Liver Metallothionein Level and Metal Content in Fish of Chung-Kung Stream,Taiwan-Tilapia and Liza Macrolepsis

A survey of Chung-Kung sttream fish was undertaken on six occasions from March 1994 to August 1995. Tilapia (Oreochromis hybrid) and Liza macrolepsis were the major species found downstream and were chosen as the target species for metallothionein (MT) analysis of liver tissue. in total MT of 77 tilapia and 48 Liza macrolepsis liver samples were analyzed. Significantly higher values (p >0.05) were found for the August 1995 samples than for samples taken earlier at site B (6 km from the sea) for tilapia and at site A (estuary) for Liza macrolepsis. Liver zinc, copper and cadmium were analyzed for the 1995 samples. for tilapia, liver MT concentration was found to correlate well with zinc concentration (r = 0.84, p > 0.001). for Liza macrolepsis, good correlation was found for MT with both zinc (r = 0.89, p > 0.001) and copper (r = 0.90, p > 0.001). These results indicate that in the Chung-Kung stream, zinc and copper may be the major inducers of fish liver MT. Since these two species are ubiquitous in tropical areas, they would provide a good biomarker for evaluation of integrated metal exposure in the tropical aquatic environment.     

滴滴涕类农药在广东省鱼类中的残留及人体暴露水平初步评价

检测了采自广东省13个城市水产市场和超市的390个鱼样品中滴滴涕类农药(DDT)及其代谢物(包括o,p’-DDE,p,p’-DDE,o,p’-DDD,p,p’-DDD,o,p’-DDT,p,p’-DDT)的残留浓度.鱼体中DDTs的含量为8.7￣18002ng·g-1(脂肪重)或0.1￣698.9ng·g-1(湿重).不同鱼类之间因生活环境和生活习性的不同,而使其DDTs含量存在较大差别.与我国鱼类食品中DDTs的残留标准相比,仅有2个样品中的DDTs含量水平超过此标准,约占样品总数的0.51%,而超过欧盟水产品标准和美国环境保护局(EPA)标准的样品分别占13.8%和30.5%.广东省居民通过鱼类消费每天DDTs的摄入量为30.8ng·kgbodyweight-1·day-1,仅占FAO/WHO每日允许摄入量的0.3%,但高于其他国家或地区.     

深圳湾典型有机氯农药的生物累积及其人体健康风险

位于深圳与香港之间的深圳湾是一个典型的亚热带海湾,在过去的二、三十年间,海湾的生态环境发生了巨大变化.为了更好地理解深圳湾有机氯农药(OCPs)的污染现状及其生物累积规律,于2004年2月采集了该海域23个鱼类、虾类、蟹类生物样品,分析了其体内滴滴涕(DDT)、六六六(HCH)和氯丹(CHL)各组分的含量,并对其人体健康风险进行了初步评价.结果表明,深圳湾海域鱼类DDTs、HCHs和CHLs含量范围分别为1.84～286.83、0.08～1.85、0.45～118.81ng·g-1ww(鲜重),肉食性鱼类OCPs含量通常较高;与其它海区相比,深圳湾海域水生生物体中DDTs的含量相对较高,部分鱼类样品中DDTs含量超过我国海洋生物质量国家标准(GB18421-2001)的二级标准,HCHs和CHLs则相对较低;生物体中DDTs、HCHs、CHLs的含量与其脂含量呈显著正相关(p<0.01);鱼类中DDTs、HCHs和CHLs的危害指数(HR)分析显示,目前食用深圳湾鱼类对人体正常健康(非癌症)基本无影响,但却存在潜在的致癌风险.     

