Persistence of chlorpyriphos in okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus) fruits and soil

Persistence of cypermethrin and chlorpyriphos in okra and soil were studied following the application of pre-mix formulation of insecticides Action 505EC (chlorpyriphos 50%?+?cypermethrin 5%) at single (275?g a.i.?ha^?1) and double dose (550?g a.i.?ha^?1). The average initial deposits of chlorpyriphos in okra were observed to be 0.07 and 0.15?mg?kg^?1 in single and double dose, respectively, which dissipated to 92% after 10 days for both the dosages. Residues of soil under okra crop were found to be 0.15?mg?kg^?1 at the single and 0.36?mg?kg^?1 at the double doses. These residues persisted up to 3 days at single and 5 days at double dose. The half-life (t _1/2) periods of chlorpyriphos on okra and soil were observed to be 0.6 days and 1.9 days for single and double dose, respectively. Residues of chlorpyriphos reached below detectable level (BDL) of 0.01?mg?kg^?1 in okra fruits after 7 days at single dose and in 15 days in double dose. In soil, residues of chlopyriphos persisted up to 5 and 7 days in single and double dose, respectively. Following foliar applications of a insecticide formulation (Action 505EC, (chlorpyriphos 50%?+?cypermethrin 5%) on okra at @ 275 and 550?g active ingredient (a.i.)?ha^?1 resulting in active applications of chlorpyriphos at the rate of 250 and 500?g a.i.?ha^?1 the average initial deposits of chlorpyriphos in okra were observed to be 0.07 and 0.15?mg?kg^?1, respectively. These residue levels dissipated to 92% after 10 days at both the dosages. Residues of soil under the okra crop were found to be 15?mg?kg^?1 at the single and 36?mg?kg^?1 at the double dose. The residues persisted up to 3 days at the single and 5 days at the double dose. The half-life (t _1/2) periods of chlorpyriphos on okra were observed to be 0.6 days for application rates, and 1.9 days for soil. Okra fruits and soil samples collected on the 7th and 15th day after application did not show any chlorpyriphos residues above their determination limits of 0.01 and 0.005?mg?kg^?1, respectively.     

天然沸石对番茄及土壤中铅的影响

为探索沸石对轻度铅污染土壤的修复效果及农业安全生产可行性,利用盆栽试验研究了不同沸石添加量及不同沸石粒级等因素对不同生长时期番茄（Solanum lycopersicum）植株铅质量分数、累积量和土壤铅质量分数的影响。结果表明,添加天然沸石可提高土壤有效铅质量分数,不同程度地增加番茄地上部生物量,具有提高番茄茎叶铅质量分数及积累量、果实产量的趋势,也具有降低收获期根部铅质量分数及积累量的趋势。18g·kg-1是提高地上部生物量,抑制土壤铅污染、茎叶和根部铅积累的最佳沸石添加量,但有促进果实铅积累的趋势;沸石添加量为10g·kg-1则在提高土壤有效铅质量分数的同时可抑制果实铅的积累。中粒级沸石可抑制果实铅积累,大粒级为削减根部铅积累量促进茎叶铅积累的最佳沸石粒级,小粒级沸石则可抑制收获期茎叶铅的积累。     

多效唑在番茄和土壤中的残留与降解动态研究

研究了多效唑（paclobutrazol）在番茄（Lycopersicon eseulentum）和土壤中的残留分析方法及残留动态。建立番茄和土壤样品中多效唑残留的固相萃取-高效液相色谱（SPE-HPLC）检测方法,样品用乙腈提取,再用φ（甲醇-二氯甲烷）=5∶95混合溶剂经LC-NH2固相萃取柱净化,以φ（乙腈-水）=55∶45作流动相,Shiseido C18色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm）于222 nm波长检测,外标法定量。在0.1~5.0 mg·L-1范围内,多效唑峰面积与其质量浓度之间呈良好线性关系,相关系数为0.9995。采用田间试验方法,在番茄幼苗期施用不同多效唑质量分数50、100、200、600 mg·kg-1,研究在不同处理时间1、6 h,1、2、3、7、14、21、30、45、60 d,多效唑在番茄以及土壤中的残留动态变化。添加质量分数水平为0.05、0.1、0.5 mg·kg-1时,多效唑在果实、植株和土壤中的添加回收率分别为92.45%~103.70%、94.52%~98.85%和94.30%~102.10%,变异系数分别为3.69%~5.00%、1.58%~4.53%和1.28%~3.35%。结果表明：多效唑在番茄植株和土壤中的降解规律均符合一级动力学方程C=Coe-kt。当施用质量分数为600 mg·kg-1时,其在番茄植株中的残留半衰期为1.66 d,在土壤中的半衰期为2.78 d;在植株中的降解速率大于在土壤中的降解速率。按照推荐使用的施用浓度,采收时多效唑在番茄和土壤中无残留,证明推荐施用浓度是合理的。     

