Seasonal variations of organic-carbon and nutrient transport through a tropical estuary (Tsengwen) in southwestern Taiwan

This paper reports the fluvial fluxes and estuarine transport of organic carbon and nutrients from a tropical river (Tsengwen River), southwestern Taiwan. Riverine fluxes of organic carbon and nutrients were highly variable temporally, due primarily to temporal variations in river discharge and suspended load. The sediment yield of the drainage basin during the study period (1995–1996, 616 tonne km^–2 year^–1) was ca. 15 times lower than that of the long-term (1960–1998) average (9379 tonne km² year^–1), resulting mainly from the damming effect and historically low record of river water discharge (5.02 m³ s^–1) in 1995. The flushing time of river water in the estuary varied from 5 months in the dry season to >4.5 days in the wet season and about 1 day in the flood period. Consequently, distributions of nutrients, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) were of highly seasonal variability in the estuary. Nutrients and POC behaved nonconservatively but DOC behaved conservatively in the estuary. DOC fluxes were generally greater than POC fluxes with the exception that POC fluxes considerably exceeded DOC fluxes during the flood period. Degradation of DOC and POC within the span of flushing time was insignificant and may contribute little amount of CO₂ to the estuary during the wet season and flood period. Net estuarine fluxes of nutrients were determined by riverine fluxes and estuarine removals (or additions) of nutrients. The magnitude of estuarine removal or addition for a nutrient was also seasonally variable, and these processes must be considered for net flux estimates from the river to the sea. As a result, nonconservative fluxes of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) from the estuary are –0.002, –0.09 and –0.59 mmol m^–2 day^–1, respectively, for dry season, wet season and flood period, indicating internal sinks of DIP during all seasons. Due to high turbidity and short flushing time of estuarine water, DIP in the flood period may be derived largely from geochemical processes rather than biological removal, and this DIP should not be included in an annual estimate of carbon budget. The internal sink of phosphorus corresponds to a net organic carbon production (photosynthesis–respiration, p–r) during dry (0.21 mmol m^–2 day^–1) and wet (9.5 mmol m^–2 day^–1) seasons. The magnitude of net production (p–r) is 1.5 mol m^–2 year^–1, indicating that the estuary is autotrophic in 1995. However, there is a net nitrogen loss (nitrogen fixation–denitrification < 0) in 1995, but the magnitude is small (–0.17 mol m^–2 year^–1).     

生物炭对玉米苗期生长、养分吸收及土壤化学性状的影响

采用田间盆栽试验,研究了生物炭（biochar）对玉米（Gramineae）苗期生长（60 d）及土壤化学性质的影响。结果表明,在玉米苗期的前33 d,生物炭（48 t.hm-2）对玉米株高的生长有显著抑制作用,但随着玉米的生长发育,生物炭的抑制作用逐渐消失。收获时（播种后60 d）,生物炭对玉米植株干质量,N、P养分的吸收量没有显著影响;生物炭（12、48 t.hm-2）能显著提高土壤全N、有机碳质量分数,但对土壤全P、有效P、pH值没有显著影响。土壤全N、有机碳质量分数与生物炭用量（0、2.4、12、48 t.hm-2）为显著正相关（n=12,p〈0.01）。     

栗钙土不同土地利用方式下有机碳和无机碳剖面分布特征

栗钙土是半干旱地区典型的地带性土壤,主要分布在内蒙古自治区。文章以内蒙古自治区乌兰察布盟(简称乌盟)和锡林河流域为例,分析了栗钙土有机碳和无机碳含量及其密度的剖面分布特征,旨在了解不同土地利用方式下土壤碳库的储量和分布特点及其成因与机理。结果表明:土壤无机碳在剖面上的分布有两种类型:高—低—(高)—(低)型和低—高—(低)—(高)型,后者可能是由于土壤侵蚀引起的碳酸盐再分布所形成的。100cm深的土壤有机碳密度的平均值为8.48kg·m-2,退耕地>耕地>干旱半干旱草原>典型草原,主要分布在表层,0～30cm土壤有机碳密度为0～100cm的43%左右;而土壤无机碳密度的平均值为7.10kg·m-2,退耕地>典型草原>耕地>干旱半干旱草原,主要分布在下层土壤,50～100cm无机碳密度为0～100cm的58%左右。     