华北典型污灌区有机氯农药残留特征及健康风险评价

在我国华北地区由于水资源的匮乏及农业生产的需要,采用污水灌溉与施用有机氯农药(OCPs)结合的农业管理方式普遍存在。大量OCPs则被引入到当地环境中,进而可能对该地区的居民产生潜在的健康风险。本研究分析石家庄市汪洋沟污灌区OCPs的残留状况,探讨污水灌溉条件下土壤-作物系统OCPs残留对土壤质量影响,并评价经口摄入及皮肤接触两种暴露途径下对人体产生的健康风险。结果表明:汪洋沟污灌区地表水、沉积物、土壤和玉米籽粒中检出了14种OCPs,其平均残留浓度分别为36.5 ng·L~(-1)、62.9 ng·g~(-1)、57.3 ng·g~(-1)和27.0 ng·g~(-1),滴滴涕(DDTs)是其最主要的污染物,占OCPs的73%以上,其次是六六六(HCHs)和甲氧滴滴涕。р,р'-DDT是DDTs的最主要成分,其主要来源于污水灌溉或近期DDTs的使用。γ-HCH是环境HCHs残留的主要成分,其主要来源于林丹的输入和使用。此外,在该地区污灌条件下OCPs残留对土壤中C、N循环及有机S的矿化产生一定的负面影响。研究区OCPs残留对人体产生的非致癌风险和致癌风险均不超过控制标准,但经口摄入所引致的非致癌风险应予以关注,其中р,р'-DDT与γ-HCH为主要风险物质。     

DDT in fish from the Bulgarian region of the Black Sea

In spite of a worldwide reduction in the utilization of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), they are still a problem for the aquatic environment and human health. The Black Sea is still being polluted with persistent chemicals, including OCPs. Aquatic organisms (sprat, scad, bluefish, shad, belted bonito, goby, and black mussel) with different feeding behaviours were sampled on a seasonal basis from the Bulgarian region of the Black Sea, and the concentrations of 13 OCP residues were determined. Although many of the OCPs were not detected in the samples, in all samples 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) was present mainly in the form of its metabolites 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDD) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethylene (DDE). Only about 12% of the total DDT was present as the parent compound pp-DDT, which suggests that it was not being used recently in the region. The total DDT concentrations were generally below 150 μg kg^-1 fresh weight, but higher levels—up to 354 μg kg^-1 fresh weight—were also measured for fish species with a high fat content. Between-species differences were observed, even when the concentrations were presented on a fat-level basis. DDT concentrations did not show any significant changes over the 2-yr sampling period. Fish sampled in the northern areas of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast seemed to contain higher DDT levels than those from the southern areas, suggesting a major (historical) influence of the Danube River. For permanent monitoring purposes, the utility of Black Sea gobies and scad should be considered.     

物种敏感度分布(SSD)方法在农药环境风险评估中的应用

物种敏感度分布法(Species Sensitive Distribution,SSD)能够依据不同物种对农药等胁迫因素的敏感度服从一定的累积概率分布,以统计形式将多种非靶标物种的实验室数据进行汇总分析,获得物种对农药的敏感度差异,作为效应评估指标应用于农药风险评估。本文综述了SSD概念、方法原理、国内外研究和应用进展,并以毒死蜱为例进行了数据分析。由此建议继续关注国际上对SSD及更复杂模型模拟研究进展,以便应用于我国农药环境风险评估,推动我国农药管理的持续发展。     

江汉平原农村食品中农药残留研究

研究了湖北省潜江市农村６类食品中农药的残留情况,采样测定结果表明,在被检食品中有机氯农药污染普遍存在,但残留量均低于最大残留限量（ＭＲＬ）,以植物油残留量为最大;有机磷农药残留只在蔬菜中检出,检出率以根菜类为最大,叶菜类次之,果菜类和花菜类最小;菊酯类农药残留较少;杀菌剂多菌灵残留未检出。     

