天津城区道路雨水径流水质监测及污染特征分析

城市市区道路由于交通活动产生大量的重金属、无机阴离子、营养盐、有机污染物等,对受纳水体的水质造成很大破坏,并影响了水体的生态环境.通过对天津城区不同功能区(商业区、文教区和居住区)的道路降雨径流的30个水质指标进行监测分析,评估天津市区道路雨水径流的污染程度,进而分析天津市区降雨污染的基本特征.结果表明,不同功能区理化指标平均浓度的大小顺序为:商业区>居住区>文教区,天津市区道路雨水pH接近中性;金属离子中铅在3个功能区中均超标,在商业区、文教区和居住区中分别超标1.16、1.05和1.28倍,且天津市区重金属污染浓度与南京和澳门相近;无机阴离子并未超出地表水质量标准V类标准或集中式生活饮用水地表水源地补充项目标准限值.TN、TP、COD和BOD_5最大值分别严重超出国家地表水环境质量V类标准的2.5、2.0、10和50倍.挥发酚在3个功能区中均未超标,而阴离子表面活性剂在商业区、文教区和居住区分别超过地表水质量标准V类标准的37、17和6.3倍.     

包膜控释和常用氮肥氮素淋溶特征及其对土水质量的影响

大量施用氮素化肥所引起的氮素损失和环境污染正日益受到重视。通过土柱模拟氮素养分的淋洗试验,探讨包膜控释氮肥和常用氮肥的氮素淋失特点及其对土壤和地下水质量的影响。研究结果表明,不同氮肥施入土壤后氮素的淋失率有着显著的差异,其中硝酸钾中氮素淋失率最高,其次为尿素,硫酸铵和碳铵的氮素淋失量明显较小。然而控释氮肥因其控制释放的特点,在氮素释放的高峰期,其模拟淋失量较高,但如果在田间条件下此释放高峰期与作物吸肥高峰期相吻合,则会显著地降低其淋失率。除尿素外,被淋失的氮素均以硝态氮为主,尿素则以酰胺分子态被淋溶。大量速效化肥的施入会形成土壤中的肥料"微域点",引起交换性Ca2+、Mg2+离子的淋失,从长远来看可引起土壤结构的破坏,而施用控释肥则很少形成这种"微域点",有利于土壤结构和肥力的维持。不同氮肥处理淋洗后对土壤pH值和有效氮含量变化的影响差异较大,其中以控释肥对土壤pH值变化的影响较小。大多数氮肥处理在淋洗后,土壤中各层速效氮含量较淋洗前有所降低,然而两种控释氮肥处理的土壤表层却能持续保持较高的有效氮含量。     

Chemometrical analysis and quality control of pot water and its sources from Athens,Greece

The present study describes a chemometrical interpretation of a large data set from pot water quality control results. Sixteen chemical and physicochemical parameters constantly checked throughout the year were involved in the classification procedure. The data originate from seventeen sampling stations (pot water sources and pot water purification stations) and were collected in the period January ‐December 1993. Mean values for two months periods were introduced to the chemometrical procedure, so finally a data set 101x16 was formed. Additionally, quality control requirements of the European Union for pot water were added to the set to form an information input matrix of 103x16 elements. Hierarchical and non‐hierarchical clustering procedures were applied in order to reveal the internal structure of the data set. Some interesting conclusions like special water quality of lake Mornos, possibility of quality monitoring with lesser number of components etc., concerning the quality and stability of the pot water sources and quality characteristics of the samples are made.     

Pb accumulation in macrophyceae off the coasts of Kavala (Aegean Sea) and of pylos (Ionian Sea), Greece

Marine environmental pollution has been considered by all human social classes to be a problem of major importance.

Comparing measurements carried out in marine macrophyceae derived from the Gulf of Kavala and Pylos we have concluded the following, the element Pb having been taken into account.

Seasonal variations are detected in the Pb content of the macrophyceae species examined. Pb, which is regarded as one of the most toxic metals, is not encountered in great quantities in these biotopes. The Pb content in the algae of the harbour of Kavala is higher than in the other two stations (Palio, Kavala and Pylos).     

