壬基酚与壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚对多刺裸腹溞的复合毒性效应

为了探讨壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚（NP10EO）与其降解产物壬基酚（NP）对多刺裸腹溞的复合毒性效应,在实验室条件下研究了NP和NP10EO单一暴露对多刺裸腹溞的急性毒性和亚慢性毒性,以及两者混合暴露对多刺裸腹溞的联合毒性效应。结果表明：NP和NP10EO两种物质单一暴露对多刺裸腹溞的24 h LC50分别为0.154和3.37 mg.L-1,48 h LC50分别为0.065和2.11 mg.L-1。联合毒性实验中,定义0.5×LC50（NP）＋0.5×LC50（NP10EO）为一个毒性单位（1TU）。NP和NP10EO混合暴露后对多刺裸腹溞的24 h和48 h的LC50分别是0.646TU和0.291TU,联合毒性强度明显高于两种物质单一暴露时的毒性强度。在持续混合暴露条件下,多刺裸腹溞的首次生殖时间延迟、母体体长和初生幼体体长严重缩短、首次生殖数量大幅减少。说明NP和NP10EO对多刺裸腹溞的复合毒性表现出明显的协同效应。     

Microbial interactions with the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa and their dependence on temperature

Associated heterotrophic bacteria alter the microenvironment of cyanobacteria and potentially influence cyanobacterial development. Therefore, we studied interactions of the unicellular freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa with heterotrophic bacteria. The associated bacterial community was greatly driven by temperature as seen by DNA fingerprinting. However, the associated microbes also closely interacted with the cyanobacteria indicating changing ecological consequence of the associated bacterial community with temperature. Whereas concentration of dissolved organic carbon in cyanobacterial cultures changed in a temperature-dependent manner, its quality greatly varied under the same environmental conditions, but with different associated bacterial communities. Furthermore, temperature affected quantity and quality of cell-bound microcystins, whereby interactions between M. aeruginosa and their associated community often masked this temperature effect. Both macro- and microenvironment of active cyanobacterial strains were characterized by high pH and oxygen values creating a unique habitat that potentially affects microbial diversity and function. For example, archaea including ‘anaerobic’ methanogens contributed to the associated microbial community. This implies so far uncharacterized interactions between Microcystis aeruginosa and its associated prokaryotic community, which has unknown ecological consequences in a climatically changing world.     

Effects of cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa on the filtration rate and mortality of the freshwater bivalve Corbicula leana

We compared filtering rates (FR) and mortalities between freshwater filter-feeding bivalve Corbicula leana acclimatized (AM) and non-acclimatized (NAM) to an cyanobacterial bloom (mainly Microcystis aeruginosa) over seven days. Both mussel populations were simultaneously stocked into mesocosms constructed in littoral zones of a eutrophic lake at a density of 740 ind. m(-2) for 16 days. NAMs decreased the concentration of chlorophyll-a 50% less than AMs. For the first seven days, the FRs (0.46-0.61) and mortality rate (slope = -30.2, r = -0.95) of NAMs were higher than those of AMs, possibly due to a sudden increase in unselective filtering. From the eighth day NAM mortality decreased rapidly and then stabilized, becoming similar to that of AMs through the end of the experiment. Stocking both AMs and NAMs increased the NH4-N concentration in the water, and the mortality rates of both mussel populations were correlated with NH4-N. In contrast, other nutrients and microcystin concentrations were not significantly associated with mussel mortality. These results indicate that although a sudden introduction of non-acclimatized C. leana may partially control phytoplankton biomass fora short period, previous short-term acclimatization is needed to minimize mussel mortality.     

Kinetics of the sensitized photodegradation of nonylphenol

Nonylphenol (nonyl‐P) belongs to the classification of persistent organic pollutants. In this work we demonstrate that the contaminant suffers photooxygenation when exposed to visible light Eosin‐photosensitized irradiation. The mechanism was identified as a singlet molecular oxygen‐mediated photooxidation. Rate constants for the process, determined by time‐resolved phosphorescence detection of singlet molecular oxygen, are in the range 10⁵‐10⁷ M^‐1 s^‐1, depending on the characteristics of the reaction medium. The photooxidative process is more efficient when performed in highly polar alkaline medium.

The aggregation of nonyl‐P molecules in pure water decreases the rates of sensitized photooxidation of nonyl‐P and also those of polychlorophenolic contaminants, employed as photooxidizable model compounds, when photolyzed in the presence of nonylphenol. These results are discussed in terms of a micellar effect.     

