徐州市城市大气中的PAHs来源解析

采用化学质量平衡模型（CMB）对徐州市大气颗粒物中的多环芳烃（PAHs）进行来源分析,从而来确定各个源对大气的PAHs贡献值。主要通过利用大流量采样器配置PM10切割头在冬季和夏季对不同功能区,即生活区、工业区和旅游区采样大气中的可吸入颗粒物（PM10）样品,并用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）重点分析和研究了美国环保局（EPA）列出的16种PHAS优先污染物。研究结果表明：徐州市PM10污染比较严重,PM10污染质量浓度水平冬季是（288.81μg·m-3）大于夏季（276.34μg·m-3）,特别是工业区,污染数值达到393.13μg·m-3。夏季的总PAHs质量浓度为22.89 ng·m-3,分别是生活区28.35 ng·m-3、工业区21.75 ng·m-3和旅游区18.58 ng·m-3。冬季的总PAHs质量浓度为306.29 ng·m-3,分别是工业区388.03 ng·m-3、生活区276.29 ng·m-3和旅游区254.28 ng·m-3。夏季和冬季情况下,旅游区的污染相对来说都是最低的PM10中多环芳烃的源解析结果为,煤烟尘污染源的全年贡献率为64.00%,冬季煤烟尘污染源的贡献率为66.51%,夏季煤烟尘污染源的贡献率为57.21%,说明煤烟尘是PM10中多环芳烃的主要贡献源,土壤尘次之,全年贡献率为24.90%,冬季为25.48%,夏季为28.97%,因此,扬尘和烟煤尘的污染是徐州市的PM10中PAHs的最主要来源。     

底泥中多环芳烃(PAHs)提取方法评析

总结了底泥中多环芳烃(PAHs)提取的处理流程和国内外多种提取方法,比较了几种在我国较为常用的提取方法的效率.同时还提出了PAHs分离纯化的方法和步骤,并指出了提取过程中影响实验回收率的几个因素.     

上海市河流表层沉积物中的氯酚、溴酚及多环芳烃

应用气相色谱/质谱（GC/MS）分析了上海市黄浦江、苏州河及蕰藻浜表层底泥样品中19种氯酚（CPs）、2种溴酚（BPs）和美国环保局（EPA）优先控制的16种多环芳烃（PAHs）的含量.结果表明,黄浦江底泥中19种CPs的总平均浓度最高（18.3 ng.g-1干重（dw））,苏州河次之（14.8 ng.g-1dw）,蕰藻浜最低（4.44 ng.g-1dw）,而两种BPs的含量相当.4-氯酚（4-CP）和五氯酚（PCP）是占主导的污染物,表明底泥中CPs可能受人类生活生产活动的影响较大;而BPs的来源有待进一步深入的研究.CPs的毒性当量贡献值随着氯原子取代数的增加而增加.底泥中16种PAHs的总浓度范围是132—6800 ng.g-1dw（平均值为3050 ng.g-1dw）.PAHs组成特征及源解析表明,底泥中PAHs主要来自燃烧源.生态风险分析显示,上海市水体底泥中的PAHs均未超过生态风险评价中值（ERM）,表明不存在严重和频发的PAHs生态毒理风险.     

Ecological risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons found in coastal sediments along the northern shores of the Bohai Sea (China)

The total concentrations of 16 United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)-listed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) found in coastal and estuarine sediments along the northern shores of the Bohai and Yellow Seas, China, at any study location varied from 0.236 to 8.34 nM g^?1 dry weight (dw). For a given PAH, concentrations varied by one to two orders of magnitude. Ecological risk assessments based on biota–sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) indicated that the potential ecological hazard of PAHs in the sediments was limited. The average total sediment PAH concentrations were less than the effects range low, indicating that PAHs currently present in the sediments were not harmful to aquatic organisms. The estimated PAH concentration in the aquatic organisms was 0.223 nM g^?1 and posed a limited threat to human health via biological concentration from sediment to harvest of the sea. Assuming no additional PAH inputs, 99% of the 16 PAH molecules currently present in the sediments would be degraded in 40 years.     