保护性耕作对土壤养分及有机碳库的影响

以稻草覆盖免耕方式稻田冬种马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)为例,研究了保护性耕作对土壤养分以及有机碳库的影响.结果表明:保护性耕作能显著增加表层土层的养分含量,土壤氮素含量比传统耕作增加0.81%～7.24%,磷素含量增加14.95%～19.21%,钾素含量增加0.57%～15.40%,且全氮、全磷、全钾含量与传统耕作之间均达到了极显著差异水平,除碱解氮含量与传统耕作之间差异不显著外,速效磷与速效钾含量与传统耕作之间达到了显著差异水平与极显著差异水平;保护性耕作能增加土壤总有机碳与活性有机碳含量,提高土壤碳库管理指数,0～10 cm土层土壤的碳库管理指数分别比传统耕作高出9.10%、13.95%,10～20 cm土层则比传统耕作略低.因此保护性耕作能使土壤朝着有利于土壤质量提高的方向发展.两个保护性耕作处理:免耕稻草覆盖(8 cm)、免耕覆盖稻草(8 cm)后盖黑色地膜之间差异不大.     

Dissolved nutrient dynamics along the southwest coastal waters of India during northeast monsoon: a case study

Dissolved nutrients, Chl-a and primary productivity were measured from seven transects along the coastal waters of the southeastern Arabian Sea during northeast monsoon. Ten major estuaries were chosen to study the influence of estuarine discharge on the nutrient dynamics in the coastal waters. The mean water discharge of the estuaries in the north (64.8?±?18?×?10⁵?m³?d^?1) was found to be higher than those in the south (30.6?±?21.4?×?10⁵?m³?d^?1), whereas the nutrient concentrations were found to be higher in the estuaries of the south. The results from the offshore waters were discussed in accordance with the depth contour classification, that is, shelf (depth?≤?30?m) and slope waters (depth?≥?30?m). Our results suggest that the estuarine discharge plays a major role in the nutrient distribution in near shore shelf waters, whereas in shelf and slope waters, it was mainly controlled by in situ biological processes. The inorganic form of N to P ratios were found to be higher than Redfield ratio in slope waters when compared with shelf waters, suggesting that PO₄^3? (<0.15?µmol?L^?1) is a limiting nutrient for primary production. The multivariate statistical analysis revealed that the nutrient dynamics in the coastal waters was controlled by both biological and physical processes.     

Sorption of heavy metals on organic and inorganic soil constituents

Sorption of heavy metals to organic matter and mineral soil constituents can hardly be separated experimentally. Here we studied the retention capacity of organic matter and minerals from soils in a long-term field experiment in which the organic carbon content had been altered, but the mineral phase had remained constant over time. The sorption of Cu, Cd and Zn showed a non-additive contribution of soil organic matter and minerals to the sorption capacity of soil. Sorption on organic matter exceeded mineral sorption from 6 to 13 times. This is the first time that sorption to soil organic matter is quantified in bulk soils.     

西北干旱区植被恢复的土壤养分效应

通过对西北干旱区植被恢复过程中不同退耕模式下土壤养分的变化、土壤各养分的时空分布及各养分间的相关性分析,系统研究了干旱区植被恢复过程中土壤环境变化特征和规律。结果表明,在西北干旱区,进行植被恢复能明显改善土壤肥力状况,但不同植被恢复方式对土壤的腐殖化作用差异显著,依次为侧柏＋灌木＋苜蓿〉侧柏＋苜蓿〉侧柏＋灌木〉侧柏,而且随着植被恢复年限的持续,土壤中各养分质量分数明显增加。不同养分对植被恢复的响应程度从高到低表现为：速效磷〉速效氮〉速效钾〉全氮〉有机质〉全磷〉全钾。同时,相关性分析表明,土壤有机质的变化与全氮、速效氮呈现出显著的相关性,R2为0.867和0794,并且各养分具有明显的表聚性,尤以有机质、速效磷和速效氮表现明显。     

可溶性有机物对土壤中主要有机污染物环境行为的影响

概括了环境中可溶性有机物的特点，并系统总结了当前国内外关于可溶性有机物对土壤中主要污染物环境行为的影响的研究进展。阐述了可溶性有机物对农药、多环芳烃在土壤中的吸附、解吸及分配等环境行为所起的作用。最后指出了该方面研究存在的问题及今后应加强的方向。     

不同轮作模式对潮土团聚体及其有机碳分布的影响

为揭示不同轮作模式下潮土土壤团聚体及其有机碳含量变化规律,于2018-2019年在山西大同进行了田间试验.设置处理为油菜—荞麦(RB)、玉米—荞麦(CB)、马铃薯—荞麦(PB)和燕麦—荞麦(OB)4种轮作模式,荞麦—荞麦(BB)连作和休闲—休闲(FF)为对照,测量指标为土壤团聚体组成、稳定性和团聚体内有机碳分布.结果显...     

