Effect of Polymeric Coatings On Phytoplankton Standing Crop

Some polymeric marine coatings based on vinylcopolymer and linseed oil have been prepared in the laboratory and their efffect on phytoplankton standing crop was tested. the coating is prepared either from vinylcopolymer or linseed oil or a mixture of both binders with 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 ratios in the presence or absence of a soluble resin. the coatings were applied to glass slides and tested in a sea water medium. Also, correlations between the weight of the coating film and numbers of phytoplankton species were calculated. the results showed no correlation between the weight of films of either vinylite or oil binders and the total number of all phytoplankton species, but significant correlation was found for some phytoplankton species, such as Thalassiosira decipiens. the weight of the film coating of vinylcopolymer in the presence of soluble resin with 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 ratios is significantly correlated to the total number of phytoplankton and some other dominant species. Formulations of linseed oil and a soluble resin with 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 ratios are correlated to the numbers of Chaetoceros affinis, Bellorochea malleus and Skeletonema costatum.     

Extraction,chemical compositions,and cytotoxic activities of essential oils of Thevetia peruviana

Abstract

In this study, The essential oil of flowers, fruits, and leaves of Thevetia peruviana, which were collected in Vietnam, were being reported for the first time. The essential oil of flowers was extracted by different methods: n-hexane extraction, distillation water, and supercritical CO₂ extraction. The compositions of essential oil of different parts of Thevetia peruviana were analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS systems. Major chemical compositions of essential oil were identified as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, terpenoids, and sterol. The activities of total essential oil extracts of the Thevetia peruviana exhibit inhibitory activities against five cancer cell lines.     

铅处理对茴香植株生长及精油组分的影响

为了揭示铅对茴香（Foeniculum vulgare L.）生长和次生代谢产物-精油组分的影响及茴香植株对铅的吸收累积特性,本试验采用水培方法,在霍格兰营养液中加入铅,设计0（对照）、1 mg·L^-1、5 mg·L^-1、10 mg·L^-1处理,研究了不同铅质量浓度对茴香植株生长、精油组分及茴香植株对铅吸收累积的影响。结果表明：不同铅质量浓度处理对茴香植株的形态、生物量、色素质量分数、碳和氮质量分数、铅的吸收累积及精油组分均有影响。随着铅质量浓度的增加,茴香植株的株高呈降低趋势,且各处理之间差异显著,真叶数大致也呈降低趋势,但仅10 mg·L^-1处理显著低于对照,各处理的最大叶长差异均不显著,最大叶宽仅对照与5 mg·L^-1处理之间差异显著。随着铅质量浓度的增加,地上部鲜质量和干质量均呈逐渐降低趋势,且铅处理后的地上部鲜质量和干质量均显著低于对照,地下部鲜质量和干质量呈逐渐升高趋势,但铅处理后的地下部鲜质量和干质量与对照差异均不显著,根冠比呈逐渐增加趋势,但仅10 mg·L^-1处理显著高于对照。随着铅质量浓度的增加,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a＋b和类胡萝卜素质量分数均呈降低趋势,且均低于对照,叶绿素a/叶绿素b以5 mg·L^-1处理最高,但仅显著高于1 mg·L^-1处理。铅处理后,可溶性蛋白质质量分数均高于对照,但仅1 mg·L^-1处理和5 mg·L^-1处理显著高于对照,全氮质量分数与可溶性蛋白质质量分数的变化趋势基本一致,但各处理之间差异均不显著;随铅质量浓度的增加,可溶性糖质量分数呈降低趋势,除1 mg·L^-1处理显著高于对照外,其余铅处理均显著低于对照,各处理的全碳质量分数与对照差异均不显著。随铅质量浓度的增加,茴香植株对铅的吸收累积显著增加。不同铅质量浓度处理下的反式-茴香脑含量和含氧化合物均显著低于对照,以5 mg·L^-1铅处理最低,而柠檬烯含量和单萜类化合物均显著高于对照,以5 mg·L^-1铅处理最高;随铅质量浓度的增加,倍半萜类化合物含量呈降低趋势,且均低于对照。因此,铅能抑制茴香植株的生长;随铅质量浓度的增加,茴香植株对铅的吸收累积显著增加;铅处理能影响茴香精油组分,显著降低反式-茴香脑和含氧化合物含量,而显著提高柠檬烯和单萜类化合物含量。     