土壤中施用生物炭对番茄根系特征及产量的影响

采用室内盆栽试验定量分析方法,在砂壤土中掺加4种不同比例的生物炭（10、20、40、60 g·kg-1）,研究了生物炭对砂壤土毛管持水量、番茄（Lycopersicon esculentum）不同生育期的生长性状及收获时根系特征和产量的影响。通过根系扫描仪和分析软件重点研究了砂壤土中掺入不同含量生物炭对番茄各根系参数的影响。结果表明：随着生物炭施入量的增加,土壤毛管持水量增大,各处理均高于对照,与对照相比平均增加1.46倍。施加生物炭促进了番茄根系的发育和产量的提高,每千克干土加40 g生物炭处理的主根长、主根直径、总根系鲜质量和产量分别是对照的1.20、1.24、1.21和2.67倍。每千克干土加20 g生物炭处理的总根表面积、总根体积和总根系密度分别是对照的1.15、1.17和1.80倍。主根直径与产量相关性最高,相关系数为0.845。生物炭对番茄根系形态特征的优化与产量的提高具有一定的促进作用。     

Persistence of oxyfluorfen in soil and detection of its residues in rice crop

Oxyfluorfen is a post-emergence herbicide used for control of annual and perennial broad-leaf weeds and sedges in rice. There is increasing concern about persistence of pesticide residues in soils, agricultural products and sub-sequent contamination of ground water through runoff, leaching and drift. Thus, persistence of oxyfluorfen was evaluated under field conditions in a rice cropping system. Oxyfluorfen was sprayed at 240 and 500 g ai ha^?1 application rates to the rice crop as post-emergence herbicide. Paddy grains, straw and soil samples were collected at harvest and analyzed for oxyfluorfen residues by HPLC. Straw samples contained 0.01 and 0.03 µg g^?1 oxyfluorfen residues at 240 and 500 g ha^?1 concentrations, respectively. In the soil, 0.028 and 0.03 µg g^?1 of oxyfluorfen residues were detected when applied at 240 and 500 g ai ha^?1, respectively. However, in rice grains, 0.018 and 0.106 µg g^?1 of oxyfluorfen residues were found in 240 and 500 g ai ha^?1 treated plots. In light of the potential adverse effects of oxyfluorfen, it is important to determine herbicide levels in these crops.     

西安污灌区土壤重金属含量及对西红柿影响研究

通过对西安污灌土和西红柿Cu,Pb,Cd,Cr,As,Hg元素分布的研究,结果表明这些元素在污灌土中发生了明显累积,但不同元素的累积强度不同。重金属从土壤向西红柿的迁移转化中,迁移累积率在灌土中Cd＞As＞Cu＞Cr＞Hg＞Pb,而正常土中Cd＞As＞Hg＞Cu＞Cr＞Pb。西红柿不同生长阶段对土壤中重金属吸收程度不同,西红柿Cu、Cd、Hg含量与土壤中该元素含量呈明显的正相关关系。     

天然沸石对土壤镉及番茄生物量的影响

为了探索沸石对轻度镉污染土壤的修复效果及对番茄生长的影响,利用盆栽试验研究了不同沸石添加量及不同沸石粒级等因素对不同生长时期番茄（Solanum lycopersicum）植株生物量、果实产量和土壤镉质量分数的影响。结果表明,添加沸石均不同程度地提高不同生长期番茄地上部生物量和果实产量;每千克土壤添加10 g的大粒级（MX）沸石使得土壤全镉和有效镉增加最多,同时也使番茄果实增产最多,每千克土壤添加18 g的小粒级（MN）沸石使得土壤全镉质量分数有所降低,土壤有效镉质量分数增加最少,同时也可使番茄果实增产42.9%以上。小粒级（MN）沸石为削减土壤重金属镉的最佳沸石粒级,18 g.kg-1为削减土壤重金属镉的最佳沸石添加量。     

