Removal of organophosphorus pesticides from water by electrogenerated Fenton's reagent

Aqueous solutions of organophosphorus pesticides were completely mineralized via in-situ generated hydroxyl radicals (HO^·) by the Electro-Fenton process. Formation of Fenton's reagent (H₂O₂, Fe²⁺) was carried out by simultaneous reduction of O₂ and Fe³⁺ on carbon cathode in acidic medium. The electrochemistry combined with Fenton's reagent provides an excellent way to continuously produce the hydroxyl radical, a powerful oxidant. We demonstrate the efficiency of the Electro-Fenton process to degrade three organophosphorus insecticides: malathion, parathion ethyl and tetra-ethyl-pyrophosphate (TEPP). Degradation kinetics and removals of chemical oxygen demand (COD) have been investigated. Here we show that the mineralization efficiency was over 80% for three organophosphorus pesticides.     

惠州西湖浮游植物磷脂脂肪酸特征研究

对富营养化水体常见浮游植物进行了分离和培养,测定了其磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）。同时,检测了惠州西湖浮游植物的磷脂脂肪酸;结合惠州西湖浮游植物群落组成数据,分析了浮游植物磷脂脂肪酸特征及其与浮游植物群落结构的关系。结果表明：结合PLFA与细胞丰度和生物量的分析,α-亚麻酸（18：3ω3）的质量浓度与蓝藻（除湖丝藻外）呈正相关;二十碳四烯酸ARA（20：4ω6）和二十二碳六烯酸DHA（22：6ω3）的质量浓度与硅藻呈正相关;二十碳五烯酸EPA（20：5ω3）和16：3ω3的质量浓度与绿藻呈正相关等,其中16：3ω3为绿藻门独有的脂肪酸。这些均与室内实验得到的结果相符合。本研究表明,磷脂脂肪酸可以作为生物标志物来分析浮游植物组成,它将是一种可行的研究浮游植物群落结构的新方法。     

Absorption of volatile fatty acids from ambient water by the lugwormArenicola marina

Absorption of volatile fatty acids (propionate, acetate, butyrate, and formiate) from the ambient water by the lugwormarenicola marina was demonstrated using¹⁴C-labelled compounds and by gas-liquid chromatography. Uptake was investigated in the presence of antibiotics. The rate of uptake was highest with propionate (v_max 0,58 mol g^-1 w wt · h, K_t 0.75 mol l^-1). Butyrate, acetate, and formiate were absorbed at lower rates in that order. Absorption of propionate, butyrate, and acetate showed saturation kinetics. In the presence of butyrate and acetate, propionate absorption was inhibited (maximum inhibition 78%). These results indicate that a carrier is involved in the absorption of propionate. Following absorption, the volatile fatty acids were rapidly metabolized. The largest proportion of label was incorporated into amino acids, with the pattern of distribution of radioactivity being specific for each volatile fatty acid.     

磷酸盐改性方解石去除水中磷酸盐研究

使用磷酸盐溶液和方解石之间的反应得到方解石去除水中磷酸盐后的产物,即磷酸盐改性方解石,通过实验对比分析了方解石和磷酸盐改性方解石对水中磷酸盐的去除动力学,并考察了磷酸盐改性方解石去除水中磷酸盐的各种影响因素。磷酸盐改性方解石对水中磷酸盐的去除能力明显优于方解石。当反应时间为2h时,实验条件下磷酸盐改性方解石对水中磷的去除率达到72%,而方解石对磷的去除率仅为35%。当pH为5~7时,磷酸盐改性方解石对水中磷酸盐的去除能力较高;当pH由7增加到10 h,对磷酸盐的去除能力略微下降;当pH由10增加到12 h,对磷酸盐的去除能力急剧下降。磷酸盐改性方解石对水中磷酸盐的单位去除量随初始磷质量浓度的增加而增加。过高的初始磷质量浓度会导致磷酸盐改性方解石对水中磷酸盐的去除率过低。磷酸盐改性方解石对水中磷酸盐的去除能力随反应温度的升高而增加。磷酸盐改性方解石对水中磷酸盐的去除动力学可以较好地采用准二级动力学模型加以描述。水中共存的钙离子有利于磷酸盐改性方解石对磷酸盐的去除,而水中共存的碳酸氢根离子抑制了磷酸盐改性方解石对磷酸盐的去除。磷酸盐改性方解石去除水中磷酸盐的主要机制是磷酸钙沉淀作用。磷酸盐改性方解石不仅会为磷酸钙沉淀反应的异质成核提供核心,促进磷酸钙沉淀的形成,而且当水处于对方解石不饱和状态时会溶解释放出可溶性钙,为磷酸钙沉淀的形成提供钙源。上述结果表明,方解石去除水中磷酸盐后的产物可以被再次用于水中磷酸盐的去除,并且对磷酸盐的去除效果优于原始的方解石。     