离子强度对土壤与沉积物吸附多环芳烃的影响研究

以黄河三角洲表层沉积物与湿地土壤为对象,研究了离子强度对菲、苯并[a]芘在土壤和沉积物上吸附行为的影响。结果表明:不同Ca2 离子强度下,土壤与沉积物对菲、苯并[a]芘的吸附速率均较快,48h吸附能够达到平衡,Ca2 离子强度对土壤和沉积物影响程度不同;土壤和沉积物的吸附等温线均呈线形,能较好地符合线性方程,可决系数R2在0.98以上,菲的KD值在24~130mL·g-1之间,苯并[a]芘的KD值在3517~5081mL·g-1;随着体系离子强度的增大,土壤与沉积物对PAHs的吸附能力均降低,而且两者之间的吸附量差距明显降低,表明离子强度对土壤影响程度明显大于沉积物。     

北京地区表层土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征及污染源分析

根据北京地区不同环境功能区62个样品的分析结果,讨论了研究区表层土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征及污染源类型。结果表明：（1）研究区表层土壤中检测到的多环芳烃主要包括萘、苊、菲、惹烯、三芴、荧蒽、芘、、苯并蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[e]芘、苯并[a]芘、苝、二苯并[a,h]蒽、茚并[1,2,3–cd]芘、苯并[g,h,i]苝及其同系物;（2）不同环境功能区表层土壤中多环芳烃的组成及质量分数均存在一定的差别,16种优先控制的多环芳烃质量分数为175.1~10 344 ng.g-1,其中城市中心区表层土壤中多环芳烃的质量分数最高,交通干线附近、工矿企业附近表层土壤中PAHs的质量分数较高,林地、果园和农田表层土壤中PAHs的质量分数较低;（3）表层土壤中PAHs既有来源于石油源,也有来源于化石燃料燃烧产物的,但不同功能区二者贡献存在差别,其中农业用地（林地、果园、农田）中PAHs主要来源于石油源（或部分来源于土壤母岩中的有机质）,城区、交通干线附近及工矿企业附近表层土壤中PAHs污染源以化石燃料燃烧产物输入为主。     

杭州市郊区表层土壤中多环芳烃的风险分析

采集杭州市郊区表层土壤中多环芳烃的样品,用色谱-质谱技术对多环芳烃化合物进行定量分析。美国环保总署推荐优先控制的16种多环芳烃单体质量分数在1.49～87.43 ng.g-1之间,萘、芴、苊等低分子量芳烃质量分数相对较低;、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘、苯并[ghi]苝等高分子量芳烃质量分数相对较高,其中苯并[ghi]苝质量分数最高。对照荷兰的土壤标准,杭州市郊区表层土壤中的荧蒽、、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘、苯并[ghi]苝超标比较严重,超标率100%;多环芳烃的Bap等效毒性当量是荷兰规定目标值的2倍;因此,杭州市郊区表层土壤中存在一定的潜在风险。多环芳烃Ant/（Phe＋Ant）、BaA/（Chr＋BaA）、Flua/（Pyr＋Flua）等参数表明,多环芳烃主要来源于燃烧源,且以机动车尾气为主;BeP/（BeP＋BaP）比值偏高,可能与土壤中的多环芳烃主要来源于大气沉降有关。     

Multiphase redistribution differences of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) between two successive sediment suspensions

Successive sediment suspensions often happen in estuary, yet little research has probed into the difference in the release behaviors of organic compounds among different suspensions. This study took polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as typical organic contaminants and investigated the release behaviors between two successive suspensions with a particle entrainment simulator (PES). Results showed that successive sediment suspensions lowered the concentration of dissolved PAHs in the overlying water via facilitating the re-adsorption of dissolved PAHs onto the suspended particles. Fast-release and slow-release periods of PAHs were successively observed in the both suspensions. The concentration changes of dissolved PAHs in the second suspension were generally similar with but hysteretic to those in the first suspension. More vigorous desorption and re-absorption of PAHs were induced in the second suspension. Successive sediment suspensions obviously decreased the concentrations of mineral composition and organic matters in the overlying water, which significantly affects multiphase distribution of PAHs.     

我国某塑料垃圾拆解地周边居民多环芳烃内暴露水平调查

采集我国某塑料垃圾拆解地周边50例居民尿液,酶解-固相萃取对其进行前处理,采用高效液相色谱-荧光检测器检测了其中8种多环芳烃羟基代谢物的含量水平,并分析其组成特征.结果显示,该地区居民尿液中2-羟基萘、2-羟基芴、2-羟基菲+3-羟基菲、1-羟基菲+9-羟基菲、4-羟基菲和1-羟基芘的均值浓度分别为9.19、9.11、0.97、2.42、0.09、1.36μmol.mol肌酐-1.各多环芳烃羟基代谢物的含量水平普遍高于北京、广东、江西等地区背景人群含量水平,也明显高于欧美国家背景人群的含量水平,表明该地区居民有着较大的多环芳烃摄入量;各多环芳烃羟基代谢物之间相关性差异较大,2-羟基萘、2-羟基芴、∑羟基菲与1-羟基芘间的相关系数在0.474—0.737之间,表明多种代谢物的联合测定可更客观地评价该地区居民多环芳烃暴露情况.     