Inhibitive effects of three compositae plants on Microcystis aeruginosa

Based on common phenomena of biochemical interaction between plants and microorganisms, the inhibitive effects of three common terrestrial compositae plants, namely Artemisia lavandulaefolia DC., Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq., and Kalimeris indica (L.) Sch.-Bip. on the blue algae Microcystis aeruginosa was studied. Live compositae plants are co-cultivated with algae in two different inoculation doses for 10 days in 5-pools incubators, in order to exclude the influence of bacteria and nutrients. The results show that Artemisia lavandulaefolia DC has the most inhibitive potential among the three plants as evidenced by the most drastic decrease in optical density (OD₆₈₀) of the algae. The inhibition rate is 93.3% (with initial inoculation dose of 2.0 × 10⁶ Cells/mL) and 89.3% (with initial inoculation dose of 4.0 × 10⁶ Cells/mL) respectively on the 10^th day of cultivation. The average inhibition rate during the later half of the experiment is 0.76 (with initial inoculation dose of 2.0 × 10⁶ Cells/mL) and 0.71 (with initial inoculation dose of 4.06106 Cells/mL), respectively. Logistic model analysis shows that compositae plants such as A. lavandulaefolia DC. causes the reduction of the habitat’s carrying capacity of algae. ANOVA analysis is used to determine the similarity and differences between every experimental group and an average inhibitive rate model is used to evaluate the inhibition effects. The results show that A. lavandulaefolia DC., which grow well in the aquatic environment, may have a great potential in controlling algae bloom in eutrophic water.     

藻类对壬基酚微生物降解的影响

壬基酚(NP)为在水环境中广泛存在的一种典型环境内分泌干扰物质。为了探讨NP在自然水体中的归趋,研究了水体中藻类对微生物降解NP的影响。结果表明,本研究筛选的耗氧混合菌可以有效降解NP,在暗环境下半衰期为1.16d,光照不利于NP的微生物降解,半衰期增加到5.19d;藻类和藻胞外分泌物可以提高光照条件下NP的微生物降解,这是藻类和菌加和作用的结果;而破碎的藻对降解作用改善不大。藻类和微生物相互作用对于有机污染物降解的影响还鲜见报道,本研究为全面理解NP在水环境中的归驱提供了重要的数据。     

Effects of nonylphenol on brain gene expression profiles in F1 generation rats

The effects of nonylphenol (NP) were examined on brain gene expression profiles of F1 generation rats by means of microarray techniques. The mRNA were extracted from the brain of two-day-old F1 generation rats whose F0 male generation were treated with NP, then reversely transcribed to cDNA and labeled with Cy5 and Cy3 fluorescence. Subsequently, the cDNA probes were hybridized to the mouse 40S cDNA microarray and the fluorescent signals of Cy5 and Cy3 were scanned and analyzed. Sixteen identified genes were expressed significantly differently from control, including 13 down-regulated, of which five were related to brain energy metabolism. Data suggest that it is possible that NP affects function of energy metabolism in male rats when administered perinatally.     

软脂酸和硬脂酸对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制作用

研究了软脂酸和硬脂酸对产毒铜绿微囊藻Microcystis aeruginosa生长的抑制效应,比较了长链饱和脂肪酸抑藻的构效关系。选用的藻种是购于中国科学院水生生物研究所的产毒铜绿微囊藻Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB-912,且实验藻种处于对数生长期。软脂酸和硬脂酸在藻液中的4种最终质量浓度为：30、60、90和120mg·L-1。实验周期为6d,每天定时定量取藻液,测量A（650nm）,叶绿素a含量,藻蓝蛋白含量。实验结束后,采用SPSS（13.0版本）软件和DPS（7.05版本）分析加入这2种脂肪酸的藻液的3个指标与空白对照之间的差异显著性。结果表明,2种饱和脂肪酸的4种质量浓度对产毒铜绿微囊藻均有显著的抑制作用,浓度越大,抑藻效果越明显。其中,2种饱和脂肪酸在相同浓度的条件下,软脂酸比硬脂酸的抑制作用要明显。实验技术方面有2个创新点：①因为长链饱和脂肪酸无法溶于蒸馏水,实验采用乙醇来溶解脂肪酸。②因为溶于乙醇的长链饱和脂肪酸溶液无法用高压灭菌锅灭菌,实验采用微孔滤膜对脂肪酸溶液进行灭菌。     