西溪湿地土壤有机氯农药残留特征及风险分析

以首个国家湿地公园--西溪国家湿地公园为研究区域,对该地区土壤中有机氯农药HCH和DDT的残留特征和影响因素进行研究,探讨污染物的潜在来源,并对其生态风险进行分析.结果表明,西溪湿地土壤中HCH和DDT均有检出,∑HCHs平均含量为18.44ng·g-1,∑DDTs平均含量为20.80 ng·g-1,二者在土壤中的残留差异不是很明显.HCH在柿园、竹园、芦苇滩地、菜地和其他5种利用类型土壤中的残留差异不大,而DDT在菜地土壤的残留高于其他4种类型.采样点土壤中∑HCHs和∑DDTs含量均低于GB 15618-1995土壤环境质量一级标准,与国内其他地区相比,西溪湿地土壤DDT残留较低,而HCH残留相对较高.生态风险分析显示,西溪湿地土壤中HCH残留对于土壤生物的风险较低,而DDT可能对鸟类和土壤生物具有一定的生态风险.     

Organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in sediments from the Yangtse River,China

Organochlorine Pesticides and PCBs pollution levels were determined in sediment samples taken from three sites along the Yangtse River (Nanjing part). The concentrations of various pesticides were in the range of 1.42–8.06 ng/g (t‐HCH), and <0.01–4.12ng/g (t‐DDT), while the concentrations of PCBs were below detection limit at all three sites. The contamination by Organochlorine Pesticides and PCBs in sediments from the Yangtse River was not significant when compared with that reported in the literature from some other countries’ rivers, which may be due to the high flow velocity and water amount of the Yangtse River.     

太原市污灌区地表土中有机氯农药分布特征

为了研究太原市污灌区地表土中有机氯农药(OCPs)分布特征,本文在太原小店区共采集了31个地表土样,应用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)检测土壤中OCPs的含量.结果表明,研究区地表土中OCPs污染较轻,总OCPs浓度范围为2.01—47.20 ng.g-1(平均值为16.76 ng.g-1).其中总滴滴涕(∑DDT)浓度范围为0.27—37.93 ng.g-1(平均值为8.38 ng.g-1),总六六六(∑HCH)浓度范围为0.18—11.89 ng.g-1(平均值为3.37 ng.g-1),最高浓度均没有超过《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618—1995)中的Ⅱ级标准(农业土地).不同灌溉区OCPs浓度平均值顺序为:污灌区>清灌区>背景点,表明污水回灌对OCPs浓度分布具有一定的影响,同时通过比较各采样点中OCPs各异构体的组成发现,该区域HCHs、DDTs和硫丹农药主要来自于历史残留,部分区域曾使用林丹和三氯杀螨醇农药.对比各有机氯农药浓度地理分布特征,表明OCPs浓度分布与污水灌溉存在一定的联系.     

贵州百花湖水体中有机氯农药的残留及健康风险评价

为了研究贵州百花湖水体中有机氯农药(OCPs)对人体的潜在健康风险,在百花湖及其周边布设8个采样点分别采集水样,采用液液萃取-毛细管气相色谱法对OCPs的残留状况进行测定.结果显示,水样中11种有机氯的总含量范围为15.5～43.8ng·L-1,其中,BHCs和DDTs含量范围分别为3.2～14.6和1.2～7.8 ng·L-1.采用美国国家环境保护局(EPA)推荐的健康风险评价方法的评价结果表明,百花湖水体中OCPs的致癌风险和非致癌风险均低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受风险水平,表明百花湖水体中11种OCPs对人体健康风险处于较低水平.     

树皮在大气有机氯农药监测中应用的研究进展

有机氯农药(Organochlorine pesticides,OCPs)曾在全世界被大量使用,即使禁用多年,仍能在各种环境介质中被广泛检出,对生态环境和人体健康存在着潜在的威胁。因此OCPs的环境迁移和归趋一直是该领域的研究热点。树皮是一种天然的被动采样器,能够很好的反映出大气有机物长期的污染程度。本文简要论述了树皮作为被动采样器在大气污染物监测研究中应用的优势,并对OCPs在树皮中的残留浓度、特征及影响其富集的因素进行了探讨,最后特别针对具有手性的OCPs在树皮中的对映体选择性特征进行了评述。     