Comparative Toxicities of Polar and Non-Polar Organic Fractions From Sediments Affected By the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska

Standardized tests were applied to aromatic and polar fractions of sediment extracts to determine whether polar constituents or oxidative degradation products contributed significantly to the toxicity of sediments oiled by the Exxon Valdez spill. Intertidal sediment and pore-water samples were collected in September 1990 from two heavily oiled sites and an unoiled site in Prince William Sound (PWS). Methylene chloride extracts from these samples were fractionated by liquid chromatography into aliphatic, aromatic and polar fractions, and the aromatic and polar fractions were tested for toxicity using the Microtox^R test, bivalve larval mortality and development (Mytilus); several measures of genotoxicity in Mytilus, including SOS Chromotest^R, anaphase aberrations and sister chromatid exchange; and survival, anaphase aberrations and teratogenicity in coho salmon (Onchorhynchus kisutch). Microtox^R and SOS Chromotest^R protocols were applied in a screening mode to all samples, whereas other tests were applied only to selected fractions from two sites. Samples from Bay of Isles (oiled) were consistently more toxic (usually only 2 to 5-fold) than the Mooselips Bay (unoiled) samples, which gave very low responses in all tests. for both sites, however, responses to polar and aromatic fractions were about the same in most tests, suggesting that while the overall toxicity of the oil was low in these samples, at least part of that toxicity was derived from polar constituents. Compared to the parent hydrocarbons, polar oxidation products partition preferentially into pore-water and are more rapidly diluted and dispersed in the water column. These results suggest that polar oxidation products of petroleum hydrocarbons pose little risk to marine organisms, except possibly for infauna continuously exposed to pore-water in heavily oiled sediments. Independent surveys showed that sediment toxicity in PWS declined during 1989-1991 to near background levels, in accord with previous understanding of oil weathering and toxicity.     

香港的船舶废油回收技术

进港船舶所产生的含油污水每月高达６０００ｔ,其成份主要为压舱水及洗舱水,这些油污如直投弃于海中,便会对海洋生态造成严重破坏,因此,文章讨论一些常用的船舶废油处理技术。船舶废油回收是防止船舶油污染的最佳方法,但船舶废通常被乳化,便回收再造过程更繁复,当中以加热及化学处理工序配合使用能获得良好的效果,此外,若将废油中的水份及固体除去,可再循环作为工业用燃油。     

Comparative Toxicities of Polar and Non-Polar Organic Fractions From Sediments Affected By the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill in Prince William Sound,Alaska

Abstract

Standardized tests were applied to aromatic and polar fractions of sediment extracts to determine whether polar constituents or oxidative degradation products contributed significantly to the toxicity of sediments oiled by the Exxon Valdez spill. Intertidal sediment and pore-water samples were collected in September 1990 from two heavily oiled sites and an unoiled site in Prince William Sound (PWS). Methylene chloride extracts from these samples were fractionated by liquid chromatography into aliphatic, aromatic and polar fractions, and the aromatic and polar fractions were tested for toxicity using the Microtox^R test, bivalve larval mortality and development (Mytilus); several measures of genotoxicity in Mytilus, including SOS Chromotest^R, anaphase aberrations and sister chromatid exchange; and survival, anaphase aberrations and teratogenicity in coho salmon (Onchorhynchus kisutch). Microtox^R and SOS Chromotest^R protocols were applied in a screening mode to all samples, whereas other tests were applied only to selected fractions from two sites. Samples from Bay of Isles (oiled) were consistently more toxic (usually only 2 to 5-fold) than the Mooselips Bay (unoiled) samples, which gave very low responses in all tests. for both sites, however, responses to polar and aromatic fractions were about the same in most tests, suggesting that while the overall toxicity of the oil was low in these samples, at least part of that toxicity was derived from polar constituents. Compared to the parent hydrocarbons, polar oxidation products partition preferentially into pore-water and are more rapidly diluted and dispersed in the water column. These results suggest that polar oxidation products of petroleum hydrocarbons pose little risk to marine organisms, except possibly for infauna continuously exposed to pore-water in heavily oiled sediments. Independent surveys showed that sediment toxicity in PWS declined during 1989–1991 to near background levels, in accord with previous understanding of oil weathering and toxicity.     