星肋小环藻、滇池铜绿微囊藻的春化作用

为认知星肋小环藻（硅藻）春季活动、滇池铜绿微囊藻（蓝藻）春夏大规模暴发的活动规律,通过确定生长温区后进行变温实验,分析低温对2种实验藻的生长影响,其结果为：小环藻的生长温度为9.5～15.0℃,微囊藻生长温度为15.0～31.0℃,生长高温将抑制2种藻的生长;15.5℃以上、9.0℃以下时小环藻停止生长,31.0℃以上、15.0℃以下时微囊藻停止生长;在15.5～17.5℃停止生长后用7.0～9.0℃处理一天后放回生长温度培养,小环藻恢复生长,在31.0～33.0℃停止生长后用7.0～14.0℃处理一天后放回生长温度培养,微囊藻恢复生长,表明特定低温可使处于高温休眠的藻恢复生长,即低温具有解除高温休眠的作用;诱导低温7.5～9.5℃、10.0～14.0℃时,星肋小环藻、铜绿微囊藻的生长与低温诱导强度反相关,与诱导时间正相关;低温可解除高温休眠作用诱导藻生长,同样,高温也可解除藻的低温诱导作用。分析认为：星肋小环藻、铜绿微囊藻的低温诱导作用与植物春化作用一致,因此实验藻具有春化作用,其年活动规律为：经冬季低温诱导,处于休眠的实验藻春季恢复生长,夏季生长高温抑制铜绿微囊藻生长,秋季无诱导低温过程,铜绿微囊藻华可发生但不如春夏。     

壬基酚对赤子爱胜蚓的生态毒理学研究

环境激素对生态的影响越来越受到人们的重视。通过赤子爱胜蚓对壬基酚的滤纸接触法毒性试验,从分子水平揭示环境污染物对蚯蚓组织的毒性影响。在壬基酚对赤子爱胜蚓(Eiseniafoetida)的急性毒性试验中,测得72hLC50为0.908μg/cm2。在系列浓度的壬基酚暴露中,过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT),超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxidedismutase,SOD)和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GlutathioneS-transferase,GST)的敏感性依次为CAT>SOD>GST。实验结果表明,这三种酶均可作为早期NP污染预警指标。     

Effects of nonylphenol on endocrine regulation-associated gene expression profiles in whole brain of F1 generation male rats

In order to determine the effects of nonylphenol (NP) on endocrine regulation-associated gene expression profiles in whole brain of F1 generation rats, mRNA extracted from the brain of 2-day old F1 generation rats whose F0 male generation was treated with NP. The mRNA was then reversely transcribed to cDNA and labeled with cy5 and cy3 fluorescence. Subsequently, cDNA probes were hybridized to the Mouse40S cDNA microarray and the fluorescent signals of cy5 and cy3 were scanned and analyzed. Sixteen genes were identified which expressed differently, including 13 that were down-regulated in which 4 were related to brain regulation of endocrine function. Data suggest that NP mainly affects metabolism and synthesis of steroid hormone in various ways and disturbs the reproductive function of male rats when administered perinatally.     

Cadmium and lead toxicity and bioaccumulation in Microcystis aeruginosa

The growth of human population leads to intensification of agriculture and promotes, through eutrophication, development of cyanobacteria. One of the most widespread and bloom-forming species in freshwater is toxic Microcystis aeruginosa （M. aeruginosa）. Combustion of fossil fuels and metallurgical processes are the main sources of heavy metals contamination in surface water including cadmium （Cd） and lead （Pb）. The following study was conducted in order to determine the effect of 1- 20 mg. L-1 of Cd and Pb on photochemistry （using flow cytometry） and growth （based on chlorophyll concentra- tion） ofM. aeruginosa as well as to estimate levels of metal bioaccumulation. We have found that 1-10mg.L-1 of Cd and 1-5 rag. L1 of Pb induced continuous enhancement of chlorophyll fluorescence during 24 h of incubation. No significant degradation of chlorophyll was observed in these samples. At higher concentrations of 20 mg. L-1 of Cd and 10-20 mg.L-1 of Pb chlorophyll level significantly decreased and its fluorescence was quenched. M. aeruginosa demonstrated high capability of Cd and Pb bioaccumulation, proportionally to initial metal concentration. In samples with initial concentration of 20 mg. L-1 of Cd and Pb bioaccumulation of 87.3% and 90.1% was observed, respectively. Our study demonstrates that M. aeruginosa can potentially survive in highly metals polluted environments, be a primary source of toxic metals in the food chain and consequently contribute to enhanced toxicity of heavy metals to living organisms including human.     

