不同溶剂对提取原煤中PAHs种类、含量与分布的影响

以淮北煤田的煤样为研究对象,选取二硫化碳（CS2）、二氯甲烷（CH2Cl2）、正己烷（C6H14）三种溶剂,采用索氏提取法对原煤中的多环芳烃进行提取．利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对提取液中的多环芳烃进行定量分析,研究了不同溶剂对原煤中多环芳烃种类、含量和分布的影响,通过研究发现,C6H14的提取能力显著低于CS2和CH2Cl2,CS2容易提取低环数的PAHs,CH2Cl2更容易提取高环数的PAHs．     

矿物质对煤热解气化过程中NH3形成的影响

以酸洗脱灰煤、原煤及添加含铁化合物的煤样作为研究对象,考察了煤中的矿物质和添加物铁对平朔气煤热解、CO2气化和水蒸气气化过程中形成的NOx前驱物NH3释放的影响．结果表明：煤中的矿物质和添加物铁在煤的热解和气化过程中,对NH3的释放均有明显的作用;煤中矿物质的脱除和添加剂的存在均可以减少NH3的释放,但其作用机理并不同．     

型煤燃烧特性初探

本文使用热重分析仪对型煤的燃烧特性进行了初步探讨。煤灯样品在升温过程中,发生两次快速失重,对应的温度分别为Ｔ１和Ｔ２。由于制备型煤时,添加了无机粘结剂和无机固硫剂等无机物,导致制备型煤用的混合料的Ｔ１比原煤降低,而刷烈燃烧温度Ｔ２却比原煤升高。     

Assessing geobiosphere work of generating global reserves of coal, crude oil, and natural gas

A teacher of ours used to say, “Like ice in a fire, something for nothing you will never acquire”, which is a poetic equivalent of “there is no such a thing as a free lunch”. Human economies are dependent on high quality fossil fuels and will likely continue depending on them for some time to come. Value of a resource is not only what one pays for it, or what can be extracted from it, but also value can be attributed to the “effort” required in its production. In this analysis we apply the emergy synthesis method to evaluate the work invested by the geobiosphere to generate the global storages of fossil energy resources. The upgrading of raw resources to secondary fuels is also evaluated. The analysis relies on published estimates of historic, global net primary production (NPP) on land and oceans, published preservation and conversion factors of organic matter, and assessments of the present total global storages of coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Results show that the production of coal resources over geologic time required between 6.63E4 (±0.51E4) seJ/J and 9.71E4 (±0.79E4) seJ/J, while, oil and natural gas resources required about 1.48E5 (±0.07 E5) seJ/J and 1.70E5 (±0.06E5) seJ/J, respectively. These values are between 1.5 and 2.5 times larger than previous estimates and acknowledge a far greater power of fossil fuels in driving and shaping modern society.     

Microbiological degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Anthracene,benzo(K)fluoranthene,dibenzothiophene, benzo(H) quinoline and 2‐nitronaphthalene

Biodegradation experiments of various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were studied with mixed bacteria culture under aerobic conditions. An easy‐to‐handle clean‐up procedure was developed for PAH and their metabolites simultaneously as well as a gc‐ms‐method to identify and quantify these compounds.

Anthracene and dibenzothiophene are completely degradable in an aqeous system, whereas biodegradation of benzo(k)fluoranthene and benzo(h)quinoline is possible only in an oil‐in‐water‐system with dodecane as cosubstrate. No degradation of nitronaphthalene was observed in aqueous systems. New metabolites are 2,3‐dihydroxybenzothiophene, hydroxybenzothiophenecarbonic acid and benzothiophenequinone for dibenzothiophene and hydroxyfluoranthenic acid for benzo(k)flouranthene. Whereas the former metabolites are degradable under the experimental conditions, the latter accumulates during the degradation experiment.

The results are important for microbiological wastewater treatment, since knowledge of biodegradation processes is indespensable for the successful treatment of PAH‐containing wastewater.     