树皮在大气有机氯农药监测中应用的研究进展

有机氯农药（Organochlorine pesticides, OCPs）曾在全世界被大量使用,即使禁用多年,仍能在各种环境介质中被广泛检出,对生态环境和人体健康存在着潜在的威胁。因此OCPs的环境迁移和归趋一直是该领域的研究热点。树皮是一种天然的被动采样器,能够很好的反映出大气有机物长期的污染程度。本文简要论述了树皮作为被动采样器在大气污染物监测研究中应用的优势,并对OCPs在树皮中的残留浓度、特征及影响其富集的因素进行了探讨,最后特别针对具有手性的OCPs在树皮中的对映体选择性特征进行了评述。     

3种典型有机氯农药对锦鲤幼鱼的雌激素效应及其体内富集

为研究3种典型有机氯农药(%-六六六、p,p'-DDT和七氯)低浓度暴露对锦鲤幼鱼的雌激素效应及其体内富集效应,将锦鲤幼鱼暴露于有机氯农药的6个浓度组中进行20 d慢性毒性试验,测量血清中游离钙和蛋白结合磷含量及体内各组织有机氯农药残留。结果表明,在低浓度暴露20 d后,锦鲤幼鱼血清中游离钙和蛋白结合磷含量均随暴露浓度增加而呈先增后减之势,产生了明显的雌激素效应。p,p'-DDT在鱼体各组织中的富集能力远高于%-六六六和七氯;p,p'-DDT主要在鱼油中富集,其次为鱼肝、鱼鳃和鱼皮;%-六六六和七氯主要在鱼肝中富集,其次为鱼皮、鱼鳃和鱼油;3种有机氯农药在鱼肉中的富集相对较少。     

微宇宙技术和物种敏感度分布曲线法评估铜离子生态危害比对研究

为对比微宇宙方法和物种敏感度分布曲线法在铜离子生态危害评估中的差异,构建了包括浮游藻类、轮虫和大型溞的微宇宙系统,持续监测了铜离子浓度、物种丰度和系统理化性质的变化,推导出铜离子对微宇宙系统的63 d无显著效应浓度(63 d-NOEC);同时,将铜离子对鱼类、甲壳类、昆虫类、藻类及软体动物等对铜离子的长期毒性数据通过物种敏感度分布曲线法进行拟合,推导出对生态系统中95%物种无显著危害的作用浓度(HC5)。测试结果表明,大型溞种群在铜离子110.80μg·L-1作用下暂时消失,导致了系统中轮虫和藻类数量的增长,试验后期铜离子浓度降低,大型溞种群呈现恢复的趋势;在212.06及420.26μg·L-1铜离子作用下,藻类和轮虫的存活受到严重抑制,在试验后期也没有恢复。与物种敏感度分布曲线法推导得出的HC5值相比,通过微宇宙系统得出的NOEC值较高,这可能是微宇宙系统中铜离子生物可利用性在各相介质间的差异及种间反馈调节造成的。     

Organochlorine pesticides (HCHs and DDTs) in soils along the north coastal areas of the Bohai Sea,China

A systematic survey of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) including hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH and ΣHCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane metabolites (p,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDD and ∑DDT) in soils along the north coastal areas of the Bohai Sea, China, has been lacking. In this study, 31 representative surface soil samples were collected along the north coastal and riverine areas of the Bohai Sea to characterise the potential for adverse effects of ∑HCH, ∑DDT and their individual isomers and transformation products. Concentrations of ΣHCH and ΣDDT in soils ranged from less than the limit of detection (1 ng · g^?1 dw (mean: 3.5 ng · g^?1 dw) and2 ng · g^?1 dw (mean: 1.7 × 10¹ ng · g^?1 dw), respectively. Compared with studies of OCPs in soils from other locations, concentrations of HCHs and DDTs observed in this study were moderate. Concentrations of OCPs observed in soils were generally less than proposed reference values. HCH residues were a mixture of historical technical HCH and current lindane sources. The pattern of DDTs was consistent with historical releases of technical DDTs. Selected soil physicochemical properties did not explain the sorption and/or partitioning of HCHs or DDTs.     

