GIS支持下的红壤丘陵区脆弱生态环境综合评价--以长沙市为例

遥感和地理信息系统技术的发展为研究区域生态环境变化提供了有效的手段。针对红壤丘陵区这一特定区域，在地理信息系统的支持下，建立了红壤丘陵区环境信息系统数据库；同时结合特尔斐法、层次分析法及环境质量综合指数法，对红壤丘陵区的典型区域——长沙市的生态环境质量进行综合评价。研究结果表明，由于人类活动的强烈影响，长沙市环境质量状况良好以上级别的区域面积仅有827．64km^2，占总面积的7．0％；而生态环境较差的区域其面积达到6187．14km^2，占总面积的52．4％，这说明长沙市总体生态环境质量有待进一步提高。     

区域大气环境质量变化趋势研究

本文研究了城市及其开发区域大气环境质量变化趋势的计算方法，并对一城市开发区进行了实例研究，应用本文的方法可以对城市及其开发区进行多点源和的影响下大气环境质量模拟。预测，评价与规划。     

资源-环境双重约束下的区域生态效率的时序特征——以广西壮族自治区为例

为了探讨资源—环境双重约束下我国生态赤字地区资源环境绩效水平,利用生态脆弱指数和资源环境绩效指数（REPI）对地处珠江三角洲的广西资源环境绩效进行了系统分析和比较研究。结果表明：尽管资源环境绩效水平从2000年的72.4上升为2007年的116.1,但趋势并不明显,资源环境综合绩效水平在全国的第24—26位徘徊。综合绩效指数、SO2排放绩效指数、工业固体废弃物排放绩效指数和生物资源指数呈现＂N＂型变动,水污染指数下呈＂∧＂变动态势,大气污染指数呈现＂W＂型剧烈变动,生态承载力处于超载状态,生态脆弱性趋势没有明显改变。资源消耗和污染物排放的下降态势并不稳定。1995—2007年,广西区域环境水平呈下降趋势,区域环境水平和资源转化效率呈剧烈变动的下降趋势,抗逆水平和生态保护指数有所提高,土地资源指数呈现下降态势,排放强度指数下降明显,生态脆弱指数保持恒定,气候变异指数呈波浪状变动,环境治理指数呈剧烈变动。广西面临生态环境的整体不稳定性和对外力干预敏感性的双重压力。广西应发挥地处泛珠三角的地缘优势和辐射＂东盟＂的区位优势,加大结构调整和制度创新力度,缩短目前资源密集型的发展阶段,改善生态效率和承载力,提升广西在泛珠江三角洲地区的综合竞争力。     

Conservation Challenges for the Austral and Neotropical America Section

Abstract:  The Austral and Neotropical America (ANA) section of the Society for Conservation Biology includes a vast territory with some of the largest relatively pristine ecosystems in the world. With more than 573 million people, the economic growth of the region still depends strongly on natural resource exploitation and still has high rates of environmental degradation and biodiversity loss. A survey among the ANA section membership, with more than 700 members, including most of the section's prominent ecologists and conservationists, indicates that lack of capacity building for conservation, corruption, and threats such as deforestation and illegal trade of species, are among the most urgent problems that need to be addressed to improve conservation in the region. There are, however, strong universities and ecology groups taking the lead in environmental research and conservation, a most important issue to enhance the ability of the region to solve conservation and development conflicts .     

桂西南喀斯特区域群落主要环境因子及稳定性对飞机草入侵的影响

为揭示桂西南喀斯特区域群落主要环境因子及稳定性对飞机草（Eupatorium odoratum）入侵的影响,本文通过对群落生存状况、土壤环境因子的调查分析,研究群落的稳定性特征,探讨不同植物群落对外来入侵种飞机草生长扩散的影响。结果发现：植物群落内本地种盖度、群落高度等与飞机草的盖度和多度呈极显著的负相关关系,说明本地种的生长能对飞机草的入侵产生显著影响,其中光因子可能是影响飞机草生长的主导因子和限制因子;本地物种多样性对飞机草的盖度和多度影响也较显著,说明本地种多样性能有效抵御飞机草入侵;人为干扰对飞机草的盖度和多度则呈极显著的正相关关系,说明干扰能促进飞机草的入侵;土壤速效氮含量、土壤含水量、有机质含量和与飞机草的盖度和多度的关系均呈显著负相关关系,可能是由于群落内肥水充裕程度与调节飞机草生长的主导因子光水平呈负相关关系造成的。群落的稳定性与飞机草的盖度和多度呈极显著的相关关系,说明稳定性较高的群落更能有效的抵御飞机草的入侵,稳定性较低的群落更容易受到飞机草的入侵。     