Genetic relationships of pilchards (genus: Sardinops) with anti-tropical distributions

The pilchards (genus Sardinops), one of the major components of the world's harvest of fishes, is distributed sporadically in the temperate zone on a global scale. Mitochondrial DNA variation in 95 pilchards from nine worldwide localities in five current systems was examined using ten restriction enzymes. Although several opinions have been proposed on the global population structure of the genus Sardinops, our results clearly rejected the hypothesis of gene flow among geographically distant populations on a global scale. Results indicate that the Japanese pilchards and the Australian and South African pilchards were derived from the eastern Pacific populations, following the speciation of Sardinops in the Pacific, after the formation of the Isthmus of Panama. An intermixing of the northeastern and southeastern Pacific populations during the Pleistocene glacial maxima is suggested from their genetic affinities.     

Alkanes and hopanes for pollution source apportionment in coking plant soils

Polluted soils of former coking plants are characterized by multiple organic contributions, e.g. coal tar, coal, coke, soot, and natural organic matter, that can either be sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) or act as sorption surfaces for pollutants. The contamination level is usually based on the quantification of 16 PAHs but it does not provide any information on PAH sources. We studied the aliphatic fractions of 25 soil samples from a former coking plant site by microscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The microscopic investigation allowed to identify four main organic contributions: coal tar, coal, coke, and natural organic matter. These isolated sources were analyzed and considered as reference materials. Although the PAH distributions were very similar in the 25 contaminated soils, alkanes and hopanes distributions were representative from various contributions characterizing the relative enrichment in coal, coal tars, or natural organic matter. Two principal component analyses based on n-alkanes and hopanes showed that three molecular indices, the carbon preference index, the low molecular weight/high molecular weight n-alkanes ratio, and the 18α(H)-22,29,30-trisnorhopane/(18α(H)-22,29,30-trisnorhopane+17α(H)-22,29,30-trisnorhopane) ratio allow to classify polluted soils according to various organic contributions.     

PCDD/DFs and coplanar PCBs in fly ash samples from various types of incinerators in Taiwan

Polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/DFs) and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (Co‐PCBs) were determined in fly ash samples from municipal solid waste (MSW), medical waste (MW), and electricity power plant incinerators in Taiwan. The average concentrations of PCDD/DFs and Co‐PCBs are 7.02 ng‐TEQ/g and 1.06 ng‐TEQ/g, respectively. The contributions to total TEQ are 24% from PCDDs, 64% from PCDFs, and 12% from Co‐PCBs, indicating that PCDFs generate the highest environmental impact and MSW and MW incinerators are potential Co‐PCBs contaminating sources. The levels of PCDD/DFs and Co‐PCBs found in ash samples increase from petroleum‐fired, coal‐fired, large municipal solid waste, small medical waste, to small municipal solid waste incinerators, and are generally lower than those from incinerators built earlier. All fly ash samples analyzed in this study were considered hazardous materials. More research is suggested to establish the relationship between the amounts of PCDD/DFs and Co‐PCBs in fly ash and in flue gas.     

Diazinon leaching through a sandy soil amended with different humic materials

The water leaching of diazinon (O,O‐diethyl‐O‐2‐isopropyl‐6‐methylpyrirnidin‐4‐yl phosphoroth‐ioate) through soil columns, was studied after column amendments with two well characterized humic acids (HA), in both liquid and solid state, and with the original raw organic materials, an oxidized coal and a leonardite, from which the HA were extracted. The percolation curves and the pesticide distribution over the soil columns showed that the addition of the raw organic materials and the solid HAs reduced significantly the mobility of the pesticide along the soil column. The oxidized coal was more effective than the leonardite original material; the different origin of the two carbon‐rich materials had an influence on the diazinon movement along the soil columns and such difference was enhanced with increasing addition rates. Moreover, incubation at field capacity for two months of the soil columns treated with raw oxidized coal and leonardite, largely enhanced the described effects on pesticide behaviour. A complete adsorption of diazinon on columns and a practical absence of leaching was observed when the HA from both materials were added in dissolved form. These results were explained with the swelling of the humic micelles in water and the enhanced availability of inner hydrophobic surfaces for the strong adsorption of diazinon. The water diffusion into the solid humic materials after two months incubation, also explains their high pesticide retention capacity. This work indicates the usefulness of either solid o dissolved humic substances, with the proper hydrophobic character, in preventing the vertical leaching of non‐polar organic pesticides in soils.     

