Occurrence of endocrine disruptor compounds in the estuary of the Iberian Douro River and nearby Porto Coast (NW Portugal)

Previous studies in the Douro River estuary, based on occasional sampling, showed the presence of several estrogenic disrupting chemicals (EDCs). In sequence, we hypothesized that such type of pollution was more likely an enduring issue than an occasional phenomenon, and that it may even affect recreational beaches in each side of the estuarine mouth. Thus to conclude about the continuous influx of EDCs, water samples were taken twice a day, once per a week, from March to May of 2009, at four sites within the estuary and at two sites in the coastline. After solid-phase extraction, the extracts were prepared for GC-MS analysis of 11 reference EDCs. These embraced natural and pharmaceutical estrogens (17β-estradiol, estrone and 17α-ethynylestradiol) and xenoestrogenic industrial pollutants (4-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol, and their mono and diethoxylates and bisphenol A). Data showed the ubiquitous presence of potentially hazardous amounts of natural estrogens (particularly of estradiol, ca 5.5?ng?L^?1) and persistent organic pollutants such as nonylphenol mono (up to 550?ng?L^?1) and diethoxylate (up to 2000?ng?L^?1). It was concluded that the targeted area is continuously polluted by the assayed EDCs, and as a consequence, conditions exist for endocrine disturbance in the biota by chronic exposure to EDCs.     

Presence of estrogenic endocrine disruptors in three European estuaries in Northwest Iberian Peninsula (Portugal)

Abstract

Estrone, 17β-estradiol, 17α-ethynylestradiol, alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates, are endocrine disruptor compounds. In Portugal, the report of male fish feminization in Minho, Ave and Mondego River estuaries made pertinent their evaluation in surface water samples. Data, got by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, showed that estrogens concentrations were lower in Minho than in Ave or Mondego estuaries: [Estrone]?>?[17β-estradiol]?>?[17α-ethynylestradiol] (p?<?0.05). Converting estrogen concentrations in 17α-ethynylestradiol equivalents, the contribution of estrogens was 1.3?ng/L, 3.5?ng/L, and 2.4?ng/L, respectively, for Minho, Ave, and Mondego estuaries stressing out a high risk for local aquatic species. The concentrations of alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates were lower at both Minho and Mondego estuaries ≈600?ng/L and 2700?ng/L, respectively than at the Ave, ≈1070?ng/L and 4855?ng/L (p?<?0.05). In conclusion, this study reports the first systematic data about the presence of the targeted endocrine disruptor compounds in the Minho River estuary and, in parallel, provides new information about their concentrations in two other habitats previously monitored. This study also shows that in Ave and Mondego estuaries the concentrations of industrial estrogens were still excessive, whereas the load of the pure estrogens has decreased significantly facing previous surveys.     

珠江广州河段及其邻近河流表层沉积物中烷基酚的污染状况

为确定珠江广州河段及其邻近河流水体沉积物中烷基酚的时空分布状况,对该河段表层沉积物采样并应用气相色谱-质谱单离子扫描模式进行了烷基酚(APs)含量分析。结果表明壬基酚(NP)和辛基酚(OP)在样品中均有检出,其含量(以干质量计)范围分别在36.04～24694.10ng·g-1之间(中值为3717.52ng·g-1)和0.36～498.54ng·g-1之间(中值为21.10ng·g-1);珠江广州河段整体含量明显高于其邻近支流各采样点。所研究的表层沉积物样品中烷基酚含量普遍高于世界上其它都市和工业中心附近地区的污染水平,其中壬基酚含量均低于对摇蚊属昆虫(Chironomus riparius)的10d半致死浓度(LC50),但两个含量最高值均已与壬基酚对小虾(shrimp)的亚急性毒性最低效应浓度(LOEC)相接近,且大部分样品中的辛基酚含量都超过了对淡水螺(Potamopyrgus antipodarum)的8周最低效应浓度值(LOEC)标准。因此,烷基酚对该区生物造成的生态风险是一个必须加以认真对待的问题。     

Occurrence,spatial and seasonal variation,and environmental risk of pharmaceutically active compounds in the Pearl River basin,South China