The application of solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) to the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

There are many established extraction techniques regularly used in the isolation and analysis of PAHs and similar organic compounds from various phases. These include Soxhlet or ultrasonic extractions from solids, and liquid-liquid or solid-phase extraction from aqueous samples. However, these methods have some inherent disadvantages; most require large volumes of organic solvents, they can be time consuming and many involve multi-step processes that always present the risk of the loss of some analytes (Zhang et al., 1994). Solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) is a relatively new technique that has been used with much success in the analysis of a variety of compounds including PAHs. Experiments are being carried out to determine the optimum range of conditions for the extraction of a range of PAHs. Parameters under investigation include temperature, equilibration time, salinity and compound concentration. Presented here are some preliminary experiments into the applicability of SPME for PAH analysis. Further work will investigate the reproducibility of the technique, limits of detection and matrix effects. When an optimised method has been developed the technique will be used in investigations into PAH profiles in sediment cores.     

土壤与沉积物对多环芳烃类有机物的吸附作用

吸附作用是疏水性有机物在土壤和沉积物环境中的重要迁移转化行为之一。多环芳烃是环境中一种重要的疏水性有机污染物。文章着重阐述了多环芳烃类有机物在土壤和沉积物中有机质和粘土矿物吸附机理，指出土壤、沉积物有机质的结构异质性是导致非线形吸附的重要原因；分析了影响多环芳烃吸附过程的诸多因素，并提出该研究领域存在的问题以及今后发展的方向。     

吉林省典型城市大气中PAHs来源解析

通过对吉林省4个典型城市,即吉林、白城、四平和通化市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃（PAHs）的采样和分析,得到16种PAHs的成分谱,应用主因子分析和特征比值法对其进行定性研究,得到吉林省大气中PAHs的2种主要来源--车辆尾气和燃煤。并应用绝对主因子分析法进一步定量计算这2种源对PAHs的浓度贡献值及贡献率,结果表明：吉林省典型城市PAHs解析值为772.39μg·g-1,绝大多数解析值与监测值之间的比值接近于1,车辆尾气对各PAH的贡献率为2.6%~67.6%,燃煤源的贡献率为24.1%~121.2%。另外,该研究还计算了已识别的2种源对于不同环数的PAHs的贡献,2~3环的PAHs大部分来自于燃煤,约占总体的89%,车辆尾气仅占11%;4环的PAHs约58%来源于燃煤,42%来源于车辆尾气;5环的PAHs约45%来源于燃煤,55%来源于车辆尾气;6环PAHs来源于燃煤的占61%,来源于车辆尾气的占39%。     

Polychlorinated biphenyls,polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkylphenols in sediments from the Odra River and its tributaries,Poland

Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP) were measured in sediments collected during June–August 1998 along the Odra River and its tributaries (Warta, Obrzyca, Barycz, Kaczawa and Bóbr Rivers) in Poland. In addition, raw and treated sewage sludge collected from Gdańsk, Poland, were analyzed for the target compounds. Concentrations of PCBs in sediments varied widely, ranging from 2.7 to 412?ng/g, on a dry weight basis (dry wt). PAHs were the predominant compounds in sediments with concentrations ranging from 150 to 19?000?ng/g, dry wt. The distribution of concentrations of PAHs was more homogenous than that of PCBs. NP concentrations in sediments ranged from <1 to 762?ng/g, while that of OP from <1 to 9.8?ng/g, dry wt. Measured concentrations of target analytes in sediments of the Odra River and its tributaries were comparable to or greater than those reported for riverine sediments in other eastern European countries. Concentrations of total PCBs, PAHs and NP in raw and treated sewage sludge collected from a sewage treatment plant in Gdańsk, Poland, were in the ranges of 203–284, 11?720–13?880 and 6760–99?600?ng/g, dry wt, respectively. Primary treatment of sewage did not appear to reduce PCB or PAH concentrations, although NP and OP concentrations were much less in treated sludge than in raw sludge. This is one of a few studies that document concentrations of PCBs, PAHs and NP in sediments of the Odra River and its tributaries in Poland.     

东莞市夏季大气颗粒物中的多环芳烃及硝基多环芳烃

以东莞市2011年夏季不同区域的大气颗粒物为研究对象,定性定量分析了其中多环芳烃(PAHs)及硝基多环芳烃(NPAHs)的浓度、组成.采用特征比值法分析了PAHs及NPAHs的来源,并通过PEFs毒性评价法评价了颗粒物中多环芳烃及硝基多环芳烃的BaP等效毒性,估算出个体致癌指数.结果表明东莞市颗粒物上16种多环芳烃总含量在12.60—193.95 ng·m-3范围内,6种硝基多环芳烃的总含量在5.88—62.79 ng·m-3,隧道环境中多环芳烃及硝基多环芳烃的浓度最高.除隧道环境中颗粒物的等效毒性及个体致癌指数超标外,东莞市颗粒物上PAHs及NPAHs对人体均不构成严重威胁.     

