which the 2‐chloro benzoyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group, generating an herbicide of greater efficiency and a broader spectrum of activity. Mesotrione has been applied within the same 15 days period pre‐emergence at the rate of 150gha^‐1 to four corn crops made at different sites located 40 km apart in Belgium and of soils of different textures, but similar pH and organic matter (old humus) contents. The mesotrione soil half‐life in the 0–10 cm surface soil layer (which contained more than 90% of the residue) was 50 days in loam soil (at Zarlardinge), 41 days in sandy loam soil (at Melle) and in clay soil (at Koksijde), and 34 days in sandy soil (at Zingem). The cumulative effects of the recent organic fertilizer treatments and of the soil texture could explain the differences between the soil half‐lives. The time for the 90% dissipation of mesotrione was between 3.6 (in the sandy soil) to 4.7 months (in the sandy loam, loam and clay soils). The low mesotrione soil residues remaining after the corn harvest should disappear with the usual heavy rains in autumn, and the tilling which precedes the following crop and dilutes the mesotrione soil residue. These low mesotrione soil residues thus should have no phytotoxicity toward the following crop, especially at the lower application dose of 100 g mesotrione ha^‐1 used in practice.     

施用污泥堆肥对作物和土壤的影响

污泥中的有机质、营养成分可为农业生产提供重要的有机肥源,但污泥中的重金属是制约污泥农用的重要因素,为检验污泥堆肥施用后对作物及土壤的影响,文章对污泥与稻草或木屑堆肥的产品进行了盆栽试验研究。结果表明,污泥与稻草或木屑的堆肥作为肥料施用于萝卜(Brassicacampestris)和菜心(Brassicaparachinensis),产量明显提高,部分堆肥产品增产效果优于化肥,且后效明显。堆肥施用使土壤中有机质、各养分含量增加,微生物活动增强、数量增加,然而作物和土壤中的重金属含量也有不同程度的提高。     

土地利用方式对土壤碳库影响的敏感性评价指标

综述了目前国内外在监测土地利用方式对土壤有机碳动态的影响时所采用的一些敏感性指标：微生物量碳和微生物商、CO2通量和qCO2、轻组有机质和颗粒态有机质、溶解态有机碳(DOC)。大量的研究表明，与土壤有机碳相比，微生物量碳库的周转率更大，周转时间更短，在土壤总有机碳变化可检测之前，土壤微生物部分的变化可能被检测到，是土壤碳动态的敏感性指标。轻组和颗粒态有机质是自然土壤肥力的决定因素，也是土地管理方式影响最明显的部分，对于准确评价土地利用变化对土壤碳过程的影响具有重要意义。CO2，通量和qCO2，可以综合反映土壤微生物的活性、利用土壤有机碳的效率及土壤中碳的代谢作用等，也是土壤碳动态的敏感性指标。DOC通量比全球植物和大气间碳交换量小1-2个数量级，所以生物圈碳平衡的很小变化会导致DOC的巨大变化，DOC浓度和通量是土壤温度和湿度变化的敏感指标。     

赤红壤地区茶叶施用有机无机复肥的效果初探

本试验比较了三种不同Ｎ／Ｋ２Ｏ的有机无机复肥和进口复肥在赤红壤茶园上的施用效果．结果表明，施用有机无机复肥能促进茶树生长，增大茶芽密度．提高茶叶产量，增加茶叶的茶多酚和氨基酸含量；且能增加土壤有机质含量，平衡土壤养分．有机无机复肥中的Ｎ／Ｋ２Ｏ对其肥效的发挥有重要作用，Ｎ／ｋ２Ｏ值以４．５为宜．     

不同轮作模式对潮土团聚体及其有机碳分布的影响

为揭示不同轮作模式下潮土土壤团聚体及其有机碳含量变化规律,于2018-2019年在山西大同进行了田间试验.设置处理为油菜—荞麦(RB)、玉米—荞麦(CB)、马铃薯—荞麦(PB)和燕麦—荞麦(OB)4种轮作模式,荞麦—荞麦(BB)连作和休闲—休闲(FF)为对照,测量指标为土壤团聚体组成、稳定性和团聚体内有机碳分布.结果显...     

