增塑剂DIDP对肝脏氧化应激损伤及VitE拮抗作用研究

研究增塑剂邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯(didecyl phthalate, DIDP)致雄性小鼠肝损伤作用及其机理。以雄性BALB/c小鼠为受试动物,随机分为7组,包括溶剂对照组(生理盐水)、4个DIDP染毒组(0.15、1.5、15和150 mg·kg~(-1))、维生素E(vitamin E, VitE)(100 mg·kg~(-1))处理组和DIDP+维生素E处理组(150 mg·kg~(-1)DIDP+100 mg·kg~(-1)VitE),连续灌胃14 d。以肝组织匀浆测定活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)、还原型谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)和细胞凋亡因子半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3(cysteine aspartic proteinase 3, Caspase-3)水平。采用动物自动生化分析仪检测肝功能指标血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、白蛋白(albumin, ALB)水平,并同时观察肝组织的病理变化与荧光染色结果。随着DIDP染毒剂量的增加,小鼠肝组织ROS、MDA和Caspase-3含量逐渐上升,血清ALT和AST水平也逐渐上升,GSH含量逐渐降低,血清ALB水平也逐渐降低,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05,P 0.01); VitE处理组ROS、MDA和Caspase-3含量相应降低,血清ALT和AST水平也相应降低,GSH含量逐渐上升,血清ALB水平也相应上升。小鼠肝组织形态观察结果表明,随着DIDP染毒剂量的增加,小鼠肝组织的病理损伤程度呈上升趋势。研究表明,较高剂量(≥15 mg·kg~(-1))的DIDP能造成小鼠的肝脏损伤与细胞凋亡,抗氧化剂VitE可使肝脏损伤与细胞凋亡减轻,对小鼠肝组织起保护作用,说明氧化应激介导了DIDP对机体的损伤。     

Persistent organochlorine contaminants in human tissues of the Czech and Slovak populations

The persistence of lipophilic organochlorine substances leads to their incorporation into the food chain and subsequent uptake by humans. Due to their use in the past, Czech and Slovak countries belong to the countries with a relatively high body burden of organochlorines. Levels of PCBs in human tissues based on the congener‐specific analysis are reported in this paper. Samples were analysed for the most abundant PCB congeners. Prevalent persistent organochlorine pesticides and their isomers/metabolites have also been included. The present study is focused on following areas: i) distribution of analysed substances in the various human tissue samples from selected regions of the Czech and Slovak Republic and ii) comparison with the results from other foreign and local studies.     

Synthesis,extraction, and identification of light polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in microwave oven fried Aseel chicken tissues

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of microwave oven frying on production of four, light polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) anthracene, fluorene, phenathrene, and pyrene in four tissues heart, liver, neck, and wings of Aseel chickens. The microwave oven-fried samples of tissues along with respective control after appropriate preparation were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. These PAH were identified by comparing retention time of the unknown with known ones and concentration was calculated. Data showed that among the four chicken tissues, the neck contained the maximum level (0.079 mg/kg) of anthracene while wings contained the minimum (0.006 mg/kg). Similarly, in case of flourene, the fried heart showed greater percentage increase (225.04%) while wings showed 16.18% fluorene compared with other two organs, while phenanthrene and pyrene were maximal in wings at 0.249 mg/kg and 0.094 mg/kg, respectively. Results demonstrate that high-temperature treatment such as microwave oven frying of chicken meat might be responsible to generate these toxicants. Further study is to determine the production of other PAH under the different barbecuing conditions using various meat varieties.     

东莞市夏季大气颗粒物中的多环芳烃及硝基多环芳烃

以东莞市2011年夏季不同区域的大气颗粒物为研究对象,定性定量分析了其中多环芳烃(PAHs)及硝基多环芳烃(NPAHs)的浓度、组成.采用特征比值法分析了PAHs及NPAHs的来源,并通过PEFs毒性评价法评价了颗粒物中多环芳烃及硝基多环芳烃的BaP等效毒性,估算出个体致癌指数.结果表明东莞市颗粒物上16种多环芳烃总含量在12.60—193.95 ng·m-3范围内,6种硝基多环芳烃的总含量在5.88—62.79 ng·m-3,隧道环境中多环芳烃及硝基多环芳烃的浓度最高.除隧道环境中颗粒物的等效毒性及个体致癌指数超标外,东莞市颗粒物上PAHs及NPAHs对人体均不构成严重威胁.     