济南市表层土壤中PAHs的分布、来源及风险分析

以山东省济南市为研究区域,采集测定了35个表层土壤样品中16种优先控制PAHs的含量,在此基础上对其组成特征、来源和环境风险进行了分析.结果表明,16种PAHs在所有样品中均具有较高的检出率,部分达到100%.含量范围为55.8—1.24×104μg·kg-1,平均值1.27×103μg·kg-1,中位值263μg·kg-1,低于已报道的我国其他地区表层土壤PAHs的污染水平.各功能区含量高低顺序为工业区、交通繁忙区、商业居民区和农田.PAHs组成分析与因子分析表明,济南市表层土壤中PAHs为混合源,煤、石油等化石燃料不完全燃烧作用占优势.16种PAHs的Bap总毒性当量浓度(TEQBa p)在0.54—1.37×103μg·kg-1之间,7种致癌性PAHs的TEQBap占总TEQBap的98.9%,是环境风险的主要贡献者.农田土壤风险水平较低,工业区土壤风险水平较高,需要管理部门特别注意.     

环境中的氧化多环芳烃综述

氧化多环芳烃(OPAHs)是芳环上具有至少一个羰基氧(C=O)的PAH衍生物,广泛存在于环境中.氧化多环芳烃主要通过含碳燃料的燃烧和PAHs的转化释放到环境中,且其较稳定难降解,因此OPAHs被称为生物和化学降解的"末端产物".目前,在多种动物组织样本中都可检测出OPAHs,并发现OPAHs可能比亲代PAHs具有更强的毒性.本文阐述了OPAHs的理化性质、来源、测定方法、环境分布、转运和转化、(生态)毒理学效应及其毒性作用机制,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望,进而为该类化合物的环境污染及生态风险评估提供相应参考.     

福建某钢铁厂区域表层土壤PAHs污染特征与风险分析

采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析福建某钢铁厂区域不同功能区表层土壤中16种优控PAHs含量,并对其组成、来源和环境风险进行了分析.结果表明,各样点土壤中16种优控PAHs的检出率达到100%,其总含量范围为68.7—18100.6μg.kg-1,平均值为5084.5μg.kg-1.7个功能区土壤中PAHs主要以高环(4—6环)为主.异构体比值法分析表明该钢铁厂区域各功能区土壤中PAHs主要来源于石油燃料的燃烧.土样中16种PAHs的TEQBaP为6.01—3110μg.kg-1,平均值为852μg.kg-1,7种致癌PAHs对16种PAHs总TEQBaP的贡献达到99.1%,其中BaP和DBA对总TEQBaP的贡献值较大,分别达到61.6%和14.5%.除郊区外,其它6个功能区土壤样品10种PAHs的总TEQBaP都超过荷兰土壤标准目标参考值,表明该钢铁厂区域多数功能区表层土壤均存在潜在的环境风险.     

活性污泥总DNA不同提取方法的比较

为了快速、简便和经济地获得活性污泥的总DNA,以用于分子生物学研究,采用5种不同的DNA提取方法提取活性污泥的总DNA,并通过提取的核酸总量、纯度、是否含有聚合酶链反应抑制剂等指标综合分析不同的提取方法对活性污泥总DNA提取效果的影响.结果表明:蛋白酶K-SDS-酚氯仿法和柱提取DNA试剂盒法提取活性污泥总DNA效果最好,提取DNA总量多,纯度高,可不经纯化直接进行PCR扩增反应。     

Novel method for in situ visualization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mangrove plants

Two-photon laser confocal scanning microscopy (TPLCSM) was first used to visualize the uptake and movement of naphthalene (NAP), phenanthrene (PHE), and pyrene (PYR), from separately contaminated hydroponics solutions into living Kandelia candel (L.) Druce seedlings. With this non-destructive and non-chemical extraction technique, the experimental results revealed that three types of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were observed moving into the K. candel and its translocation to radicle, hypocotyl and leaf, and the transmission rates of these PAH in the K. candel were in the order of NAP?>?PHE?>?PYR. Data demonstrate the manner in which PAH enter, transport, and distribute within the K. candel, and provided us some valuable information on uptake and translocation mechanism of PAH. These findings may help to optimize the phytoremediation strategies of PAH in mangrove wetlands.