Removal of toluene from air streams by cobalt-copper bimetallic catalysts supported on sepiolite

Abstract

Oxidative removal of toluene using copper and cobalt bimetallic catalysts with varying molar ratios supported on sepiolite was investigated. The catalysts prepared by a deposition precipitation method and were characterized using X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, field emission scanning electron microscopy, H₂-temperature-programmed reduction, transmission electron microscope, and inductive coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. The species supported on sepiolite are Co₃O₄, CuO, and CuCo₂O₄. The activities of the tested catalysts increased in the order 0Co-4Cu/Sep <1Co-3Cu/Sep <4Co-0Cu/Sep <1Co-1Cu/Sep <3Co-1Cu/Sep. The latter exhibiting 90% toluene oxidative degradation at 288?°C within 15?h, having high selectivity towards CO₂, and being stable at 300?°C up to 15?h. In conclusion, this study showed that sepiolite has excellent properties as a support.     

Removal of Diazo dye from aqueous phase by algae Spirogyra species

This communication presents a preliminary study conducted to investigate dye (Direct Brown 2‐Diazo) colour removal using viable algae Spirogyra species. The results indicate the ability of algae Spirogyra species to remove dye colour and found to be dependent on the contact time and biomass. Colour removal mechanism by algae Spirogyra species may be attributed to biosorption and/or bioconversion and/or biocoagulation.     

Removal of malachite green from water samples by cloud point extraction using Triton X-100 as non-ionic surfactant

A surfactant mediated cloud point extraction (CPE) procedure has been developed to remove color from wastewater containing malachite green using Triton X-100 as non-ionic surfactant. The effects of the concentration of the surfactant, temperature and salt concentration on the different concentrations of dye have been studied and optimum conditions were obtained for the removal of malachite green. The concentration of malachite green in the dilute phase was measured using UV–Vis spectrophotometer. It was found that the separation of phases was complete and the recovery of malachite green was very effective in the presence of NaCl as an electrolyte. The results showed that up to 500 ppm of malachite green can quantitatively be removed (>95%) by CPE procedure in a single extraction using optimum conditions.     

Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from textile wastewater by soilless culture of Lolium multiflorum

A technique of soilless culture for removal of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) from textile wastewater using Lolium multiflorum was conducted in this research. The TN concentration decreased from 50.72 mg/L to 24.64–27.89 mg/L and TP decreased from 6.9 mg/L to 3.7–4.1 mg/L in the experimental tank with the size of 4.7 m x 1.2 m x 0.75 m. The results suggested that L. multiflorum could absorb a large amount of N and P elements from the wastewater. This technique of soilless culture has many advantages such as simple equipment, low cost, easy operation, low energy consumption, convenient management and flexible disposition.     

生物絮凝剂除浊脱色作用的初步研究

本文报道了产生ＮＡＴ型生物絮凝剂的菌株的培养方法和筛选结果，着重讨论了此类生物絮凝剂对染料水样和非染料水样进行处理过程中ｐＨ值对处理效果的影响。并利用开发出的生物絮凝剂对实际排污河水进行处理，证明生物絮凝剂对悬浮水体的处理效果较好，可用于去除藻类。     

Analysis of volatile fatty acids by ion-exclusion chromatography,with special reference to marine pore water

A method for measuring volatile fatty acids using ion-exclusion chromatography is presented. The system was found to be applicable to samples with high salt concentrations (e.g. seawater and marine pore water) when coupled with a vacuum distillation procedure. The method is straightforward, with no sample preconcentration and no introduction of external contamination. Calibration was found to be linear, with good reproducibility (coefficient of variation normally less than 5%) and the system was sufficiently sensitive to operate at the sub-ppm level (minimum detection limit for acetate and propionate was approximately 0.02 and 0.05 ppm, respectively). This technique was used to investigate the distribution of volatile fatty acids with sediment depth at Station E70 in Loch Eil, Scotland (sample was collected in March, 1983) and the results were in good agreement with recent publications. Although the system, at present, is limited in marine pore water to acetate and propionate, it has certain advantages over alternative systems and these are described.     

Effect of low molecular weight organic acids on adsorption and desorption of fluoride on variable charge soils

The effect of four low molecular weight organic acids on F⁻ adsorption by two variable charge soils was investigated using a batch method. The organic acids reduced F⁻ adsorption through competition by the acids with F⁻ for sorption sites. Oxalic and malonic acids, both of which have simpler chemical structures, were more effective than citric or malic acid. The effect of organic acids on F⁻ adsorption was more prominent at higher pH values and with larger amounts of the organic acids. The desorption study showed that the organic acids enhanced the desorption of F⁻ adsorbed by the soils. In the control and malic acid systems, desorption increased sharply with decreasing pH, while in the oxalic acid system, desorption rose slightly with decreasing pH. Desorption also increased with increasing amount of organic acid added. There are two possible mechanisms for the effect of the organic acids on F⁻ adsorption and desorption: (1)␣competition of the organic acids with F⁻ for adsorption sites and (2) dissolution of the adsorbents, especially dissolution of soil Al.     