Analyses of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and mutagenicity in raw and chlorinated water

Both raw water and chlorinated drinking water samples were collected from and the Liu‐Du water treatment plant in northern Taiwan from October 1990 to April 1992. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and mutagenicity in these water samples were analyzed by GC/MS and Ames test. The Mutagenicity/DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) ratio in S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 with or without S9 mixture increased, even higher than 2, following the sequence of unit process. It was observed that the mutagenicity with TA98 (S9+) was highly related to most of PAHs in the raw water; while the mutagenicity with TA98 (S9+) was only correlated with DbA and BghiPr in the treated water. It could be expected that the mutagenicity level was controlled by other predominant components after the raw water was treated, for example, the chlorination process.     

两段炉用型煤热强度的研究

本文研究了城市两段炉用型煤的热强度特性曲线，结果表明，在干馏段型煤热强度的变化受煤种的影响很在，对于粘结性大的煤种，用普通工艺生产型煤，其热强度变化大，热强度的最小值也小，难以满足两段炉的要求，而用活性活粘土作为型煤的粘结剂并添加一定量的焦粉，则是“破粘”和防胀裂的有效途径。     

Environmental degradation of atrazine,linuron and fenitrothion in soil samples

The persistence of atrazine, linuron and fenitrothion in soil samples from an estuarine area (Ebro delta, Tarragona, Spain) has been studied. Soil samples from the top surface (10 cm) were collected during 1989–91, freeze‐dried, sieved through 200 μm, Soxhlet extracted with methanol, cleaned‐up with Florisil and analysed either by gas chromatography‐nitrogen phosphorus detection (GC‐NPD), in the case of atrazine and fenitrothion, or by liquid chromatography with diode array detection (LC‐DAD), for linuron. Confirmation of the samples analysed by GC‐NPD was carried out using GC‐mass spectrometric detection (MS) in the electron impact mode. The soil half lives obtained under the real environmental conditions have been calculated and the values obtained have been correlated with the physicochemical properties of each pesticide and the soil type. Degradation was affected by volatilization since temperatures in the area of study are relatively high, ca. 30°C, in the summer period. In the case of atrazine it has been shown that deethylatrazine is formed in all the samples studied..     

煤燃烧过程中5种微量元素的迁移和富集

通过一维炉燃烧模拟实验,研究了褐煤、肥煤、无烟煤及其燃烧产物中As,Cr,Pb,Cd,Hg的含量和分布;计算了在不同燃烧条件下的飞灰和底灰对煤的元素含量比和富集因子,以及飞灰对底灰的元素含量比和富集因子;详细探讨了3种煤在不同燃烧过程中5种元素的迁移和富集行为．结果表明,5种元素在各燃烧产物中都有一定含量的分布,只是各元素在不同燃烧过程中所呈现的集散规律不同,说明煤燃烧过程中微量元素的迁移和富集行为不仅与煤中微量元素的含量和赋存状态有直接关系,还受煤燃烧方式、炉温、气氛条件等人为因素的影响．     

Characterisation of cobalt‐binding proteins in occupational cobalt exposuret†

In animal experimentations cobalt is found to be carcinogenic under conditions which are comparable with a possible exposure of human beings at the workplace.^1,2 Little is known about binding and distribution of incorporated cobalt in blood.

Blood, serum and plasma of workers occupationally exposed to cobalt were analyzed concerning cobalt‐binding. The samples were focused by preparative IEF in layers of granulated gels. The cobalt concentrations in the isolated fractions were measured with the aid of flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. The whole blood samples exhibit peaks with different sizes in the pH‐5‐ and ‐7‐range. The proportion of these peaks can change with individual samples. In serum and plasma cobalt is found only in the pH‐5‐range.