广东省跨市河流边界水质控制断面方案讨论

在对广东省主要跨市河流进行详细调查的基础上，分析现有跨市河流边界水质控制断面的存在问题；综合考虑跨市河段的地理位置、水体现状功能及水环境敏感性等因素，并兼顾上、下游地区社会经济发展现状及趋势，建议在新丰江、增江、韩江、灞江、绥江、西南涌、西江干流、榕江、枫江等河道新设边界水质控制断面13个，在全省共布设38个断面，构成广东省跨市河流边界水质达标管理的监测体系。文章还建议，要尽快制定广东省跨市河流边界水质保护条例，为加强广东跨市河流边界水质的达标管理，解决上下游地区之问的污染纠纷提供法律依据。     

137Cs Inventory in Abiotic Component and Biota From the Aegean and Ionian Sea - Greece

This study deals with ¹³⁷Cs dispersion and behaviour in the Aegean and Ionian Sea based on work done during the period 1984-1994, as a brief general review. Sea water, sediment and marine biota were analysed and measured by gamma spectrometry and the activity concentrations of ¹³⁷Cs were evaluated with consideration to the sources of pollution. According to ¹³⁷Cs levels the period is distinguished into three sub-periods, the pre-Chernobyl, the early Chernobyl influence and the late Chernobyl influence period. During the early period of the Chernobyl accident the ¹³⁷Cs levels in the Greek marine environment increased roughly up to an order of magnitude if compared with the pre-accident ones. Since 1988, the late impact of the accident is focused mainly in the North Aegean Sea, at the Dardanelles mouth, due to the Black Sea outflow.     

A red water occurrence in drinking water distribution systems caused by changes in water source in Beijing,China: mechanism analysis and control measures

A red water phenomenon occurred in several communities few days after the change of water source in Beijing, China in 2008. In this study, the origin of this problem, the mechanism of iron release and various control measures were investigated. The results indicated that a significant increase in sulphate concentration as a result of the new water source was the cause of the red water phenomenon. The mechanism of iron release was found that the high-concentration sulphate in the new water source disrupted the stable shell of scale on the inner pipe and led to the release of iron compounds. Experiments showed that the iron release rate in the new source water within pipe section was over 11-fold higher than that occurring within the local source water. The recovery of tap water quality lasted several months despite ameliora- tive measures being implemented, including adding phosphate, reducing the overall proportion of the new water source, elevating the pH and alkalinity, and utilizing free chlorine as a disinfectant instead of chloramine. Adding phosphate was more effective and more practical than the other measures. The iron release rate was decreased after the addition of 1.5 mg. L-1 orthophosphate- P, tripolyphosphate-P and hexametaphosphate-P by 68%, 83% and 87%, respectively. Elevating the pH and alkalinity also reduced the iron release rate by 50%. However, the iron release rate did not decreased after replacing chloramine by 0.5-0.8 mg. L-1 of free chlorine as disinfectant.     

Water quality in a mediterranean marine protected area (North Sporades Islands,Greece)

Pollution in the marine protected area of North Sporades Islands was investigated in July 1997. Salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, dissolved inorganic nutrients, organic carbon, hydrocarbons as well as dissolved and particulate trace metals were determined at 15 offshore and coastal stations. Dissolved organic carbon and inorganic nutrient concentrations indicate the mesotrophic character of the investigated waters. The dissolved forms of nitrogen were slightly higher at coastal stations. Dissolved and particulate Cu, Zn and Ni, were higher in coastal stations, whereas concentrations of Pb were generally low and likely of atmospheric origin. Dissolved/Dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons (DDPH) were close to detection limits at all stations. Temperature and salinity vertical profiles, nutrient and trace metal concentrations revealed the presence of a slight influence of the Black Sea water coming from Dardanelles straits.     