● 38 PhACs and 2 pesticides were detected in the three rivers of the Pearl River basin. ● Anti-inflammatory/analgesics drugs were the predominant PhACs. ● The concentrations of PhACs showed seasonal and spatial variation. ● Diazepam and ibuprofen were the two PhACs with a moderate environmental risk. The occurrence, fate, and environmental risk of 40 pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) from surface waters and sediments were comprehensively investigated in the Beijiang River, Xijiang River, and Maozhou River of the Pearl River basin, South China. Salicylic acid and diclofenac (anti-inflammatory drugs), gemfibrozil (a lipid regulator), carbamazepine (an antiepileptic drug), diazepam (a psychoactive drug), and 2-methyl-4-chloro-phenoxyacetic acid (MCPA, a pesticide) were the most ubiquitous compounds in the studied region. The average concentrations of detected PhACs in surface waters and sediments ranged from 0.17 to 19.1 ng/L and 0.10 to 10.4 ng/g, respectively. Meanwhile, PhACs concentration in surface waters and sediments varied greatly among and within the Beijiang River, Xijiang River, and Maozhou River. The largest annual flux of PhACs of the Xijiang River and Beijiang River was more than 11 000 kg per annum, whereas only 25.7 kg/a in the Maozhou River. In addition, the estimated emissions of PhACs in the Beijiang River, Xijiang River, and Maozhou River ranged respectively from 0.28 to 4.22 kg/a, 0.12 to 6.72 kg/a, and 6.66 to 91.0 kg/a, and the back-estimated usage varied with a range from 12.0 to 293 kg/a, 6.79 to 944 kg/a, 368 to 17 459 kg/a. Moreover, the emissions of PhACs showed a close relationship with the gross domestic product (GDP) of each city along the Pearl River. The environmental risk assessment suggested that diazepam and ibuprofen had a moderate risk in this region.     

A review on environmental distributions and risk management of phenols pertaining to the endocrine disrupting chemicals in Taiwan

Some phenols, including pentachlorophenol, dichlorophenol, alkylphenols (nonylphenol & octylphenol) and bisphenol-A, have been identified as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). These phenolic EDCs are extensively used in a wide range of household products, thus posing potential health risks for humans exposed to them. From the viewpoints of ecotoxicology, human health and regulations, it is urgent to restrict the emissions and releases of these estrogenic chemicals from the industrial processes and commercial products. This review article first focused on the physicochemical properties of phenolic EDCs and their industrial/commercial uses. Furthermore, their environmental distributions and regulatory frameworks for integrated risk management of these chemicals in Taiwan were conducted as a case study. Emphasis was thus put on the cross-ministerial joint venture (i.e., environment, health, agriculture, labor, and industry authorities), and the government policy on the risk management of EDCs. Finally, some recommendations for pollution prevention and toxicity reduction of phenolic EDCs were also addressed and analyzed to progress towards a sustainable society in Taiwan.     

珠江三角洲森林的生物量和生产力研究

利用森林资源清查资料和经过实地校正的相关森林生物量和生产力估算方程,对珠江三角洲森林植被的生物量和生产力进行了研究。结果表明,珠江三角洲森林的生物量为132 404 963 t,总净生产量为26 273 769 t.a-1。区域森林生物量主要分布在珠江三角洲的外围,其中,马尾松林和常绿阔叶林的生物量占区域森林总生物量的52.18%;生态公益林的生物量只到达用材林的48.68%;中幼龄林生物量所占比例很大,总体质量不高,但如果现有森林得到更好地保护和管理,珠江三角洲地区的森林会有较大的发展潜力,并在维护区域生态环境上起着主导作用。     

吕梁山南段森林碳密度及其空间分布格局研究

基于2000年和2005年两期森林资源清查资料,利用双向指示种分析（ two-way indicator species analysis, TWINSPAN）方法,对森林植被进行群系划分;采用生物量换算因子法,对森林样地碳密度进行估算,对碳密度及其动态变化特征进行研究;基于地统计学原理对森林碳密度的空间分布格局进行分析,并对其影响因子进行探讨。结果表明,（1）吕梁山南段森林植被可分为9个群系,即臭椿群系、柳树群系、辽东栎-油松混交群系、辽东栎群系、辽东栎-枫树混交群系、辽东栎-白桦-山杨混交群系、白皮松-辽东栎混交群系、白皮松-侧柏混交群系和槐树群系。2000年各群系的碳密度值介于23.53 Mg·hm^-2和75.65 Mg·hm^-2之间,平均值为54.90 Mg·hm^-2;2005年的碳密度值介于24.16 Mg·hm^-2和78.91 Mg·hm^-2之间,平均值为57.20 Mg·hm^-2,5年间9个森林群系的碳密度增加了2.30 Mg·hm^-2。（2）森林碳密度呈现出自南向北、自西向东增加的趋势;球状模型能很好地反映森林植被碳密度的空间结构特征;碳密度分布主要受结构性因子影响,空间依赖性较强,在小尺度上没有明显规律,而在中尺度上有群团状分布的特点。（3）随着海拔的升高,森林碳密度先增后降,1600～1800 m最大;坡上部森林碳密度最高,其次为坡下部,山脊部最低;阴坡半阴坡森林碳密度一般高于阳坡和半阳坡,无坡向处最低;斜坡和平坡碳密度值明显高于其他坡地,急坡地最小。     