天然沸石对土壤镉及番茄生物量的影响

为了探索沸石对轻度镉污染土壤的修复效果及对番茄生长的影响,利用盆栽试验研究了不同沸石添加量及不同沸石粒级等因素对不同生长时期番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)植株生物量、果实产量和土壤镉质量分数的影响。结果表明,添加沸石均不同程度地提高不同生长期番茄地上部生物量和果实产量;每千克土壤添加10 g的大粒级(MX)沸石使得土壤全镉和有效镉增加最多,同时也使番茄果实增产最多,每千克土壤添加18 g的小粒级(MN)沸石使得土壤全镉质量分数有所降低,土壤有效镉质量分数增加最少,同时也可使番茄果实增产42.9%以上。小粒级(MN)沸石为削减土壤重金属镉的最佳沸石粒级,18 g.kg-1为削减土壤重金属镉的最佳沸石添加量。     

蛭石和沸石对番茄青枯病及土壤微生物的影响

施用沸石于番茄连作地，使番茄青枯病显著减少，但施用蛭石使番茄青枯病加重。施用沸石后土壤微生物生物量显著提高，而蛭石处理对土壤微生物生物量的影响不明显。沸石和蛭石都能提高土壤中真菌、细菌和放线菌的数量和土壤微生物活性，其中沸石处理的土壤高于蛭石处理的土壤。     

Metabolic fate of mancozeb in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)

The metabolic fate of mancozeb in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruits was evaluated. Results indicate rapid dissipation of mancozeb and its metabolic conversion to ethylenethiourea (ETU), the carcinogenic metabolite. Treatment with mancozeb at flowering stage resulted translocation of ETU in newly emerged fruits indicating the systemic nature of ETU. ETU was detected within one hour of final spraying of mancozeb at the doses of 1.5 and 3?kg a.i./ha. The residue level of ETU increased up to 3-day for both the treatments, which then rapidly dissipated to safer metabolite ethyleneurea (EU) and reached the below detectable limit within 25 days. Cooking of fresh tomatoes caused decontamination of mancozeb residues, which was associated with simultaneous increase in ETU residues. The degradation pattern of ETU after application of mancozeb was slower as compared to the spraying of ETU as such on the crop. A pre-harvest interval of 25 days is recommended.     

超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定霜霉威在番茄和土壤中残留及消解动态

应用所建立的分散固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法测定土壤和番茄中霜霉威为0.02、0.20、2.00 mg·kg-1等3个添加浓度时,日内平均回收率为83.9%—104.6%,日内相对标准偏差为1.0%—5.5%,日间平均回收率为84.3%—108.9%,日间相对标准偏差为1.4%—4.9%.霜霉威在1.0—200.0μg·L-1浓度范围内相关系数R20.9992,在土壤中和番茄基质中定量限均为0.02 mg·kg-1.该方法能够满足现有限量标准的要求.霜霉威消解动态试验采用推荐高剂量(90 g·ha-1)为施药剂量,在植株第2穗果膨大期开始喷药1次,分别测定喷药后2 h、1 d、2 d、4 d、7 d、14 d的霜霉威残留量的变化.浙江杭州、山东潍坊和河南商丘的3个试验点消解动态试验中,降解动态符合一级动力学指数模型.2011—2012年霜霉威在番茄中降解半衰期为2.4—4.7 d,在土壤中降解半衰期1.1—1.5 d.施药5 d后的残留量均小于检测限,远远低于2.0 mg·kg-1最大残留限量,实际样品中霜霉威的残留量均低于检测限.72.2%霜霉威水剂按照推荐剂量1.5倍喷施番茄1次,其喷施2 h后的残留量仅为1.5 mg·kg-1,符合残留要求可以安全使用.     

Concentration of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rain,soil and ground water around Ismailia,Egypt

Residues of acenaphthylene, fluorene, anthracene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene and benzo(k)fluoranthene were monitored in rain, soil and groundwater around Ismailia, in northeast Egypt. Residues detected in rain water in 1995 and 1996 were mainly of relatively low molecular weight. Both acenaphthylene and fluorene were detected in rain for the two consecutive years. Top soil has shown a wider spectrum and higher concentrations of (PAHs) than those detected in deep soil, rain and ground water. Only three compounds, acenaphthylene, fluorene and anthracene were detected in samples collected at 50 cm depth. While no traces of PAHs were detected at 1 m depth detectable concentrations of fluorene and anthracene were monitored in groundwater.     