When separated by gelelectrophoresis under denaturating conditions the cobalt‐fractions in all blood, serum and plasma samples shows a similar protein pattern. Several proteins with different molecular weights are detected in the pH‐5‐fractions, whereas only hemoglobin is found in the pH‐7‐fractions. In agreement with these results is the refocusing in ultrathin‐layer of polyacrylamide. Heterogeneous protein patterns are demonstrated with the pH‐5‐fractions; the pH‐7‐fractions yield only the hemoglobin pattern.

In vivo cobalt is bound to plasma proteins‐perhaps‐albumin^3,4‐and hemoglobin. Till now the chemical structure of the binding is unknown.     

Characterization studies of a semi‐automated separation method for analysis of non‐ortho substituted polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in environmental samples

Non‐ortho substituted polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners can account for the majority of the dioxin‐like toxicity in environmental samples, yet analysis for these congeners is difficult because other PCB congeners co‐elute with them in most Chromatographic methods. An automated method was developed which incorporates a porous graphitic carbon (PGC) column which is commercially available. Non‐ortho substituted congeners were successfully separated from interfering PCB congeners. Recoveries of non‐ortho substituted congeners were consistently reproducible (CV < 9%) when chicken eggs were fortified with individual congeners.     

Trophic upgrading of food quality by protozoans enhancing copepod growth: role of essential lipids

 Protozoa are known for their intermediary trophic role in transferring organic matter from small size planktonic particles to mesozooplankton. This study concentrates on the possible addition of biochemical value during this transfer, by new production of compounds that are essential in copepod food. In laboratory experiments, copepods could not be raised on a diet of the chlorophycean Dunaliella sp., though they readily consumed this alga. Dunaliella sp. contained all essential amino acids, but was deficient in highly unsaturated fatty acids and in sterols. In contrast to copepods, the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina grew well on Dunaliella sp., producing significant amounts of the long-chain fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, in addition to cholesterol and brassicasterol. Using this O. marina grown on Dunaliella sp. to feed Temora longicornis and Pseudocalanus elongatus, both copepod species rapidly developed from young nauplius larvae to maturity on the dinoflagellate diet. Hence, in this experimental food-chain the inadequate chlorophycean food was biochemically upgraded by the protozoan to high-quality copepod food. The results indicate that highly unsaturated fatty acids and/or sterols are essential compounds, which can be produced by protozoans. Due to their intermediate size, the mechanism of trophic upgrading by protozoans may bridge the gap of essential nutrients between the microbial loop and higher trophic levels. Received: 11 January 1999 / Accepted: 3 June 1999     

Environmental Determinants of Recent Endemism of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infections in Amphibian Assemblages in the Absence of Disease Outbreaks

The inconsistent distribution of large‐scale infection mediated die‐offs and the subsequent population declines of several animal species, urges us to understand how, when, and why species are affected by disease. It is often unclear when or under what conditions a pathogen constitutes a threat to a host. Often, variation of environmental conditions plays a role. Globally Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) causes amphibian declines; however, host responses are inconsistent and this fungus appears equally capable of reaching a state of endemism and subsequent co‐existence with native amphibian assemblages. We sought to identify environmental and temporal factors that facilitate host–pathogen coexistence in northern Europe. To do this, we used molecular diagnostics to examine archived and wild amphibians for infection and general linear mixed models to explore relationships between environmental variables and prevalence of infection in 5 well‐sampled amphibian species. We first detected infection in archived animals collected in 1999, and infection was ubiquitous, but rare, throughout the study period (2008–2010). Prevalence of infection exhibited significant annual fluctuations. Despite extremely rare cases of lethal chytridiomycosis in A. obstetricans, Bd prevalence was uncorrelated with this species’ population growth. Our results suggest context dependent and species‐specific host susceptibility. Thus, we believe recent endemism of Bd coincides with environmentally driven Bd prevalence fluctuations that preclude the build‐up of Bd infection beyond the critical threshold for large‐scale mortality and host population crashes. Determinantes Ambientales del Endemismo Reciente de Infecciones de Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis en Conjuntos de Anfibios en Ausencia de Brotes de Enfermedades Spitzen et al.     