Benthic fauna of a shallow-water gaseohydrothermal vent area in the Aegean Sea (Milos, Greece)

The benthic community of shallow-water hydrothermal vents (10 m water depth) in a sandy bay on the south coast of Milos, Greece was studied. The macro- and meiofauna, as well as environmental factors such as temperature, salinity, sulfide concentration, grain size composition, ATP concentration, organic carbon, chlorophyll a and phaeopigments were evaluated. Samples were taken along transects from a seagrass meadow into a hydrothermally active area. Hydrothermally active spots were distinguished from the surrounding sediment by their black sediment coloration and an overlying white bacterial mat. For comparison, a control transect from a seagrass meadow into bare sand in a non-vent area in the same bay was studied. Overall, we found decreasing faunal diversity from the seagrass bed towards the hydrothermally active area. Along this gradient, four different zones could be distinguished. (a) The seagrass area had a relatively low diversity compared to the control stations, but much higher diversity than in the areas directly influenced by hydrothermal activity. (b) The border zone between the seagrass and the hydrothermal area, with moderate sulfide concentrations, pH values, seawater salinity and temperatures, was inhabited by an impoverished community dominated by the polychaete Capitella capitata, the nematodes Oncholaimus campylocercoides and Sabatieria sp., and an as yet undescribed chromadorid nematode (Chromadorina sp.). (c) The transition zone at the border of the hydrothermal area proper, with temperatures and sulfide concentrations higher than in the border zone, was characterized by high salinity (60‰) and low pH values. Along with the gastropod Cyclope neritea, single specimens of C. capitata and O. campylocercoides occurred. (d) The hydrothermal area proper, characterized by high sulfide concentrations, had high sediment temperatures and high salinities. The pH was as low as 6. Here, the gastropod Cyclope neritea was the only species occurring in considerable numbers. The gaseohydrothermal activity seems to largely exclude the surrounding fauna in a graded zonal pattern. The increasing hydrothermal stress entrains a change of the ambient biota towards a depauperate consortium of tolerant, opportunistic species, e.g. Capitella capitata (Polychaeta) and Oncholaimus campylocercoides (Nematoda). Although the hydrothermal area proper was characterized by a thick bacterial mat, the benthic community was characterized not by bacteria feeders but by scavenging species. Received: 13 September 1996 / Accepted: 24 October 1996     

Southwest monsoon influences the water quality and waste assimilative capacity in the Mandovi estuary (Goa state,India)

The monsoon-dominated Mandovi estuary is located in Goa state – a global tourist destination along the centralwest coast of India. In addition to factor analyses of water quality data, the water quality index (WQI), trophic state index (TSI) and percentage of freshwater volume in the estuary are calculated in order to infer the general waste assimilative capacity and prevailing water quality conditions. Factor analysis showed a dominance of PO₄–P, NO₂–N, NH₃–N, total suspended solids (TSS) and turbidity during southwest (SW) monsoon relative to other seasons. The WQI suggested that an increase in nutrients, turbidity and TSS during SW monsoon increase the WQI values beyond 2, rendering the water at some locations slightly polluted. During pre-monsoon, considerable increase in the WQI is observed at all the upstream stations rendering slightly polluted water at these stations. The TSI showed an average value of 46.95 during SW monsoon, 42.43 during post-monsoon and 48.42 during the pre-monsoon seasons, suggesting better productivity level during pre-monsoon, followed by SW monsoon, but the least during the post-monsoon. All the seasons, however, indicated a mesotrophic condition in the estuary and the assimilative capacity of the estuary is found to be in good to fairly good state (pre-monsoon?相似文献   

Temporal dimension and water quality control in an emission trading scheme based on water environmental functional zone

Emission trading is one of the most effective alternatives to controlling water pollution. Water environmental functional zone (WEFZ) is used to determine the water quality standard and identify the zone boundary for each river or reach. In this study, a new emission trading scheme was addressed based on WEFZ, accounting for both the temporal dimension and water quality control. A temporal factor of emission trading was proposed based on variations in the environmental capacity within a year by dividing the year into three periods, including high, normal, and low periods of environmental capacity. During each period, emission trading was implemented exclusively. A water quality-control scheme was suggested based on the water quality requirement in the water functional zone, in which the water quality at the downstream boundary of the zone was required to meet the water standard following auto-purification in the stream. Two methods of calculating water quality control are addressed for point-source pollution and non-point-source pollution. The calculated temporal dimension and water quality control were located in Dongxi River of the Daning Watershed in the Three Gorges Watershed. The high period was during June, July, and August, the normal period was during April, May, September, and October, and the low period was during January, February, March, November, and December. The results from the water quality calculation demonstrated that the discharge of point-source and non-point-source pollutions led to an excess of common contaminants at the downstream boundary of WEFZ. The temporal and spatial factors above should be incorporated into the emission trading scheme based on WEFZ.     