Removal of textile dyes from water by the electro-Fenton process

An environmentally friendly electrochemical treatment, electro-Fenton process, was applied to the depollution of a synthetic dismissal composed of three dyes, yellow drimaren, congo red and methylene blue, frequently used in textile and dyehouses. Here, we show that those dyes and their mixture are quickly degraded under current controlled electrolysis conditions, leading to an almost complete mineralization. The results show the efficiency of electro-Fenton process to quickly degrade aqueous effluents polluted by synthetic organic dyes.     

In vitro effects of lead on fatty acid composition,oxidative stress biomarkers and quality of ram spermatozoa

The sperm quality and several parameters associated with oxidative stress were evaluated in ram (Ovis aries) spermatozoa suspensions incubated with 0, 50 or 500 ng/mL Pb during 0, 1, 3 or 6 h. The presence of Pb during incubation, reduced the integrity of the acrosome, % sperm motility and integrity, and the functionality of membrane. On the contrary, % polyunsaturated fatty acids and the activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in the spermatozoa suspensions were not affected by Pb. Moreover, glutathione peroxidase activity was decreased and the fatty acid composition changed due to the relative increase in % stearic acid during the incubation time independently on Pb presence. Data showed that several effects of Pb on sperm quality usually observed in vivo also occurred in vitro, but without any relationship with oxidative stress biomarkers.     

Removal,adsorption and desorption of pentachlorophenol (PCP) by filamentous fungi: Rhizopusarrhizus and Cunninghamella elegans in batch system

PCP was, and in some countries still is, one of the most frequently used fungicides and pesticides, specially in wood preservation. The extensive use is correlated with contamination of water and soil and it is detected in several compartments of the food chain.

Some Micromycetes are able to adsorb and degrade PCP, with two mechanisms involved: biosorption (including both adsorption and absorption) and biodegradation.

Our work is focused on the biosorption alone and biodegradation‐biosorption of PCP by respectively denatured and living R.arrhizus and C.elegans fungi.

Living fungi are cultivated in batch system and denaturation is obtained by drying (70°C) and grinding the fungi to a calibrated powder (200–400 μm). Kinetic studies are performed with 10 mg/1 PCP initial concentration. Adsorption capacity is measured at equilibrium concentration as high as about 400 mg/1 PCP.

The results show that: PCP adsorption, for the two fungi, follows a two steps process. R. arrhizus dead and living biomasses are able to bind respectively, 75 and 55% of a 10 mg/1 PCP initial concentration in 1 hour contact time and then 75 and 100% in 96 hours. For C.elegans, 70 and 28% in 1 hour and in 96 hours 70 and 90%, respectively.

The PCP binding by living fungi is higher than non living ones, but with a slower rate.

The maximum PCP adsorption capacity is about 24 mg/g of R.arrhizus dried biomasses and 16 mg/g for C.elegans ones, in 48 hours contact time. Isotherm curves follow the Langmuir model.

Desorption studies with methanol (to reuse biomasses) shows that it is a rapid phenomenon (about 100% in 24 hours for the two fungi).

An industrial and economical process to depollute contaminated water by PCP is possible by using cheap fungal by‐products from fermentation industries.     

Removal of methylene blue by coupling black carbon adsorption with TiO2 photodegradation

In this study, the removal of methylene blue (MB) by the coupling of black carbon (BC) and TiO₂ was investigated. The effects of different parameters such as catalyst dose, sorbent, initial concentrations of dye, pH of the solutions, recycles on discoloration, and chemical oxidation demand (COD) reduction of MB were monitored to optimize the reaction conditions. The discoloration and COD conversation rate of MB obtained by the coupling process were 100% after 90?min irradiation. The synergistic effect of MB-adsorption on BC followed by degradation through TiO₂ photocatalysis was proved by FT–IR spectrophotometer. The BC as by-product of natural materials is a promising adsorbent for waste water treatment.     