保水剂对番茄生长及水分利用效率的影响

在砂与木屑复合基质中加入不同用量的保水剂,测定基质物理性状,并进行不同水分处理条件下番茄盆栽试验,以研究保水剂对番茄生长及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:在每1 L基质分别加入1、2、4、8 g保水剂时,与对照(未加保水剂)相比,基质持水量分别增加16.35%、34.00%、61.29%和135.16%,容重分别降低3.61%、5.37%、9.42%和14.64%;在水分耗竭试验中,番茄萎蔫天数分别延长13.92%、22.79%、31.65%和45.5%,干物质量分别增加7.90%、21.60%、57.08%、179.50%,株高、叶片数、茎粗、鲜质量也都随保水剂用量的增加而明显增加;在基质相对水分质量分数分别为55%、70%、85%及100%4种处理下的番茄水分胁迫试验中,每1 L基质施用2 g保水剂时,与对照(未加保水剂)相比,水分利用效率分别提高29.93%、28.06%、14.36%、7.42%,株高、生物量也随水分胁迫程度加重而明显提高。     

联苯菊酯在棉花和土壤中的残留和降解行为研究

为了评价为联苯菊酯在棉花上使用的安全性,于2010—2011年在济南、杭州两地采用田间试验和气相分析方法研究了联苯菊酯在棉叶、棉籽及土壤中的消解动态和最终残留。联苯菊酯在棉叶和土壤中的降解行为均符合一级降解动力学方程,其降解半衰期分别为4.2-6.7、10.6-16.0 d。联苯菊酯在棉籽和土壤中的最终残留质量分数均小于最低检出限0.01 mg.kg-1,低于联苯菊酯在棉花上的最高残留限量（MRL）0.5 mg.kg-1。建议10%联苯菊酯可溶液剂防治棉花蚜虫,用药次数1-2次,使用剂量是9-18 aig.hm-2,在棉花上的安全间隔期14 d。     

复合菌剂对盆栽番茄土壤理化性质及微生物活性的影响

通过盆栽对照试验的方法,研究复合菌剂C1、C2对土壤理化性质及微生物活性的影响,结果表明：与对照相比,施用复合菌剂C1、C2能够减少土壤真菌的数量,在施菌剂早期可以增加土壤细菌的数量,对土壤放线菌影响较小;提高土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾等土壤养分的质量分数,降低土壤酸度;同时还能够显著地增强土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、纤维素酶及过氧化氢酶的活性。进一步对各处理的土壤因素进行主成分分析,结果显示PC1为土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾,PC2为土壤矿化氮、脲酶、纤维素酶。综合评价土壤质量,复合菌剂C2在各处理中综合得分最大。     

农药与土壤腐殖物质的结合残留及其环境意义

农药或其代谢产物进入土壤环境后，可通过多种途径与土壤无机和有机组分形成结合残留物。越来越多的证据表明，在农药土壤环境行为的研究中，应重视其结合残留问题。文章阐述了农药在土壤中的主要结合残留机理，结合残留物在土壤腐殖物质各组分中的分布状况及其环境意义，并对该领域的深入研究提出建议。     

Harvest time residues of pendimethalin in tomato,cauliflower, and radish under field conditions

Herbicides applied to vegetables play an important role in higher production of vegetables due to effective and timely control of weeds but at the same time herbicides residue may produce numerous environmental problems. The aim of this study was to determine whether application of herbicide for control of annual weeds in vegetable growing areas at recommended levels resulted in residues at the time of harvest. Thus, terminal residues of pendimethalin in vegetables such as tomato, cauliflower, and radishes were studies under field conditions. Pendimethalin was applied as pre-emergence herbicides at 1 kg a.i. ha^?1 to tomato, cauliflower, and radish crops. Soil and vegetables samples were collected from pendimethalin-treated plots at maturity to determine harvest time residues of pendimethalin. At harvest, 0.008, 0.001, and 0.014 μg/g residues of pendimethalin were found in tomato, cauliflower, and radishes, respectively.     