水体扰动对铜绿微囊藻生长影响的规律及原因

在实验室条件下模拟不同扰动状态的水体,探讨铜绿微囊藻的生长与水体扰动之间的关系.结果表明,水体的扰动对铜绿微囊藻的生长同时存在促进和抑制作用.低速度扰动时,促进作用占主导地位;高速度扰动时,抑制作用占主导地位.实验发现中营养化条件下,当温度为25℃,光照为4000 lx,光暗比为12 h∶12 h时,300 r.min-1的扰动速度是铜绿微囊藻生长的临界速度.扰动过程可以为铜绿微囊藻的光合作用提供充足的二氧化碳是其能够促进铜绿微囊藻生长的潜在原因.     

微藻对壬基酚的响应及去除能效研究

分离筛选11种微藻开展微藻对NP暴露的响应特征和去除能效研究。NP对叶绿素a含量的96 h半抑制效应浓度(EC50)介于0.60~3.33 mg·L~(-1)之间,EC50由小到大依次为:短棘盘星藻羊角月牙藻小球藻衣藻斜生栅藻肥壮蹄形藻卷曲纤维藻二尾栅藻惠氏微囊藻四尾栅藻蛋白核小球藻。除斜生栅藻、羊角月牙藻、肥壮蹄形藻、卷曲纤维藻之外,微藻的生长速率与EC50呈显著的正相关关系。EC50与细胞粒径、表面积以及体积总体上呈负相关关系,与微藻对NP的最大去除速率和半饱和常数呈正相关关系。NP的藻类去除过程符合一级反应动力学方程,且NP的半衰期与微藻起始总表面积呈显著的负相关关系。NP对微藻群落的影响与其浓度相关,其选择性干扰效应主要与微藻耐受性相关。NP耐受性高的种类多表现出高生长速率和去除能力。     

共培养条件下菖蒲和铜绿微囊藻之间的化感作用

采用共生培养方法研究菖蒲(Acorus calamus)和铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)之间的化感作用.结果表明,初始密度为1.0×107ind mL-1的铜绿微囊藻与20 g L-1菖蒲共生培养时,菖蒲对铜绿微囊藻在一定程度上产生了化感抑制,但是铜绿微囊藻的生长作用占优势,d 20抑制率仅为16%.而在培养过程中,菖蒲叶绿素a含量逐渐减少,d20叶绿素a含量仅为对照组的27%;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在d 12开始明显降低,d 20仅为对照组的46%;丙二醛(MDA)含量呈现逐渐增加趋势,d 20为对照组的172%;而生物量仅为对照组的62%.研究表明高密度铜绿微囊藻可以诱导菖蒲产生氧化胁迫,引起细胞结构严重损伤,从而强烈抑制菖蒲的生长.     

Effects of nonylphenol on ovarian cancer cells PEO4 c-myc and p53 mRNA and protein expression

The molecular mechanisms underlying proliferation and apoptosis induced by p-nonylphenol (NP) through regulation of mRNA and protein expression of c-myc, p53 mRNA and the protein was investigated using ovarian cancer PEO4 cells. PEO4 cells were grown in the Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM), 3(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was employed to investigate cell proliferation. RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry was performed to determine mRNA and protein expression of PEO4 c-myc and p53. Within the range of approximately 8–9×10^?7 mol L^?1, NP stimulated proliferation in PEO4 cells in a concentration-and time-dependent manner. RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry analyses revealed that treatment with 32 × 10^?7 mol L^?1 NP for 72 hr resulted in increased mRNA and protein expression of PEO4 c-myc and p53. Evidence indicates that NP exerted estrogenic actions and stimulated proliferation in estrogen responsive ovarian cancer PEO4 cells by up-regulation of c-myc mRNA and protein expression.     