溶藻菌对受污染水源水除藻及脱氮特性研究

针对我国水源地藻类污染日趋严重等问题,利用前期分离获得的溶藻菌Streptomyces sp.HJC-D1研究固定化微生物技术强化污染水源水除藻以及脱氮性能。结果表明,对照组和试验组的水体叶绿素a平均去除率分别为（71.66±5.35）%和（80.94±4.36）%,NH4＋—N的平均去除率为（77.76±2.83）%和（72.36±3.18）%,而高锰酸盐指数（CODMn）平均去除率为（24.99±1.52）%和（18.74±1.38）%;不同曝气条件的影响研究发现,曝气/停曝时间比2：4、曝气量60 L.h-1工况下,系统CODMn和NH4＋—N去除率均有所提高,相比对照组NO3-—N积累更为明显;水力停留时间（HRT）变化对系统NH4＋—N、CODMn等的去除影响不大,但缩短HRT时叶绿素a去除率有所降低;分析反应器内填料表面微生物相发现,试验组填料表面有溶藻菌富集,推测对照组除藻主要通过填料对藻类的吸附去除,而试验组则是藻类吸附在填料表面后通过溶藻微生物实现藻类去除。     

快速渗滤土地处理系统对城市生活污水中N、P去除的优化研究

为了探索城市生活污水中N、P去除,在实验室内采用混合土为介质,以均匀设计原理为指导,进行模拟人工快速渗滤系统对城市生活污水中N、P的去除。研究不同介质配比,淹水时间,湿干比3种因素组合对污水处理的最优运行模式。试验结果表明：通过选取混合土为介质及以上3个参数是可行的;通过回归统计得出最优模型。     

高级催化氧化法去除水中邻苯二甲酸酯的研究进展

普遍认为,邻苯二甲酸酯类物质（Phthalic Acid Esters,PAEs）是内分泌干扰物质（Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals,EDCs）,被广泛应用于增塑剂、化妆品中,具有致畸性,致癌性,致突变性以及拟/抗雌激素活性、拟/抗甲状腺激素活性等内分泌干扰特性。邻苯二甲酸酯类物质很容易扩散到环境中,在土壤、大气、水环境中均有检出,是环境中常见污染物,严重威胁人体健康和生态环境,已经引起国内外的广泛关注。在综述邻苯二甲酸酯类物质的物理化学性质、毒性影响、国内外天然水体、地下水和生活污水中的污染现状的基础上,讨论消除水环境中PAEs污染的强化混凝、吸附、膜处理、生物处理和高级氧化技术。高级氧化技术因其能够快速有效地去除饮用水和污水中不同种类的有机污染物而备受关注,且发展迅速。重点介绍了高级催化氧化法对水环境中PAEs的去除,包括催化湿式过氧化物氧化过程,催化臭氧氧化过程,光催化氧化过程,超声波、微波辅助催化氧化过程以及高级纳米催化氧化过程。其中,Fenton催化氧化技术在氧化过程中通过使用催化剂或协同紫外光等方式产生高度反应性羟基自由基,可无选择性地将PAEs完全降解为无毒无害的小分子物质,对PAEs的氧化去除效果最好。虽然在高级氧化过程中应用催化剂可大大提高氧化效率和降解程度,但催化氧化法耗能较大、催化剂消耗量大、受水体pH值的影响,且研究大多限于实验室阶段,未能大量投入工业应用,需要进一步发展创新。因此,开发新型高效催化剂、提高催化剂选择性、优化催化氧化反应条件、优化设计催化反应器、与其他技术耦合是水体中PAEs类环境激素污染控制技术的发展方向。     

Removal of the herbicide amitrole from water by anodic oxidation and electro-Fenton

Here we demonstrate that an aqueous solution of the herbicide amitrole can be completely depolluted at pH 3.0 by anodic oxidation and electro-Fenton process. Anodic oxidation gives faster degradation with a boron-doped diamond anode than with a Pt anode. Electro-Fenton with a Pt anode and 1 mmol l ^–1 Fe²⁺ as catalyst yields the quickest depollution. Amitrole decay always follows a pseudo first-order reaction. NO₃^– and NH₄⁺ are accumulated in the medium during mineralization, although volatile N-products are also formed. These environmentally friendly electrochemical treatments could be applied to the remediation of wastewaters containing amitrole.     

水生植物滤床去除富营养化湖泊水中微囊藻毒素的研究

水生植物滤床(HFB)是一种用于净化富营养化水体的新型无基质型人工湿地系统。为考察HFB系统对水体中微囊藻毒素的处理效果,在太湖湖滨进行了中试研究。结果表明,在7—9月份,总藻毒素去除率在36.5%~75.8%之间,平均去除率为59.4%;胞外藻毒素平均去除率为50.0%;胞内藻毒素平均去除率为63.9%。不同植物组合型式的HFB系统对总藻毒素去除效果无显著差异。在水力负荷1.0~6.0m3/(m2·d)范围内,HFB系统去除藻毒素效果也无显著差异。系统对藻毒素的去除效果与富营养化指标(叶绿素-a、CODMn、TP)的处理效果成直线正相关性,藻毒素可作为一辅助指标从健康效应角度来反映富营养化水体水质改善情况。HFB系统在水源地藻毒素污染控制方面具有应用价值。