土壤温湿度对北京大兴杨树人工林土壤呼吸的影响

采用Li-cor-8150土壤呼吸测定系统,对北京大兴杨树人工林(欧美107,Populus×euramericana cv."74/76")土壤CO_2释放通量、土壤温度和水分进行了为期1年(2007)的定位连续观测,系统研究土壤温度(T_S)和土壤含水量(w)对土壤呼吸速率(R_s)的影响.结果表明:(1)土壤呼吸速率日变化呈单峰曲线,具有明显的白天高,夜间低的规律.非生长季土壤呼吸速率较低,自5月份土壤呼吸速率上升,8月份达到最大值.(2)土壤温度是影响土壤呼吸速率的主要因素,用指数模型解释全年过程中土壤温度对土壤呼吸速率变化的能力为69%.在低温段(<0℃)土壤呼吸速率随土壤温度升高而下降,而在土壤温度>0℃条件下土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度表现为正相关.土壤呼吸速率随土壤含水量上升表现出先升高后降低的趋势,三次方程模拟表明土壤水分的贡献率为33%,而当土壤含水量低于9.5%时,土壤水分的贡献率上升到51%.(3)土壤温、湿度共同作用于土壤呼吸,在不同含水量区间土壤呼吸对土壤温度的响应程度不同:在4%～10%土壤含水量范围内.土壤温度与土壤呼吸的指数模型的R~2达到0.86,而在土壤水分较高或较低时,其相关系数仅为0.6.土壤温度是影响土壤呼吸速率变化的主导因素,当土壤含水量过低或过高时,土壤温度的主导作用相对减弱,土壤含水量的影响作用相对加强.土壤呼吸的温度敏感性受土壤温度区间和水分区间的综合影响,用指数模型模拟土壤温湿度对土壤呼吸的影响不能很好的模拟土壤湿度的作用,所以单一模型并不是描述土壤温湿度对土壤呼吸的共同影响的最优模型,而多种模型复合的数学模型有待进一步研究.     

土壤中结合残留态农药的生态环境效应

土壤中农药结合残留态的形成，导致其活性暂时降低，但并未从土壤中消失，在特定的环境条件下又重新释放到环境中并表现出较高的生物有效性，从而威胁农产品质量安全与环境质量。文章论述了土壤中结合残留态农药的定义、形成过程及影响因素、老化和释放过程及机制。土壤中结合残留态农药主要通过吸附过程、化学反应及物理镶嵌等作用而形成，其形成过程受农药的结构和化学特性、土壤理化性质、环境条件和农艺措施的影响。老化是化合物和土壤组分紧密结合，减少被普通提取方法提取出来的数量，降低了化合物的生物有效性。同时老化的物质在土壤环境条件改变的情况下又重新释放到土壤溶液中或进行矿化，此过程可以通过物理一化学机制或生物化学作用而发生。重新释放到环境中的结合残留态农药又表现出较高的生物有效性，可能被植物、动物或微生物所吸收，并沿食物链富集和放大或进入水体污染水产品和造成水质恶化，从而威胁人体健康。文章还分析了土壤结合残留态农药可能带来的环境问题，提出了此问题今后研究的方向。     

Distribution of Organo-Chlorine Pesticides (DDT and HCH) Between Plant and Soil System

This paper reports a study of the distribution of organo-chlorine pesticides (DDT and HCH) between rice plants and the soil system by spraying before the heading stage at four different dosage levels – control, normal dosage (15 kg ha^–1 of 6% HCH and 7.5 kg ha^–1 of 25% DDT), double dosage and four times dosage. Soil and plant samples were taken respectively at the 1st h, 3rd, 10th, 20th, and 40th day after spraying and at the harvest time. The results indicate that less than 5% of HCH and 15% of DDT were absorbed by the surface of rice leaves for normal dosage. Most of both pesticides moved into the soil in solution after spraying. Compared with DDT, HCH was degraded and run off more easily. HCH residues in the surface soil layer (1–3 cm) were already below 6.4 g kg^–1 at the mature stage, lower than Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for Agricultural Soils: HCH <0.05 mg kg^–1. However DDT residues in the surface soil layer remained 172 g kg^–1, higher than the national standard: DDT <0.05 mg kg^–1. According to the test f OCP residues in rice seeds, it can be concluded that the OCP sprayed onto the surface of rice leaves can move into rice plants and accumulate in the seeds at the mature stage. HCH residues in rice seeds of the double and four times dosage treatments, and DDT residues in all treatments, exceeded the Chinese National Food Standard (HCH <0.10 mg kg^–1, DDT <0.20 mg kg^–1).