Environmental drivers of decadal change of a mangrove forest in the North coast of the Yucatan peninsula,Mexico

Mangrove forests provide important ecosystem services, but are under constant pressure from natural, anthropogenic, and climate change related disturbances. Environmental drivers on mangrove change at large spatial scales, other than sea level rise, are not well understood. In here, we use spatially explicit methods to identify the main environmental drivers of mangrove coverage change over a decade in the landscape of the North coast of the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico. A post-supervised classification approach on seven SPOT 5 multispectral satellite images was used to construct thematic maps of mangrove coverage between 2004 and 2014. A linear regression model between the thematic maps was performed to estimate the mangrove coverage change rate per pixel. Climate surfaces for annual maximum, minimum and mean temperature, and annual mean and cumulative precipitation for the region were calculated for the period 1980–2009 using data obtained from the National Meteorological Service. The effect of environmental variables on mangrove coverage change rates was assessed with a boosted generalized additive model (boosted GAM). The lowest and highest overall accuracy obtained for the time series thematic maps were 87.14% (Kappa?=?0.78), and 97.5% (Kappa?=?0.95), respectively. The most influential environmental variables on mangrove coverage change were annual cumulative precipitation (21%), and annual maximum temperature (9%). Current climate change scenarios for the region predict an increase in temperature and a decrease in precipitation, intensifying environmental stress on this ecosystem. Therefore, adequate management strategies are fundamental to help maintain the mangrove forest under changing environmental conditions.     

Voluntary Auctions for Noxious Facilities: Incentives to Participate and the Efficiency of Siting Decisions

This paper explores the efficiency properties of a voluntary auction under which the city submitting the low bid hosts the region′s noxious facility and receives the high bid as compensation. In the Nash equilibrium of the auction game, the auction mechanism is individually rational (participation is rational for all values of the local environmental costs of the facility), incentive-compatible (the facility is located in the low-cost city), and revenue-neutral. If the compensation of the host city distorts location choices, participation in the auction is rational for all values of local environmental costs if the scale economies associated with the noxious facility are large relative to the average local environmental cost and the distortionary cost per dollar of compensation.     

珠三角地区POPs农药的污染现状及控制对策

概述了中国及国际社会对持久性有机污染物（Persistent Organic Pollutants,POPs）的关注情况。并通过对POPs农药在珠江三角洲地区（Pearl River Delta Area,PRD）使用情况的调查，以及对珠江三角洲地区POPs农药在各环境介质中的污染现状的文献综述，结合环境污染数据以及POPs农药污染调查工作中得到的数据和信息，对该地区POPs污染的可能原因和环境中可能存在的新近污染源进行了初步探讨。同时也指出了当前珠江三角洲地区在POPs农药削减与淘汰工作中所遭遇到的缺乏完善的管理体系等困难，并针对问题提出了包括加大科研投入，加强基础研究，掌握污染物来源和去向，加强替代药物的研究，建立和实施更严格的环境法规以及标准，加强环境监测能力建设，建立POPs农药污染的信息公开机制等一系列的控制对策。     

A macroeconomic analysis of regional environmental modeling and planning

Alterations in the institutional structure of a region through exogenous investment can be viewed as a tool for regional adjustments in environmental quality. Two models are presented: an expanded Metzler interregional model that incorporates regional disamenities into the multiplier structure and a regional migration model for estimating regional disamenities. The underlying suggestion of the regional environmental trade model is that a concept of aggregate efficiency should be established for the allocation of large exogenous investment expenditures across regions. An example estimation is presented for the Southwest. Revised regional multipliers that include disamenity levels are calculated and the investment decisions with and without disamenity effects are considered. The example estimations suggest that failure to include disamenity corrections in regional multipliers will lead to greater regional inequality in welfare.     