青岛近海生物体内多环芳烃、多氯联苯和有机氯农药的含量和分布特征(Concentrations and Distribution Characteristic of PAHs, PCBs and OCPs in the Marine Organisms of Qingdao Coastal Area)

为初步了解青岛近海生物体内多环芳烃、多氯联苯和有机氯农药的含量和组成特征,于2007年10～11月采集了青岛近海13个站位的鱼、虾和软体类动物,分析了其肌肉中的多环芳烃、多氯联苯和有机氯农药的含量和组成.结果表明,多环芳烃、多氯联苯和有机氯农药更易在鱼类体内富集,其含量远大于软体类和虾类.高氯代联苯和高环芳烃在同系物中的比例在鱼类体内最小,这可能是由鱼类和虾类、软体类不同的生活习性造成的.有机氯农药中,滴滴涕的含量显著高于六六六.     

物种敏感度分布及其在生态毒理学中的应用(Species Sensitivity Distribution and Its Application in Ecotoxicology)

物种敏感度分布是一种基于单物种测试的外推方法,其在生态毒理学中的应用近年来已成为研究热点.论文阐述了物种敏感度分布在生态毒理学的应用背景,以及其基本内涵与研究步骤,同时介绍了物种敏感度分布在生态毒理学中应用的两个方面:制定污染物的环境质量标准和对污染生态系统的生态风险评价,并对物种敏感度分布的不确定性和研究的发展趋势进行了讨论.     

Organochlorine pesticides in surface soils and sediments from obsolete pesticides dumping site near Lahore city,Pakistan: contamination status and their distribution

Surface soil and sediment samples were collected from the surroundings of Lila stream, which passes through the obsolete pesticides dumping area Kalashah Kaku near Lahore city, to evaluate the residual levels of 19 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), their distribution and potential sources. OCPs followed the order: ∑ DDT>∑ HCH>dicofol>endrin>heptachlor>dieldrin. Ratios of β to γ-HCH highlighted an old source of technical HCH in the study area, whereas the predominance of p, p′-DDT and p, p′-DDE indicated presence of technical DDT in surface soils. Factor analysis based on principal component analysis identified the origin of OCPs from industrial activities in Kalashah Kaku and waste dumping from Ittehad Chemical Industries via open drains into Lila stream. Greater levels of DDTs and HCHs above quality guideline pose potential exposure risk to biological organisms, safety of agricultural products and human health in the surrounding of Lila stream.     

辽东半岛海域鱼贝中有机氯农药残留及其风险评估

2011年1月-2012年5月间采集了辽东半岛海域11种鱼类和2种贝类样品,分析了其可食部位中22种有机氯农药的残留量,评估了其中DDTs和HCHs的残留对人体健康的风险。在所调查样品中HCB、HCHs和DDTs是主要的污染物,样品中OCPs残留量为57.12~546.15μg·kg-1。利用污染指数计算法评估,旅顺海域小黄鱼、鳙鱼、中国斗鱼和偏口鱼未受到HCHs的污染,棒花鱼受到HCHs轻度污染,其它鱼种样品均受到重度污染,而对于DDTs,只有鲫鱼未受到污染,其它鱼种样品均受到重度污染。大黄鱼、梭鱼、黑鱼和鳙鱼体内HCHs残留量明显高于国标再残留限值,DDTs残留量符合国标标准。α-HCH、γ-HCH、β-HCH、p,p'-DDE、p,p'-DDD和p,p'-DDT的致癌风险指数范围为0.32×10-6~49.57×10-6,均低于10-4,为可接受的致癌风险;α-HCH、γ-HCH、β-HCH、p,p'-DDE的接触风险指数ERI为0.01×10-3~153.28×10-3,均小于1,为可接受的接触风险,但2012年4月的黑鱼样品上述六种农药的CRI总值高于10-4,存在潜在的致癌风险,因此,建议黑鱼的日均食用量应控制在50 g以下较为安全。