Sublethal concentrations of azinphos-methyl induce biochemical and morphological alterations in Rhinella arenarum embryos

Considering that amphibians are good sentinels of environmental conditions, Rhinella arenarum embryos were used to investigate the effects of sublethal concentrations of the organophosphorus insecticide azinphos-methyl, focusing on its anticholinesterasic or pro-oxidant actions and its possible connection with the appearance of morphological alterations. Early amphibian embryos exposed to azinphos-methyl displayed a protective response through glutathione S-transferase induction, along with superoxide dismutase inhibition. At intermediate embryonic stages, embryos exposed to azinphos-methyl displayed superoxide dismutase inhibition and morphological alterations, although cholinesterase activity was not altered, suggesting that molecular targets other than cholinesterase were involved in the development of morphological alterations. At the end of embryonic development, decreases in reduced glutathione and cholinesterase inhibition were observed, along with a significant increase in the number of malformed embryos. The connection between biochemical alterations and the appearance of malformations was not evident in R. arenarum embryos. However, increased glutathione S-transferase and decreased superoxide dismutase activities could be considered as early markers of exposure to azinphos-methyl. The results obtained demonstrate that sublethal concentrations of azinphos-methyl are a serious threat to toad embryos in their natural habitats because biochemical and morphological alterations could impair their ability to deal with environmental stresses.     

室内灰尘中多环芳烃及其衍生物的赋存与人体暴露研究进展

多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)作为典型的持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants,POPs)中的重要类别,具有半挥发性、生物蓄积性、长期残留性和明显的毒性(包括致癌、致畸、致突变)等特点,因此是环境中的一类重要污染物.PAHs衍...     

Dichloroacetate- and trichloroacetate-induced modulation of superoxide dismutase,catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities and glutathione level in the livers of mice after subacute and subchronic exposures

Dichloroacetate (DCA) and trichloroacetate (TCA) were previously found to induce various levels of oxidative stress in the hepatic tissues of mice after subacute and subchronic exposures. The cells are known to have several protective mechanisms against production of oxidative stress by different xenobiotics. To assess the roles of the antioxidant enzymes and glutathione (GSH) in DCA- and TCA-induced oxidative stress, groups of B6C3F1 mice were administered either DCA or TCA at doses of 7.7, 77, 154, and 410 mg kg^?1 day^?1, by gavage for 4 weeks (4-W) and 13 weeks (13-W), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, as well as GSH were determined in the hepatic tissues. DCA at doses ranging between 7.7–410, and 7.7–77 mg kg^?1 day^?1, given for 4-W and 13-W, respectively, resulted in either suppression or no change in SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px activities, but doses of 154–410 mg DCA kg^?1 day^?1 administered for 13-W were found to result in a significant induction of the three enzyme activities. TCA administration on the other hand, resulted in increases in the SOD and CAT activities, but caused suppression of GSH-Px activity in both the periods. Except for the DCA doses of 77–154 mg kg^?1 day^?1 administered for 13-W that resulted in a significant reduction in the GSH levels, all other DCA as well as TCA treatments produced no changes in GSH. Since these enzymes are involved in the detoxification of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide anion (SA), and H₂O₂, it is concluded that SA is the main contributor to DCA-induced oxidative stress, while both ROS contribute to that of TCA. The increase in the enzyme activities associated with 154–410 mg DCA kg^1? day^?1 in the 13-W period suggest their role as protective mechanisms contributing to the survival of cells modified in response to those treatments.     

Changes in Lipid Peroxidation in the Gill and Muscle of the Marine Bivalve (Perna Viridis) During Exposure to Cadmium and Copper

The marine bivalve, Perna viridis was exposed to sublethal concentration (one third of 24 h LC₅₀) of either cadmium or copper for 1, 3 and 7 days and alterations in lipid peroxidation in the gill and muscle were investigated. Significant increase of the level of malondialdehyde, which is indicative of the peroxidative process, and a decrease of activity levels of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase were observed in both the tissues of copper exposed mussels. the exposure of mussels to cadmium did not elicit any of the above changes.     

活性铝对小麦谷胱甘肽和丙二醛含量的影响

利用铝在不同pH值条件下形态分布的差异,研究活性铝2种主要形态(A la、A lb)对小麦根、茎、叶中还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响,探讨活性铝对植物的氧化胁迫及植物的抗铝机制。试验营养液中总铝浓度设置为0μmol.L-1(CK)、25μmol.L-1(T1)和75μmol.L-1(T2),各剂量组营养液的pH值分别调至4.0、4.5、5.0和5.5。研究结果表明,较低浓度的活性铝(A la和A lb)显著影响小麦根、茎、叶中GSH含量,根与叶中GSH存在一个激发、增长和消耗的过程;T2组叶中GSH含量在pH 4.5时降至最低值,同时叶中MDA存在积累,表明在此条件下,活性铝对小麦形成了最大氧化胁迫。     

Saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons in marine benthic algae