Bolder science needed now for protected areas

Recognizing that protected areas (PAs) are essential for effective biodiversity conservation action, the Convention on Biological Diversity established ambitious PA targets as part of the 2020 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity. Under the strategic goal to “improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species, and genetic diversity,” Target 11 aims to put 17% of terrestrial and 10% of marine regions under PA status by 2020. Additionally and crucially, these areas are required to be of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative, and well‐connected and to include “other effective area‐based conservation measures” (OECMs). Whereas the area‐based targets are explicit and measurable, the lack of guidance for what constitutes important and representative; effective; and OECMs is affecting how nations are implementing the target. There is a real risk that Target 11 may be achieved in terms of area while failing the overall strategic goal for which it is established because the areas are poorly located, inadequately managed, or based on unjustifiable inclusion of OECMs. We argue that the conservation science community can help establish ecologically sensible PA targets to help prioritize important biodiversity areas and achieve ecological representation; identify clear, comparable performance metrics of ecological effectiveness so progress toward these targets can be assessed; and identify metrics and report on the contribution OECMs make toward the target. By providing ecologically sensible targets and new performance metrics for measuring the effectiveness of both PAs and OECMs, the science community can actively ensure that the achievement of the required area in Target 11 is not simply an end in itself but generates genuine benefits for biodiversity.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in farmland soils around main reservoirs of Jilin Province,China: occurrence,sources and potential human health risk

Study on the occurrence, sources and potential human health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in farmland soils around reservoirs is of great significance for the people drinking water security. In the present study, representative farmland soil samples around main reservoirs of Jilin Province, China, were investigated for 16 PAHs. The total concentrations of 16 priority PAHs in 32 farmland soil samples ranged from 602.12 to 1271.87 ng/g, with an arithmetic average of 877.23 ng/g, and the sum of seven carcinogenic PAH concentrations ranged from 30.07 to 710.02 ng/g, with a mean value of 229.04 ng/g. The 3-ring and 4-ring PAHs were major exist and account for 45.78 and 32.03%, respectively. Non-cancer and cancer risk of pollutants were calculated, and the results indicate that the complex PAHs in farmland soils were not considered to pose significant health effects. The isomer ratios Fla/(Fla + Pyr) and BaA/(BaA + Chr) show that the PAHs in soils were generally derived from biomass and coal combustion.     

The importance of incorporating functional habitats into conservation planning for highly mobile species in dynamic systems

The distribution of mobile species in dynamic systems can vary greatly over time and space. Estimating their population size and geographic range can be problematic and affect the accuracy of conservation assessments. Scarce data on mobile species and the resources they need can also limit the type of analytical approaches available to derive such estimates. We quantified change in availability and use of key ecological resources required for breeding for a critically endangered nomadic habitat specialist, the Swift Parrot (Lathamus discolor). We compared estimates of occupied habitat derived from dynamic presence‐background (i.e., presence‐only data) climatic models with estimates derived from dynamic occupancy models that included a direct measure of food availability. We then compared estimates that incorporate fine‐resolution spatial data on the availability of key ecological resources (i.e., functional habitats) with more common approaches that focus on broader climatic suitability or vegetation cover (due to the absence of fine‐resolution data). The occupancy models produced significantly (P < 0.001) smaller (up to an order of magnitude) and more spatially discrete estimates of the total occupied area than climate‐based models. The spatial location and extent of the total area occupied with the occupancy models was highly variable between years (131 and 1498 km²). Estimates accounting for the area of functional habitats were significantly smaller (2–58% [SD 16]) than estimates based only on the total area occupied. An increase or decrease in the area of one functional habitat (foraging or nesting) did not necessarily correspond to an increase or decrease in the other. Thus, an increase in the extent of occupied area may not equate to improved habitat quality or function. We argue these patterns are typical for mobile resource specialists but often go unnoticed because of limited data over relevant spatial and temporal scales and lack of spatial data on the availability of key resources. Understanding changes in the relative availability of functional habitats is crucial to informing conservation planning and accurately assessing extinction risk for mobile resource specialists.