重质原油和轻质原油水溶性组分对紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)毒理效应的研究

近年来,海洋石油开采与运输泄漏、石油及产品离岸排放等事故逐年增多,对近海海域生态环境产生了巨大破坏。为探究重质原油和轻质原油对紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)毒理效应,测定了不同浓度重质原油和轻质原油暴露下紫贻贝鳃和外套膜中过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性及体内石油烃的含量变化。结果显示,石油污染暴露下,紫贻贝腮和外套膜中CAT和SOD活性变化明显,与暴露浓度和暴露时间有关。CAT活性在轻质原油组随着浓度的增大,呈现下降趋势,且随着暴露时间的延长呈现先下降后上升趋势;在重质原油暴露组,随着浓度的增大,呈现先上升后下降趋势,且随着暴露时间的延长呈现先下降后上升趋势。SOD活性在轻质原油与重质原油暴露组,随着浓度的增大,呈现下降趋势,且随着暴露时间的延长呈现上升趋势并存在一定的剂量-效应关系。重质原油和轻质原油暴露168 h后紫贻贝体内总石油烃含量呈线性递增,生物富集系数(BCF)随着暴露浓度的增加不断减小并最终趋于平稳。结果表明,以紫贻贝腮和外套膜中SOD和CAT活性作为石油烃污染的生物标志物具有一定应用前景,紫贻贝对原油溶液中石油烃的生物富集作用可用来判断污染原油的来源和性质。     

矿物油对水稻－萝卜的影响

用不同剂量的润滑油（引擎油、齿轮油）、煤油和废油污染土壤，探讨它们对水稻和后茬萝卜生长的影响．结果表明，引擎油在剂量为５ｍｌ／１００ｇ土时对水稻生长和后茬萝卜的成苗及苗高均有影响；齿轮油、煤油和废油在剂量为２ｍｌ／１００ｇ土时对水稻秧苗无多大影响，在剂量为１ｍｌ／１００ｇ土时对后茬萝卜有抑制作用．对被废油污染的土壤，可用油处理剂Ｓ．Ｇ８０５治理．但剂量以１０００ｍｇ／Ｌ以下为宜．     

含氨基酸的润滑油生物降解性及降解速率方程模拟

在HVI 350矿物润滑油中加入少量月桂酰基甘氨酸,对比研究了加入月桂酰基甘氨酸前后矿物润滑油在土壤中的生物降解特性,并采用指数速率模型对润滑油生物降解动力学进行了模拟.结果表明,月桂酰基甘氨酸可促进HVI 350矿物润滑油生物降解,试验条件下HVI 350矿物润滑油生物降解速率方程为S_t=50.4e~(-0.0155t),半衰期为44.72 d;含月桂酰基甘氨酸的HVI 350矿物润滑油生物降解速率方程为S_t=51.6e~(-0.0224t),半衰期为30.94d.     

渤海相近石油平台原油指纹鉴别规律初探

选择我国渤海相邻两个石油平台,不同油井6种原油,依据重复性限及t检验方法进行油源比对,对渤海相近平台原油指纹鉴别规律进行了初探性研究.结果表明,同一原油开采平台或相近的石油平台,原油指纹信息总体相差不大,仅部分组分表现出显著差异,如n-C17/姥鲛烷、n-C18/植烷在渤海相近石油平台原油中差异最为显著,此外,伽玛蜡烷、升藿烷、莫烷、C29甾烷、C19—C22的正构烷烃、菲与烷基化菲类、二苯并噻吩及烷基化二苯并噻吩类也表现出明显差异.由此加强对原油中该类组分筛查,将有助于石油平台原油油源鉴别.     