Saturated and olefinic hydrocarbons were determined in 24 species of green, brown and red benthic marine algae from the Cape Cod area (Massachusetts, USA). Among the saturated hydrocarbons, n-pentadecane predominates in the brown and n-heptadecane in the red algae. A C₁₇ alkyleyclopropane has been identified tentatively in Ulvalactuca and Enteromorpha compressa, two species of green algae. Mono-and diolefinic C₁₅ and C₁₇ hydrocarbons are common. The structures of several new C₁₇, C₁₉ and C₂₁ mono-to hexaolefins have been elucidated by gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and ozonolysis. In fruiting Ascophyllum nodosum, the polyunsaturated hydrocarbons carbons occur exclusively in the reproductive structures. The rest of the plant contains n-alkanes from C₁₅ to C₂₁. A link between the reproductive chemistry of benthic and planktonic algae and their olefin content is suggested. An intriguing speculation is based on Paffenhöfer's (1970) observation that the sex ratio of laboratory reared Calanus helgolandicus depends upon the species of algae fed to the nauplii. The percentage of males produced correlates with our analyses of heneicosahexaene in the algal food. Our analyses of the hydrocarbons in benthic marine algae from coastal environments should aid studies of the coastal food web and should enable us to distinguish between hydrocarbon pollutants and the natural hydrocarbon background in inshore waters.Contribution No. 2582 of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; and Contribution No. 227, Systematics-Ecology Program.     

鱼体甲基汞的萃取富集和测定

研究了苯萃取和半胱氨酸滤纸富集再用苯洗脱的方法,使鱼肉中甲基汞得到富集和提取。建立了气相色谱测定甲基汞的方法并对所建立的方法进行评价。结果表明:加标回收率为87.10%～105.69%;变异系数为2.93%。符合要求,大量样品实验表明,该方法适用于痕量甲基汞的提取和分析。     

Effect of latex material on antioxidant enzymes,lipid peroxidation,DNA damage,and chromosomal aberration

Cell integrity is affected by oxidative stress when the production of active oxidants overwhelms antioxidant defense mechanisms. Latex, a natural polymer obtained from Hevea brasiliensis, is used in medical industry for manufacturing surgical gloves, urinary catheters, and dental dams. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of latex material on oxidative stress by in vivo and in vitro methods. In addition, the material was screened for its ability to induce any chromosomal aberrations (CAs) by in vitro method. In vivo studies were carried out with implanted latex material onto subcutaneous tissue of various batches of experimental Wistar rats. At the end of experimental period, animals were anesthetized, blood was collected for serum analysis, and sacrificed. Liver was excised for the determination of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation (LPO). Subcutaneous tissues were obtained for the extraction of genomic DNA from implanted animals and checked for the presence of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), considered an indicator of DNA damage. Simultaneously, in vitro studies were carried out using fresh liver and subcutaneous tissue obtained from Swiss albino mice treated with physiological saline extract of latex material. For the estimation of both in vitro and in vivo oxidative stress, 10% liver homogenate was assessed for stress indicators like reduced glutathione, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, LPO and protein content. The results of both in vivo and in vitro studies indicated that the chemical leachents from the latex material did not significantly affect LPO and the levels of antioxidant enzymes. There was also no significant increase in 8-OHdG content due to the presence of implanted latex material. Finally, the results of in vitro CA test and G banding indicated that extracts of test material did not induce any chromosomal abnormalities.     

Dissolved and dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons in the Aegean Sea

The distribution and transportation of Dissolved and Dispersed Petroleum Hydrocarbon (DDPH) were investigated in the Aegean Sea with the hydrodynamics of the water masses of the region. It is clear that distribution of this pollutant is strongly affected by physical dynamics of environment. The data were collected during cruises in November 1994, in the framework of National Marine Measurement and Monitoring Programme in the Aegean Sea. In the present study additionally the Chlorophyll‐a was measured fluorometrically and there is good correlation between petroleum hydrocarbon and chlorophyll‐a in the Aegean Sea. DDPH data was used to search origin of hydrocarbons: biogenic or non biogenic.     