不同耕作方式对玉米田土壤有机碳含量的影响

在华北夏玉米生产体系中,采用田间试验,研究了撂荒、翻耕、免耕和旋耕4种耕作方式下,玉米4个生育期(苗期、拔节期、灌浆期、成熟期)耕层(0~20 cm)土壤总有机碳质量分数、活性有机碳质量分数和碳库管理指数的变化.结果表明:在观测期间,玉米不同生育期(0~20 cm)土层有机碳质量分数和活性有机碳质量分数均呈明显的动态变化,就3种耕作方式来讲,土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳均表现为免耕最高,翻耕和旋耕次之;成熟期免耕、旋耕、翻耕3种处理的土壤碳库管理指数比撂荒分别提高了47.38%、30.43%、27.00%;土壤活性有机碳与总有机碳、碳库管理指数均存在显著相关关系,玉米产量与土壤总有机碳质量分数存在显著相关性,与土壤活性有机碳质量分数和土壤碳库管理指数无明显相关性.综合考虑以上因素,免耕有利于提高土壤有机碳质量分数和土壤碳库管理指数,改善土壤质量,提高土壤肥力.     

鄂南红壤丘陵区种植结构调整对土壤养分的影响

研究了鄂南红壤区不同种植模式的旱地及坡荒地、不同轮作模式的水田、水田改旱菜地的土壤养分状况。本区土壤有机质含量和氮素含量较低,磷素普遍缺乏,钾素含量较低且呈下降趋势。土壤有机质及氮含量呈现水田类>水田改旱地类>旱地类;土壤磷含量则是水田改旱地类>水田类>旱地类;水田类钾含量明显低于旱地类和水田改旱地类,而且三熟制油菜-西瓜-晚稻种植模式下,土壤全钾及速效钾含量呈下降趋势。水田改为旱作是改善土壤水分状况的有效措施。     

长期定位施肥对土壤磷、钾素动态变化的影响

23年定位施肥试验的结果表明，不施肥和单施氮肥的土壤，其有效磷质量分数迅速下降，前3年比播前降低约50％，自第7年开始比播前降低2／3左右，降至4-5μg／g之后处于稳定状态。土壤全磷质量分数始终保持在0．40-0．50g／kg的水平，有机磷略有增加。施有机肥以及有机肥与氮肥配施的土壤，其有效磷和有机磷质量分数增加显著。单施氮肥的土壤，其速效钾、缓效钾质量分数均降低，全钾质量分数变化不明显。在每年每公顷单施含钾150．0kg、300．0kg的有机肥或与138kg、276kg氮素配施的土壤中，以单施含钾300．0kg的有机肥的土壤的钾素盈余量最多，并随配施氮量的增加而盈余量减少。试验23年后的土壤，其钾素盈余量与土壤速效钾、缓效钾质量分数均有极显著的相关性，而与全钾质量分数的相关性小大。     

草莓在有机与无机种植系统中的能流和经济效益的比较

本文运用了生态经济学的原理，对草莓在有机和无机种植系统内能量流动、物质转化以及经济效益进行了比较研究。结果表明：两处理区施用几乎相同氮量的有机肥（１７５ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２）和无机肥（１６４ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２），其有机区草莓的生长发育、产量均明显好于无机处理区；有机草莓的光能利用率和氮素产出／投入分别比无机草莓提高了６４．２４％和５７．７２％；同时证明，优质有机肥可改善草莓的良用品质，并提高经济效益。     