Application of Remote Sensing in Detection of Ocean Oil Pollution

It is well known that the increase of surface tension due to the presence of oil slicks causes the surface wave motion is depressed or even disappeared, thus making the surface electromagnetically smoother. Therefore, the radar backscattered energy is correspondingly decreased. These damping effects is now well understood and such effects enables the oil slicks to be discernible from the radar image. in this paper, we are concerned with the digital technique that effectively delineates the oil slicks pattern from the SAR image. the detected pattern allows us to estimate the coverage of oil spillage. the technique is based on the fact that the oil slicks make a gray value surface in the image which is a concave area with a certain size. in order to identify correctly these oil slicks and suppress the speckle noise and other natural phenomena, an image pyramid with multi-resolution layers is generated sequentially from the original image. Then a top-down approach, which applies both first and second order derivative operators, the Difference of Gaussian (DoG) and the Laplace of Gaussian (LoG), to the image pyramid, is used to detect oil patches. Two ERS-1 SAR images acquired on August 5, 1994 and September 5, 1994, around Taiwan, were used for testing. Results indicate that the proposed method depresses the speckle noise and other sea noise signals, and enhances the oil slicks pattern clearly. the robustness to the empirical parameters introduced in this scheme was also demonstrated.     

Application of Remote Sensing in Detection of Ocean Oil Pollution

It is well known that the increase of surface tension due to the presence of oil slicks causes the surface wave motion is depressed or even disappeared, thus making the surface electromagnetically smoother. Therefore, the radar backscattered energy is correspondingly decreased. These damping effects is now well understood and such effects enables the oil slicks to be discernible from the radar image. in this paper, we are concerned with the digital technique that effectively delineates the oil slicks pattern from the SAR image. the detected pattern allows us to estimate the coverage of oil spillage. the technique is based on the fact that the oil slicks make a gray value surface in the image which is a concave area with a certain size. in order to identify correctly these oil slicks and suppress the speckle noise and other natural phenomena, an image pyramid with multi-resolution layers is generated sequentially from the original image. Then a top-down approach, which applies both first and second order derivative operators, the Difference of Gaussian (DoG) and the Laplace of Gaussian (LoG), to the image pyramid, is used to detect oil patches. Two ERS-1 SAR images acquired on August 5, 1994 and September 5, 1994, around Taiwan, were used for testing. Results indicate that the proposed method depresses the speckle noise and other sea noise signals, and enhances the oil slicks pattern clearly. the robustness to the empirical parameters introduced in this scheme was also demonstrated.     

紫花苜蓿在柴油污染土壤中的萌发状况

选择以柴油作为土壤污染物，以单-外源环境因子污染水平为主要调控因子，采用室内盆栽试验的方法并且以不同质量分数的柴油污染土壤，在此情况下观察不同土壤柴油污染质量分数控制下紫花苜蓿种子的萌发与生长情况。结果表明，紫花苜蓿种子发芽抑制率与土壤柴油污染质量分数呈现指数线性相关关系，并且发现苜蓿发芽之后，高质量分数柴油处理组的幼苗出现黄叶和干枯现象。文章最后从土壤内柴油和柴油在土壤-大气界面间的迁移对种子萌发的影响进行了探讨。     

柴油污染土壤生物修复对土壤酶活性的影响

在柴油污染土壤的生物修复过程中,分析了土壤中柴油降解菌数量和3种土壤酶活性(过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶和脂酶)等生物活性指标与土壤中柴油去除率的相关性.结果表明,土壤受到柴油污染后的一段时间后过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶和脂酶的活性上升,而后随着土壤中石油烃的降解,脂酶又不断降低.进一步分析表明脂酶活性与柴油降解率及柴油降解菌数量都具有很好的正相关性,可以采用土壤脂酶活性来指示柴油生物降解成效.     

石油污染与微生物群落结构的相互影响

从两种土壤中分别分离出石油烃降解菌,并从中筛选出6株石油烃高效降解菌A1、A2、A6、A8和B2及B5,然后将各菌株鉴定至属,分别为A1假单胞菌属、A2鞘氨醇单胞菌属、A6微球菌属、A8节杆菌属、B2不动杆菌属和B5诺卡氏菌属。另外对比分析了单菌株及不同菌株重组对不同石油烃组分的利用情况,结果发现,从不同石油污染的土壤中分离到的菌株对石油烃组分的利用能力不同,从胜利原油污染的土壤中分离到的菌株A1、A2、A6和A8对石油烃组分的利用范围窄,主要利用饱和烃组分;而从经芳香烃驯化过的土壤中分离到的菌株B2及B5对石油烃利用组分的利用范围较宽,能同时利用饱和烃和芳香烃组分。     