喀斯特生态系统区典型县域的能值分析

应用能值理论和方法,以喀斯特生态系统区典型县石林为例,通过一系列的能值指标定量分析了该县1949—2003年的生态系统的能值流动,评价了该县自然环境生产和社会经济发展,为其制定可持续发展战略提供科学的指导。     

API-based assessment on urban air environment bearing capability in China

Given the complexity and time-consuming of the conventional environmental capacity based assessment on air environment carrying capacity; a new method for assessing urban air environment carrying capacity based on air pollution index (API) is presented. By using this new method, the air environmental bearing capability of 333 cities at the prefecture level and above is assessed. The results show that of the 333 cities 9.6% is of high bearing capability, 34.5% relatively high bearing capability, 52.6% medium bearing capability, 2.7% low capability, and 0.6% is of weak bearing capability; in terms of regional distribution, the western region is of relatively high air environment bearing capability, followed by north-eastern and eastern regions, and the ambient air quality in the middle region is quite poor; among the 12 urban agglomerations in key regions, Pearl River delta, west side of Taiwan Strait and Chengdu-Chongqing agglomerations are of relatively high carrying capacity while other agglomerations are of medium bearing capability. The assessment results imply that the existing air quality standard (GB3095-1996) is quite unsound.     

Environmental quality and its impact on the local economy: A case study from Dongguan,South China

Industries that pollute the environment developed in the early 1990s in Dongguan City, especially those in the middle and lower valley of the Dongjiang River (waterside area) have seriously affected water and air quality and hence have affected soil quality through polluted water irrigation and precipitation. Investigation of the economic growth and environmental pollution in the 32 township units in the City from 1990 to 2000 also reveals that environmental pollution has affected the history of the development of the towns or townships in the waterside region in the delta of the River Dongjiang, especially the towns near the river mouth, and has prevented their industry from upgrading and hence has slowed down their economic growth. The impact of environmental pollution on economic growth is most severe in the towns along the lower valley, or in down-wind regions. In contrast, economic development in the protected area of the upper valley of the waterside region indicates that environmental protection that strictly controls the discharge of pollutants does not restrict the development of the local economy.     

土地处理技术在干旱-半干旱过渡带生态建设中的应用

土地处理系统是在干旱 -半干旱过渡区实现污水无害化、资源化的有效技术。内蒙古霍林河矿区污水土地处理系统设计与运行结果表明 ,该区具备推广土地处理技术的良好条件 ,土地处理系统应以慢速渗滤和污水资源利用型为主 ,实现污水处理与生态环境建设的结合。污水资源的利用有助于增加镶嵌型复合生态系统的稳定性 ,加速人工林的成林郁闭 ,增加林木蓄积量 ,改善干旱、半干旱地区的生态环境     

华北平原集约农区种植业生态经济系统的能值分析——以河北沧州为例

从能值的角度出发,以华北平原代表区域——河北省沧州地区2003年统计数据和调查数据为基础,对该地区种植业生态经济系统的能值投入和产出进行首次分析。结果显示:该地区不可更新的工业辅助能占总能值投入的78.5%,可更新的能值投入仅占21.4%(可更新环境资源8.79%、可更新有机12.68%),说明农业生产过渡依赖于外源不可更新辅助能的投入;此外,高系统太阳能值转换率、低净能值产出率和高环境负荷率的特点,表明该地区种植业的科技发展水平比较高,对环境的压力相当大。综合结果说明种植业系统对环境资源的过度利用必然会引起生态环境的破坏。基于此,提出华北平原集约农区种植业生态经济系统可持续发展对策:以优化施肥为基础,合理减少化肥投入为代表,适当降低工业辅助能投入;调整农业增产投入战略,努力解决该地区以水资源短缺为主的作物增产限制因子;改变农业生产中有机能值与无机能值的投入比例,降低系统环境负荷率。     

Strategies for the sustainable development of Lugu Lake region

Lugu Lake region, containing a plateau lake, and the unique matrichal society of the Mosuo, has become one of the most important areas for ecosystem conservation and cultural heritage protection in China. It is essential to pursue sustainable development in Lugu Lake region. However, rapid increases in the tourism industry have had negative influences on society, the economy and the environment of Lugu Lake region. Extensive concerns have been raised by numerous ecologists, economists and social scientists over recent years. Using systems analysis of major societal, economic and environmental problems, this paper advocates goals for realising sustainable development. A double-layer management model has been developed of regional ecosystem services, composed of natural ecosystem management and macro-control of society and the economy, and has been used to analyse the importance and feasibility of ecotourism development in Lugu Lake region. Constructive management measures and development strategies are then proposed to achieve sustainable development in Lugu Lake region.     