蕉园土壤因子与香蕉枯萎病发病的相关性研究

香蕉枯萎病（Fusarium oysporum f.cubense）是当前严重威胁我国华南地区香蕉生产的重要土传病害,目前尚未找到有效的防治方法。于2010年采集了3个典型香蕉枯萎病患病样地（尖峰、冲坡、十月田）和2个健康样地（临高、广州）的根际与非根际土壤样品共46份,采用常规分析方法测定了19项土壤理化指标含量。旨在从农艺措施的角度考虑香蕉枯萎病的防治提供理论依据。结果表明：健康蕉园的大多理化性状和养分含量高于患病蕉园。尤以土壤粘粒、有机质、CEC、全N、全P、有效P、有效Cu、有效Fe、有效B和交换性Ca含量表现更为明显,其在健康蕉园中的含量均为患病蕉园的1.5倍以上。同一患病蕉园根际土壤中的pH值随植株感病级别增加而上升,而有效P和有效B含量随植株感病级别增加而降低。由此可以推论,在蕉园适当增施P肥和B肥有助于抑制香蕉枯萎病发生。     

化肥施用和秸秆还田对红壤磷吸附性能的影响研究

１６ 年长期定位试验结果表明： 在湘南第四纪红壤中, 长期施用化肥下土壤对 Ｈ２ Ｐ Ｏ－４ 的吸附量相对较大, 化肥＋ 秸秆还田下则较小; 不同 Ｈ２ Ｐ Ｏ－４ 吸附量范围内的解吸量和解吸率则均以化肥＋ 秸秆还田较高。     

有机无机肥配施比例对蔬菜产量和品质及土壤重金属含量的影响

关于蔬菜施有机肥和它与无机肥的合理配施比例,对蔬菜的产量和品质有重要影响,对土壤有机质和重金属含量也有影响。为控制施禽畜粪类有机肥对蔬菜的负面影响,探讨蔬菜的合理施用量和有机/无机肥配施比例,在不同质地的土壤上进行田间试验。结果表明,(1)施过量禽畜粪类有机肥对试验蔬菜产量和品质都会产生不良影响,小白菜(Brassica chinensis)和茄子(Eggplant)施禽畜粪超过22500kg/hm2、马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)超过24000kg/hm2时,其产量不再增加,成活率下降,维生素C含量下降,多个试验均表现出有机肥用量增加而小白菜硝酸盐随之增加的典型特征;同时不论土壤的质地轻重,蔬菜重金属Pb有随禽畜粪用量增加而提高的趋势;在质地较轻的土壤上,蔬菜重金属Cd、As有随禽畜粪用量增加而提高的趋势;小白菜施禽畜粪肥超过7500kg/hm2、茄子和冬种马铃薯施禽畜粪肥超过75000kg/hm2,收获后土壤重金属含量高于对照和施无机肥的总Cr和As。(2)蔬菜单独施用有机肥的合适施用量,小白菜在较粘重的土壤上可施到22500kg/hm2,但有机肥与无机肥配合施用时有机肥用量可减量;茄子合适施用量应在22500kg/hm2左右;冬种马铃薯合适施用量应在24000kg/hm2左右。(3)蔬菜的有机/无机肥合理配比,小白菜、茄子、和冬种马铃薯施肥的有机氮与无机氮之比均为0.25∶1至0.5∶1时其产量和品质水平较佳。     

Copper distribution in chemical soil fractions and relationships with maize crop yield

Agricultural practices can lead to copper accumulation in soils and at high concentration it can become toxic for plants. One common toxic effect of copper on plants is a decrease of crop yield. Here, we studied 1) the crop yield of maize grown on plots of a soil intentionally enriched with copper sulphate and 2) the possible relationship between the copper concentration in chemical soil fractions and the maize crop yield. Anthropogenic copper is mainly bound to manganese oxides, to iron oxides and to the organic matter. Maize (Zea maize L.) was grown on outdoor experimental plots. The crop yield was evaluated for three development stages: the 6–10 leaf stage, the female flowering stage and the maturity stage, 2, 4 and 6 years after the soil copper enrichment. Strong crop yield reductions, proving a toxic effect of copper on maize growth were noted 2 years after the copper input at the maturity stage and 4 years after the copper input at the 6–10 leaf stage. Variations in maize crop yield are described with linear multiple regression equations including the variable copper content in soil, and other variables when needed such as soil pH, soil organic carbon level and the climatic variables, the precipitation rate and the ambient temperature. The crop yield study at the 6–10 leaf stage and at the female flowering stage does not provide significant regression equations, while the crop yield study at the maturity stage does. Request variables for the models are the total copper content or the copper bound to the organic matter and the meteorological data. Electronic Publication     