Vertical infiltration of fuel oil hydrocarbons in an agricultural soil

The influence of rainfall, air temperature and soil moisture on the vertical mobility in the soil of fuel oil hydrocarbons (HC) was investigated in a field experiment. A controlled spreading of fuel oil (nC10‐nC25) was performed at a rate of 5 L HCm^‐2 on an agricultural soil in summer and in winter. Concentration, chemical composition of HC and soil moisture were regularly determined at different soil depths between 0 and 140 cm, 1 h, 3, 8and 15 days (d) after the spreading of oil. Sorption of hydrocarbons onto the organo‐mineral matrix of the soil was studied in laboratory experiments. The results showed that in summer, with an air temperature of 24°C and without water leaching in the soil profile, 65% of the initial HC remained trapped in the 0–140 cm soil layer, about 20% of the HC volatilized and around 15% migrated deeper. A vertical selective migration of the lightest (nC10‐nC15) HC (naphthas) was shown lSd after the spreading of fuel oil. Naphthas progressively reached the 120–140 cm soil layers whereas the heavy fractions of oil (nC17‐nC25) migrated and concentrated in the 0–60 cm soil layers. In winter, when soil was regularly watered by rainfalls and at low air temperatures, only 47% of the initial HC remained in the 0–140 cm profile after 15 d. A fast vertical infiltration of naphthas occurred within the first 3 d. After 15 d, all HC were detected in the same relative amounts as in the initial oil in the whole profile. Volatilization was negligible in winter and an increase in the migration of total oil at depth in the soil profile was shown. As inferred from the laboratory experiments, the high soil moisture led to the decrease in HC sorption on the organo‐mineral matter of the soil.     

Experimental degradation of oil in permeable sand from the Gulf of Aqaba,Red Sea

Degradation rates of light and heavy oil in permeable carbonate sands from the Gulf of Aqaba were investigated to evaluate the ability of sediments to degrade oil compounds. Silicate sands that are less permeable and different properties from carbonate sands were used for comparison. Estimates of oil degradation rates were based on oxygen consumption rates, calculated by incubating natural carbonate sands with oil. The degradation rates of light oil were twofold higher than those of heavy oil, which may be attributed to the presence of a higher carbon number in heavy oil compared with light oil. Degradation rates of light oil in carbonate sands were twofold higher than in silicate sands. Oil degradation rates calculated using the bottle incubation technique were three- to fourfold higher than rates from chamber incubations, indicating the importance of adequate mixing between oil particles and sediments during degradation processes. This study suggests that permeable sands, through their chemical and physical properties, increase oil biodegradation rates by enhancing flow through sediment particles and positively impacting bioturbation processes.     

石油渗漏导致的地下水污染评价

原油贮备库邻近水源地,对水源地全构成了威胁,因而需要对其污染情况做出合理的评价．本文以兰州原油贮备库为例介绍了其地下水污染评价方法和建议,发现以库区为中心,形成一个地下水严重污染区,区域下游至黄河形成了中等程度、轻微污染和警戒程度三种地下水弥散污染带,为保障水源地,必需采取必要措施．表6,参5．     

玉兰油细胞的发育及其与器官结构发育的关系

利用石蜡切片法及半薄切片法对玉兰茎、叶、花和种子中油细胞的发育进行了研究,结果表明：在所研究的各器官中油细胞以相同的方式发生。油细胞原始细胞因其细胞质染色较深、细胞核大明显及液泡化程度低而易与周围组织细胞分辨,以后,原始细胞逐渐液泡化,最终形成一个中央大液泡,其细胞质及细胞核呈一薄层,当油细胞成熟时,其细胞质和细胞核解体,而大液泡充满整个油细胞腔,成为储油的囊,在一些油细胞中,可观察到怀形构造,但     

Adjusting the economy to the new energy realities of the second half of the age of oil

Our research indicates that, due to the depletion of conventional, and hence cheap, crude oil supplies (i.e. peak oil), increasing the supply of oil in the future would require exploiting lower quality resources (i.e. expensive), and thus will most likely occur only at high prices. This situation creates a system of feedbacks where economic growth, which requires more oil, would require high oil prices that will undermine that economic growth. We conclude that the economic growth of the past 40 years is unlikely to continue unless there is some remarkable change in how we manage our economy.