焦化废水缓冲体系的存在证明与集水调节池中水质结构调控

采用FeSO4对焦化废水原水进行pH调节,发现焦化废水原水中存在酸碱缓冲体系,具有很强的酸碱缓冲能力.焦化废水原水pH值约为9.6时,HCO3-、CN-、HS-、S2-、NH3、C6H5O-和胺类等以共轭碱的形式存在,对应的缓冲容量较高;随着pH的降低,共轭碱所占比例逐渐减少,对应的弱酸分布分数逐渐增多,缓冲容量逐渐减小;当pH调节至中性时,pH与pKa值接近,共轭碱与弱酸的分布分数近似相等,废水的缓冲容量有升高的趋势.在调节pH的过程中,由于FeSO4的水解、沉淀与络合作用,在投加量为2.0 g.L-1,反应时间15 min时,焦化废水中的氰化物、硫化物、油分及COD的去除量分别为1.5 mg CN-.g-1、27.3 mg S2-.g-1、15 mg总油.g-1及504 mg COD.g-1,pH影响各种污染物的形态分布而实现水质结构的调控.     

贵州草海湿地农田渠系水质空间分异特征及影响分析

为了解草海湿地农田渠系水质现状、空间分异特征及影响因素,于2011年秋季对草海湿地进行大空间尺度的采样,分析了氮磷等理化指标,采用单因子污染指数法和营养状态指数法分别对农田渠系水质和湖泊营养状态进行评价.结果表明,草海湿地农田渠系水质污染严重,多数水质为V类或劣V类,总氮和溶解氧是水体中的主要污染因子;上游水质劣于下游,尤其是上游靠近县城区域的水质最差;多等级排水渠系对氮磷具有一定的截留作用,干渠V级水质好于低级渠系水质;不同的土地利用方式对水质的影响不同,城镇用地>集中式村落>农田;草海湿地水体上、中、下游营养水平分别为中度富营养、轻度富营养和中营养,外源污染物的累积和湖泊营养水平的提高导致其沼泽化,而流域不合理的土地利用结构加剧了沼泽化的进程.     

中国东海抹香鲸体内多氯联苯的组成特征及毒性当量

用气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定了一只中国东海海域抹香鲸(Physeter macrocephalus)皮脂24种多氯联苯(PCBs)同系物的含量,并分析了其组成特征以及国际毒性当量.结果表明,东海海域抹香鲸皮脂PCBs的湿重含量为1.12μg.g-1;PCBs同族体中以含6和5个氯原子的化合物为主,高氯代PCBs占总量的92.10%;PCBs同系物中以PCB153、PCB138、PCB101和PCB149居多,分别占到PCBs总量的21.28%、15.97%、10.29%和10.23%;抹香鲸皮脂的TEQs含量为1663.07 pg.g-1,其毒性主要来自PCB126,其次是PCB123和PCB118;初步推断中国东海海域的抹香鲸受PCBs污染程度较轻.     

Analyses of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and mutagenicity in raw and chlorinated water

Both raw water and chlorinated drinking water samples were collected from and the Liu‐Du water treatment plant in northern Taiwan from October 1990 to April 1992. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and mutagenicity in these water samples were analyzed by GC/MS and Ames test. The Mutagenicity/DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) ratio in S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 with or without S9 mixture increased, even higher than 2, following the sequence of unit process. It was observed that the mutagenicity with TA98 (S9+) was highly related to most of PAHs in the raw water; while the mutagenicity with TA98 (S9+) was only correlated with DbA and BghiPr in the treated water. It could be expected that the mutagenicity level was controlled by other predominant components after the raw water was treated, for example, the chlorination process.     