长期不同施肥措施对红壤水稻土有机碳和养分含量的影响

将红壤丘陵地区的荒地开垦为水田不仅可以防治土壤侵蚀,而且能增加土壤肥力,提高农田生产力.本文研究了红壤荒地垦殖为稻田,长期定位施肥15年后不同施肥措施下水稻土的有机碳和养分含量特征.结果表明:不同施肥措施包括不施肥条件下,15年水稻垦殖都提高了土壤肥力.不同施肥措施水稻土的pH提高了0.9～1.3个单位.耕层土壤有机碳含龟达到8.19～1O.13 g·kg-1,全氮含量达到0.89～1.20 g·kg-1,有机碳与全氮含最都有明显提高,且有机碳和全氮含量之间相关性极显著.水稻土耕层全磷含量在0.25～0360 g·kg-1之间,有效磷含量在2.2～20.9 mg·kg-1之间,化学磷肥的培肥效果好于有机肥(猪粪),有机无机磷肥配施能显著提高土壤全磷和有效磷库.土壤全钾还未有明显变化,土壤速效钾含量在40.4～142.5 mg·kg-1之间,不同施肥措施除氮钾肥处理外都造成了土壤速效钾含量下降,秸秆还田到目前为止对于土壤速效钾含量还没有明显作用.     

不同土地利用方式对土壤有机碳及其组分影响研究

测定了5种土地利用方式下（人工草地、围封样地、一年耕地、弃耕地、自由放牧样地）土壤有机碳、土壤微生物生物量碳、易氧化态碳和轻组有机碳组分含量特征,比较分析土地利用变化对典型草原土壤起源下土壤有机碳组分的变化。结果表明,1）人工草地土壤有机碳含量为（14．98±3．47）g·kg-1,围封样地的为（12．41±6．40）g·kg-1,一年耕地的为（12．20±5．59）g·kg-1,弃耕样地的为（10．39±5．08）g·kg-1,自由放牧样地的为（9．45±3．19）g·kg-1。人工草地土壤有机碳含量明显高于其他样地,围封样地和一年耕地的含量相似,自由放牧样地的含量最小。2）土壤微生物生物量碳、易氧化态碳和轻组有机碳的含量在不同土地利用方式下的变化趋势与土壤有机碳含量的变化趋势基本一致。土壤有机碳及其组分含量在土壤剖面上,随着土层深度的增加而逐渐降低。3）土壤微生物生物量碳、易氧化态碳和轻组有机碳的平均分配比率在不同类型样地范围分别为0．24％～0．66％、0．002％～0．019％和0．05％-0．25％,显示出各组分对土壤环境变化的敏感度不同,其中土壤微生物生物量碳更能反映土壤有机碳的早期变化,可以作为表征土壤有机碳变化和土壤肥力的敏感指标。     

有机无机肥配施比例对蔬菜产量和品质及土壤重金属含量的影响

关于蔬菜施有机肥和它与无机肥的合理配施比例,对蔬菜的产量和品质有重要影响,对土壤有机质和重金属含量也有影响。为控制施禽畜粪类有机肥对蔬菜的负面影响,探讨蔬菜的合理施用量和有机/无机肥配施比例,在不同质地的土壤上进行田间试验。结果表明,(1)施过量禽畜粪类有机肥对试验蔬菜产量和品质都会产生不良影响,小白菜(Brassica chinensis)和茄子(Eggplant)施禽畜粪超过22500kg/hm2、马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)超过24000kg/hm2时,其产量不再增加,成活率下降,维生素C含量下降,多个试验均表现出有机肥用量增加而小白菜硝酸盐随之增加的典型特征;同时不论土壤的质地轻重,蔬菜重金属Pb有随禽畜粪用量增加而提高的趋势;在质地较轻的土壤上,蔬菜重金属Cd、As有随禽畜粪用量增加而提高的趋势;小白菜施禽畜粪肥超过7500kg/hm2、茄子和冬种马铃薯施禽畜粪肥超过75000kg/hm2,收获后土壤重金属含量高于对照和施无机肥的总Cr和As。(2)蔬菜单独施用有机肥的合适施用量,小白菜在较粘重的土壤上可施到22500kg/hm2,但有机肥与无机肥配合施用时有机肥用量可减量;茄子合适施用量应在22500kg/hm2左右;冬种马铃薯合适施用量应在24000kg/hm2左右。(3)蔬菜的有机/无机肥合理配比,小白菜、茄子、和冬种马铃薯施肥的有机氮与无机氮之比均为0.25∶1至0.5∶1时其产量和品质水平较佳。     