水生和陆生生物体中卤系阻燃剂的差异性富集研究:以鲶鱼和家鸽为例

分析了水生(鲶鱼)和陆生(家鸽)生物体中卤系阻燃剂(HFRs)的组成和浓度。鲶鱼中短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)浓度均值为30 800 ng·g~(-1)lw(脂肪归一化浓度),是最主要的HFRs,然后依次是多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)(2 300 ng·g~(-1)lw)、四溴双酚A(TBBPA)(37 ng·g~(-1)lw)、六溴环十二烷(HBCD)(21 ng·g~(-1)lw)、德克隆(DP)(14 ng·g~(-1)lw)、十溴二苯乙烷(DBDPE)(7.1 ng·g~(-1)lw)和六溴苯(HBB)(6.2 ng·g~(-1)lw);而家鸽中PBDEs含量最高(17 000 ng·g~(-1)lw),其次是SCCPs(7 600 ng·g~(-1)lw)DP(1 600 ng·g~(-1)lw)DBDPE(14 ng·g~(-1)lw)HBB、TBBPA和HBCDs(未检出)。鲶鱼和家鸽HFRs组成比较发现,鲶鱼中具有较高百分含量的低溴代PBDE单体和较低的fanti值,而家鸽中具有较高百分含量的高溴代PBDE单体和较高的fanti值。实验结果初步表明,水生生物较多地富集水溶性较大的化合物,陆生生物则较多地富集疏水性较强的化合物。研究认为以上水生和陆生生物体中污染物的差异性富集现象可能与化合物因不同物理化学性质导致的不同环境迁移行为有关。     

Protective role of epigallocatechin 3-gallate against lead-induced toxicity in human neuroblastoma cells

Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal, known to induce oxidative stress and produce damage to the antioxidant defence system ultimately leading to cell death. Antioxidants such as epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG), a green tea polyphenol, was shown to play a protective role during Pb-exposure. In this study, human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were exposed to different concentrations (0.01–10?µM) of Pb for 48?h to determine effects on the viability of cells. It was observed that IC₅₀ was at 5?µM and at this concentration the cells exhibited a significant increase in caspase-3 activity, an indicator of apoptosis at least by 10-fold and the decrease of 59.4% in glutathione (GSH) content. The total cellular prostaglandin-E₂ (PGE₂) level was found to be elevated at least 10-fold upon Pb exposure. However, the effects of Pb on cells pre-incubated with 50?µM EGCG followed by 5?µM Pb showed 40% inhibition in cell viability, 17.3% decrease in caspase-3 activity, 23% increase in GSH content, and 11.4% fall in PGE₂ levels when compared with cells exposed to Pb only. Data suggest that EGCG exerted a significant protection to cell viability in preventing cell death and elevation in levels of GSH in cells exposed to Pb. However, EGCG did not elicit any significant effect on release of PGE₂ indicating the nature of EGCG as an effective anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory agent.     

三氯杀螨醇对泥鳅血清GST和AChE活力的影响

生化指标能更灵敏地反映环境污染的状况和危害程度,日益成为环境领域研究的热点.为研究三氯杀螨醇对泥鳅生化指标的影响,将泥鳅暴露于含不同剂量三氯杀螨醇的人工沉积物中,在暴露24、48和96 h后采集泥鳅血液样本,测定血清中谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的活力.结果表明:泥鳅在人工沉积物中暴露24和96...     

室内环境中持久性卤代有机污染物的人体暴露及潜在生殖健康影响

卤代持久性有机污染物(Hal-POPs),如多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)、滴滴涕(DDT)等是环境中广泛存在的全球性有机污染物,同时它们又是内分泌干扰物,是威胁人类生殖健康的重要因素之一。由于人们每天约有80%以上的时间在室内度过,且室内环境是Hal-POPs人体暴露的主要来源之一,因此室内环境中Hal-POPs对人体内分泌系统的干扰作用及其机理等问题亟待研究,但目前这方面的研究很有限。本文通过综述Hal-POPs在室内环境中的赋存水平和在人体体内的负荷水平及其半衰期,探讨了其对人体内分泌系统尤其是男性生殖健康的影响情况及其可能的机理,并分析了目前研究的不足之处及研究前景,为进一步开展这方面的研究提供借鉴。     

Pollution status and human health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban street dust of Tyumen city,Russia

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - This study investigated levels and sources of pollution and potential health risks associated with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and polycyclic aromatic...     

吐纳麝香与镉联合暴露对赤子爱胜蚓体内谷胱甘肽与金属硫蛋白的影响

广泛应用于个人护理产品和香味添加剂中的吐纳麝香(6-乙酰基-1,1,2,4,4,7-六甲基四氢萘,AHTN)是一种新型污染物,重金属镉(Cd2+)是土壤中常见的污染物,两者在土壤生态系统中存在联合暴露的可能。实验以赤子爱胜蚓为受试生物,通过24h暴露滤纸染毒实验测试了AHTN单一,Cd2+单一,以及AHTN与Cd2+联合暴露条件下蚯蚓体内谷胱甘肽(GSH)和金属硫蛋白(MT)的变化趋势。结果显示:Cd2+单一暴露时,GSH与MT随Cd剂量增加有明显上升趋势;AHTN单一暴露时,随着AHTN剂量增加,GSH与MT同步呈现先增多后减少的趋势;联合暴露情况下,AHTN在高剂量下对MT与GSH同样产生了抑制作用,使Cd2+对MT的诱导未达到Cd2+单一染毒时的水平。