组合施肥技术对黑土肥力影响的研究

采取定位试验的方法研究了组合施肥技术对土壤有机质、氮、磷的影响。结果表明,组合施肥较单施化肥土壤有机质含量增加1.8～3.3g/kg;土壤全氮增加0.05g/kg,速效氮(除Ⅱ处理外)增加6.6～44.6mg/kg;土壤全磷增加0.15～0.29g/kg.速效磷增加15.68～37.21mg/kg。土壤有机质增量为0.6～23g/kg;土壤氮素增量全氮增加0.002～0.25g/kg,速效氮增加11.6～39.4mg/kg;土壤磷素增量全磷增加0.09～0.24g/kg,速效磷增加23.59～57.28mg/kg。在保持土壤肥力有所提高的情况下,玉米大豆两年平均产量提高7.7％～17.3％,净收入提高19.4％～37.3％,由此可见,组合施肥技术应用前景广阔。     

延边地区水稻稳产高产施肥体系的探讨

采用二次饱和D-最优设计,建立了有机肥、氮肥、磷肥和钾肥配合施用对水稻产量影响的数学模型.研究表明有机肥施用量的过多或过少均使水稻产量下降,化肥的施用也有相似的影响;有机肥与氮肥、磷肥、钾肥只有施用量在适宜的范围内,交互作用较大,产量最高.提出了延边地区水稻获得稳产、高产的施肥体系.     

除草剂苯噻草胺在土壤中的吸附

对除草剂苯噻草胺在6种不同土壤中的吸附行为进行了研究。结果表明,土壤对苯噻草胺有较强的吸附性。在试验浓度范围内,苯噻草胺的土壤吸附行为可用线性吸附模型表征。土壤有机质是影响苯噻草胺吸附行为的重要因素,其吸附系数有随土壤有机质含量增高而增大的趋势。通过在线性吸附系数（Kd)和土壤有机质含量（OM％）之间构建的回归方程：Kd=2.6120 OM% 1.0746,可以预测苯噻草胺的Kd值,其预测的可靠性通过蒙特卡洛模拟得以检验。     

不同养分和水分管理模式对土壤生态环境影响

室内盆栽培养下 ,通过对土壤pH、Eh、有机质、Fe形态、容重和结构等主要理化性质指标的测定和分析 ,比较和研究了不同养分和水分管理模式对土壤生态环境的影响。结果表明 ,在连续淹水下 ,施用有机肥料 ,特别是厩肥 ,降低了土壤Eh ,加剧了土壤的还原状态 ,同时也使土壤无定型态铁氧化物含量上升 ,对改善土壤物理环境效果也明显削弱 ;在干湿交替下 ,有机无机肥料配施不但可提高土壤有机质 ,而且可明显改善土壤氧化还原状况和物理特性     

不同有机物料在潮棕壤中有机碳分解进程

用尼龙网袋法研究了特定年度中，不同月份间有机物料在潮棕壤旱田、水田中有机碳分解速率及C／N变化。结果表明，4种物料(玉米秸和玉米根，水稻秸和水稻根)在潮棕壤地区温度、湿度适宜的前3个月(1999年7—月)迅速分解，之后进入缓慢分解阶段，其中根的分解残留率始终高于秸秆。经计算约有2／3的玉米根和稻根腐解产物残留在土壤里；分解至试验结束。所有物料的C/N比都趋于一致，约在10—13之间，与土壤腐殖质的洲比非常相近，说明这些物料已基本完成其腐殖化过程，而成为较稳定的有机组分、这对增加土壤有机质、培肥土壤非常重要。