Effect of long-term application of corn stalks and inorganic fertilizers on fluorescence characteristics of water extractable organic matter in a meadow black soil of northeast China

ABSTRACT

Returning crop residues into fields, either alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizer, is considered as a practical way to enhance soil fertility. However, information concerning the effects of crop residues and inorganic fertilizer application on water extractable organic matter (WEOM) in soil is scarce. The aim of this study was to examine the 10-year effect of corn residue (CR) return with or without the application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizer on the quantity and quality of WEOM in a black soil of northeast China by means of ultraviolet absorbance, fluorescence excitation--emission matrix, and derived spectroscopic indices. The application of NPK fertilizers and CR, alone or together, increased the content of total soil organic carbon (SOC), water extractable organic carbon (WEOC), and ratio of WEOC/SOC, with the sequence being NPK + CR > CR > NPK > CK. Compared with control treatment, the individual application of NPK fertilizer decreased the aromaticity of WEOM. In contrast, elevated proportion of tryptophan-like fluorophore and microbially derived fulvic acid-like components with low molecular weight was detected in the WEOM. The amendment with CR alone resulted in increase in aromaticity of WEOM and proportion of plant-derived humic acid-like component with large molecular weight, accompanied by reduced proportion of tyrosine-like compounds. For the soil with CR restoration, the application of NPK fertilizer increased aromaticity of WEOM, and large molecular weight fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like compounds were found. However, the proportions of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like compounds were diminished. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of WEOM using fluorescence spectroscopy describes responses to be observed in long-term different fertilization strategies.     

Effects of Cr(III) organic compounds on Lactobacillus plantarum

Biotransformation of Cr(VI) to less toxic Cr(III) has been known to produce insoluble Cr(III) compounds and soluble Cr(III) organic complexes. However, recent research reports have indicated that Cr(III) organic complexes are relatively stable in the environment. Little has been reported on the fate and toxic effects of Cr(III) organic compounds on organisms. In this study, the toxic effects of the soluble Cr(III) organic complexes [Cr(III) citrate, Cr(III) histidine, Cr(III) lactate and Cr(III) glutamate] to a local strain of Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from sauerkraut was investigated. Growth inhibition, viable cell count and lactic acid inhibition were measured to determine the toxicity potential of the test compounds. The EC₅₀ values of Cr(III) citrate, Cr(III) histidine, Cr(III) lactate, and Cr(III) glutamate, calculated from the percent growth inhibition were found to be 56 mg L^?1, 70 mg L^?1, 81 mg L^?1, and 85 mg L^?1, respectively. Similar trend was observed in the viable cell counts and lactic acid production. Cr(VI) was observed to be more toxic than the Cr(III) organic compounds, while inorganic Cr(III) was the least toxic. The severity seemed to increase with increase in chromium compounds’ concentration. The results showed that Cr(III) citrate was the most toxic Cr(III) organic compound, while Cr(III) glutamate was the least.     

长期施肥对红壤性水稻土活性碳的影响

在23年的长期田间定位试验区,研究了不同施肥对红壤性水稻土活性碳的影响。结果表明,在不施肥(CK)、无机肥(NPK)、有机肥(猪粪 紫云英绿肥)(OM)和无机肥与有机肥配施(NPKM)处理中,土壤微生物量碳含量、潜在可矿化碳含量和可溶性有机碳含量均随土层深度的增加而降低;不同施肥处理土壤微生物量碳含量、潜在可矿化碳含量和可溶性有机碳含量从高到低顺序都为:NPKM>OM>NPK>CK,长期施用肥料,特别是施有机肥与无机肥配施能提高土壤微生物量碳、潜在可矿化碳和可溶性有机碳含量,从而保持和提高土壤碳库质量。同施肥处理A层的土壤活性碳占土壤有机碳的比率显著大于P层;同施肥处理同发生层各土壤活性碳占土壤有机碳比率从高到低的顺序为:潜在可矿化碳的比率(R2)>微生物量碳的比率(R1)>可溶性有机碳的比率(R3);同施肥处理同发生层土壤活性碳占土壤有机碳比率R1、R2、R3大小顺序都为:NPKM>OM>NPK>CK。除P层微生物量碳和可溶性有机碳之间外,土壤有机碳总量与各活性碳之间以及各类活性碳之间相关性均达到极显著水平。