东江流域土壤、植被和悬浮物的碳、氮同位素组成

碳、氮同位素值对监测流域植被组成、环境变迁是一种非常有效的指标,为中短时间尺度环境变化研究提供了一条新的途径。以亚热带山区的东江流域为例,以流域内的植被、土壤及水体悬浮物为研究对象,应用其有机质同位素组成（δ13C、δ15N）,揭示流域植被的成分和环境变化的信息。研究发现：东江流域土壤碳同位素、C/N比值差值不大;植被的氮同位素差值明显,C/N比值差异较大。对东江流域悬浮物δ13C值近20年的监测表明：其值在早期逐年升高,近10年来转趋稳定并呈明显下降趋势,变化范围在-17.8‰～-26.1‰之间,反映了该流域植被破坏和恢复的过程以及土壤侵蚀状况的变化趋势。     

苏北地区土壤-水稻系统重金属分布及其食物安全风险评价

2004年在对苏北地区6个县市(丰县、沛县、铜山、睢宁、楚州和东海)采用网格法采样的基础上,随机选择了该区域2种主要土壤类型上98个土样及其上所产水稻籽粒样品,采用原子吸收分光光谱仪和原子荧光光谱仪分别测定了其中的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni、As和Hg 8种重金属的全量.分别以国家绿色食品生产基地标准、无公害农产品生产基地标准以及20世纪80年代的地区背景值为参照依据,分析评价了所研究土壤的重金属污染程度和大米的重金属安全水平,并进一步依据USEPA和WHO推荐的RfD值,结合我国居民平均食物消费结构评估了该地区土壤所产大米对人体的重金属暴露风险.结果显示,该地区的土壤重金属环境质量总体上符合建设绿色食品生产基地的要求,属于总体未明显污染土壤;不过,黄潮土上所产大米中Ni以及砂礓黑土上所产大米中Ni、Pb含量存在超出国家食品卫生安全标准的现象. 依据USEPA的RfD值计算所得结果表明,供试地区所有土壤上所产大米中As、Cr具有明显的食物安全风险,部分地区的大米中Cd存在风险,由于Cd/Zn比值较低,因此基本上仍属安全.为了进一步保障农产品食用安全,一方面需要制订更严格的土壤环境质量标准,控制土壤污染,另一方面可能还需要着力改善大气环境质量.     

Measuring differences in efficiency in waste collection and disposal services from the EU targets in Campania municipalities

Environmental and Ecological Statistics - The study analyses the economic and environmental performance of the 353 municipalities in the region of Campania in waste disposal and collection...     

Selection of facility location under environmental damage priority and using ELECTRE method

In the recent years, the environmental problems have reached to a vital extent, which is pushing the boundaries and far beyond daily evaluations. Industrial plants, the energy sources and uncontrolled release of pollutant gases (SO2, CO2 etc.) in the production stage have the greatest share in the occurrence of unfavorable environmental conditions. For this reason, the dimension of the problems that may arise in the production stage of industrial plants is directly related to the selection of facility location. In this study, geographical regions (a total of 7 regions) of our country have been analyzed in terms of environmental values based on their basins and the unfavorable environmental problems that are currently being experienced. Considered as such, with the directives of an expert group composed of nature scientists, the criteria and alternative areas are determined using the data gathered on ecosystem, basin characteristics, and land types. Since the primary goal is to keep the environmental damages at the minimum level, comprehensive definition of the problem is constructed by consultation of the expert group and the criteria are determined. Considering the fact that it will prevent the drawbacks generated by making decisions depending on certain stereotypes toa great extent, ELECTRE (Elimination and Choice Translating Reality English - Elimination Et Choix Traduisant la Realite) method is used to determine in which geographic region our country's industrial plants should be located.     

三峡库区生态安全问题与对策

具体分析了三峡库区自然、社会和经济三方面的生态安全问题。采用相对资源承载力的研究思路与计算方法，得出该地区超载人口占该地区总人口的比例达37．4％，人地矛盾日益突出的结论。针对三峡库区的生态安全问题，提出了如下的对策：建立科学合理的生态补偿机制和库区立体管理模式；建立库区生态安全预警系统和绿色GDP核算体系；倡导各产业在生态安全下的生产经营运行模式；建立库区县市级管理责任定位体制，明确不同部门、地区所对应的库区生态流域单元的管理权限和责任：积极引导公众进行安全生产和科技减灾。