光合细菌对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制效应

为了探讨光合细菌对水华藻类的控制作用,在实验室条件下,通过菌藻共同培养,研究了沼泽红假单孢菌(Rhodopseudomonas palustras)、球形红细菌(Rhodobacter sphaeroides)及其混合培养物对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)生长的抑制效应.实验结果表明,光合细菌混合培养物对铜绿微囊藻抑藻作用最强,培养5 d时,铜绿微囊藻生物量降低率达58.9%,培养时间、培养温度、菌体投加量及培养基pH值等对光合细菌混合培养物的抑藻作用均有不同程度的影响.光合细菌混合培养物发挥抑藻作用的适宜条件为培养温度25℃,培养时间≤5 d,光合细菌投加量(V_(光合细菌菌悬液):V_(藻培养液)=1:80),藻培养基pH为8.0左右.     

壬基酚在蛋白核小球藻和大型溞体内的富集与传递

为探究壬基酚(nonylphenol,NP)在水生生物中的富集传递效应,选择以蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)和大型溞(Daphnia magna)为研究对象,开展蛋白核小球藻对NP的富集效应实验,及NP在蛋白核小球藻和大型溞体内的传递效应实验。研究结果表明,NP对蛋白核小球藻的96 h半数效应浓度(96 h-EC50)为3.13 mg·L~(-1),对蛋白核小球藻的生长和叶绿素含量的影响呈现明显的剂量-时间效应。NP对大型溞的48 h半数效应浓度(48 h-LC50)为37.41μg·L~(-1),属于高毒类化合物。蛋白核小球藻暴露于0.05 mg·L-1NP 4 h后,其生物富集系数(BCF)为5 144.93,富集量为252.2μg·g~(-1),在12 h内对NP的生物富集系数(BCF)最高达12 053.64,富集量为1 181.73μg·g~(-1)。以0.05 mg·L-1NP中暴露4 h后的蛋白核小球藻为饵料投喂大型溞7 d后,大型溞体内NP富集量最高达3.6μg·g~(-1)。0.05 mg·L~(-1)NP直接暴露组大型溞暴露10 d后,大型溞体内NP富集量最高达4.02μg·g~(-1)。蛋白核小球藻对NP具有较强的富集能力,能够通过摄食过程将NP传递到大型溞,经传递的NP能够显著抑制大型溞的生长、繁殖、摄食等生命活动。论文为评估NP在水生生态系统中的污染风险和富集传递效应提供了一定的参考依据。     

多壁碳纳米管对铜绿微囊藻生长及生理特征的影响

碳纳米材料由于其具有优异的性能,得以广泛生产和使用,其不可避免会进入水环境中,对水生生态系统造成潜在影响。本文以铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)为受试材料,通过暴露实验,研究了多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)单独作用对铜绿微囊藻的生物毒性和致毒机理。研究结果表明:低浓度(0.1 mg·L~(-1)和0.5 mg·L~(-1))的MWCNTs能刺激铜绿微囊藻的生长,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)酶活增强;中低浓度(0.1～10.0 mg·L~(-1))范围内,MWCNTs促使光合色素合成,促进藻细胞增殖;高浓度(50mg·L~(-1)和100 mg·L~(-1)) MWCNTs对蓝藻生长产生抑制,严重抑制叶绿素a,藻细胞生命活力下降; MWCNTs浓度高于1 mg·L~(-1)时,SOD、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)酶活性逐渐降低,丙二醛(MDA)的含量则逐步上升;可溶性蛋白含量与MWCNTs浓度有关,MWCNTs浓度低于5 mg·L~(-1)时,蛋白质含量增加,MWCNTs浓度高于5 mg·L~(-1)时,蛋白质含量逐渐减少。     

溶藻放线菌对铜绿微囊藻和小球藻竞争生长的影响

从土壤中分离获得l株对铜绿微囊藻有明显抑制作用的橄榄网状链霉菌SG-001（Streptomyces olivoreticuli SG-001）,研究其对铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）和小球藻（Chlorefla pyrenoidosa）竞争生长的影响。结果表明：SG-001菌株的活性物质主要存在于无菌滤液中,能够强烈抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长,但对小球藻的生长具有明显的促进作用。当混藻中两种藻细胞初始接种浓度均为4.0×106 mL-1时,在BG11纯培养条件下,添加SG-001无菌滤液有利于小球藻生长,但对铜绿微囊藻抑制作用不明显;而SG-001无菌滤液对天然加富水样中的铜绿微囊藻具有明显抑制作用,在同时接种有铜绿微囊藻和小球藻的混合藻液中,添加SG-001无菌滤液能够明显提高小球藻的生长竞争能力,且水体中氨氮和可溶性总磷的去除率可分别达到85%和93.33%,而铜绿微囊藻在第8天时生长基本被小球藻抑制。