内蒙古乌梁素海水质时空分布特征

将地质统计学理论与地理信息系统相结合对乌梁素海富营养化指标、有机污染指标和盐化污染指标进行了kriging空间插值,结果表明：从时间角度分析,冬季总氮浓度、总磷浓度、化学需氧量质量浓度明显高于其他季节;叶绿素a质量浓度浓度冬季最低;时空电导率平均值在4.0 ms.cm-1左右波动。从空间角度分析,总氮浓度、总磷浓度、叶绿素a质量浓度呈现出由北向南递减的趋势;夏秋季化学需氧量空间分布与春冬季节相反;冬季电导率空间分布与其他季节明显不同。从浓度大小分析,乌梁素海复合污染已十分严重。     

新疆阿拉尔市苦咸水水化学特征、分布及成因分析

准确查明苦咸水分布、水化学特征及成因对此类非常规水资源的开发利用及当地水安全保障能力的提高具有重要意义.通过对新疆阿拉尔市地下水进行采样分析,利用水化学图解、描述性统计分析、离子比值法、饱和指数法等方法分析苦咸水的水化学特征及形成机制.结果表明,研究区苦咸水水化学类型以HCO3·SO4·Cl-Na·Ca·Mg、SO4·...     

内蒙古乌梁素海水质时空分布特征

将地质统计学理论与地理信息系统相结合对乌梁素海富营养化指标、有机污染指标和盐化污染指标进行了kriging空间插值,结果表明:从时间角度分析,冬季总氮浓度、总磷浓度、化学需氧量质量浓度明显高于其他季节;叶绿素a质量浓度浓度冬季最低;时空电导率平均值在4.0 ms.cm-1左右波动。从空间角度分析,总氮浓度、总磷浓度、叶绿素a质量浓度呈现出由北向南递减的趋势;夏秋季化学需氧量空间分布与春冬季节相反;冬季电导率空间分布与其他季节明显不同。从浓度大小分析,乌梁素海复合污染已十分严重。     

彩塘电镀区底泥重金属污染与释放特征

采集了彩塘不锈钢电镀区河段9个典型底泥样品,研究了底泥重金属含量及其地球化学形态以及底泥在不同pH值下的释放特征,并探索了碱石灰对底泥重金属的固定效果.研究表明,该区域底泥中Cr、Cu、Cd、Ni、Pb、Zn大大超过了广东省土壤背景值,其中Cu、Cd、Cr、Ni超过了《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618—1995)二级标准的4.4、3.7、1.6、5.3倍.底泥中的重金属迁移性的大小为Cd>Zn>Ni>Pb>Cu>Cr.重金属释放是长期持续过程,随着水体pH值降低,底泥重金属释放量逐渐升高.底泥中加入碱石灰能有效地降低重金属的生物有效性,减少底泥重金属释放.     

Trihalomethanes formation in water treatment plants and distribution lines: a monitoring and modeling scheme

Monitoring and modeling of the concentrations of trihalomethanes (THMs) within four water treatment plants (WTPs) and distribution lines in Fayoum City, Egypt, were studied. Sampling sites for raw and treated waters were determined by global positioning system and the Arc geographic information system software was used for mapping. THMs were monitored using 25 sampling points located at the plant exit and through the distribution lines up to the plant extremity. Results indicated that the THMs concentration varied significantly but it was very rarely higher than the allowed maximum contaminant level of 100 μg L^?1. However, at the dead zones in the distribution lines, the THMs increased by about 160% compared to in-plant level. Furthermore, the level of THMs in hot months was about 1.3 times higher than in cold ones. The influence of some independent variables such as temperature, pH, ammonia concentration, total organic carbon and color were investigated by Pearson model to find their correlation with the rate of THMs formation in WTPs. The resulted R values ranged from 0.81 to 0.98. Successful application of the model to a selected region on the distribution lines has resulted in a correlation coefficient of 0.98.