Correlation between the seasonal distribution of harbour porpoises and their prey in the Sound,Baltic Sea

Low densities of harbour porpoises in winter (November–March) and high densities in summer (April–October) were found in the Sound, connecting the Baltic Sea and Kattegat. Due to their high energy requirements, it is hypothesized that the density of harbour porpoises is related to local prey abundance. This was tested by examining the stomach content of 53 harbour porpoises collected between 1987 and 2010 in the Sound (high season, 34 porpoises; low season, 19 porpoises). A total of 1,442 individual fish specimens from thirteen species were identified. Twelve of these were present in the high–porpoise density season and seven in the low-density season. The distribution of occurrence and the distribution of number of fish species were different between seasons, indicating a shift in prey intake between seasons. Furthermore, during the high-density season, the mean and total prey weight per stomach as well as the prey species diversity was higher. However, no difference was found in the number of prey species between the two seasons, indicating a higher quality of prey in the high-density season. Atlantic cod was found to be the main prey species in terms of weight in the high-density season while Atlantic herring and Atlantic cod were equally important during the low-density season. Prey availability and predictability are suggested as the main drivers for harbour porpoise distribution, and this could be caused by the formation of frontal zones in spring in the northern part of the Sound, leading to prey concentrations in predictable areas.     

北江中下游内分泌干扰物的空间分布、生态风险及产业相关性

为了解北江中下游内分泌干扰物(endocrine disrupting chemicals,EDCs)空间分布及生态风险,利用LC-MS/MS和GC-MS对北江中下游8个水源地、8个典型种植业下游、5个典型水产养殖业下游及4个大型污水处理厂水样中10种EDCs进行分析.结果 表明,10种目标EDCs有6种低于检出限,仅...     

桑沟湾海域叶绿素a的时空分布特征及其影响因素研究

2009年4月-2010年2月对山东荣成典型养殖海湾—桑沟湾海域水体中的叶绿素a（Chl-a）进行了6个航次的监测,分析该海区表底层海水中Chl-a的质量现状,探讨Chl-a在桑沟湾海区的时空分布特征,以及与水温和营养盐等主要环境因子的相关性。结果表明,桑沟湾海域表层海水Chl-a质量浓度范围为0.36～9.77μg L-1,平均值为2.17μg L-1;底层海水Chl-a质量浓度范围为0.40～7.46μg L-1,平均值为2.14μg L-1。Chl-a质量浓度的季节性变化呈现一定的模式,夏季〉秋季〉春季〉冬季。Chl-a的质量浓度在春季和冬季呈现由湾内向湾外递减的分布特征,而夏季和秋季则没有明显的分布规律。垂直分布上,夏季表层Chl-a质量浓度高于底层,冬季则是底层高于表层,春秋2季表底层垂直分布比较均匀。相关分析显示桑沟湾Chl-a与水温呈较显著正相关,但与营养盐溶解无机氮（DIN）不具显著意义的相关关系。总体看来,桑沟湾海域Chl-a的时空分布受养殖环境状况、水文环境及陆地径流和外源输入的共同影响,贝藻养殖活动及营养盐的陆源输入是影响Chl-a分布格局的重要因素。     

蓄水后三峡库区重庆段污染负荷与时空分布研究

针对三峡库区重庆段蓄水后的污染负荷状况及时空分布进行了研究。介于三峡库区蓄水后污染形式的变化以及污染源的多样性和库区内各区县污染源特征的差异，将各类污染源分类并分区域进行计算预测。除了对受广泛关注的工业污染、生活污染进行了预测外，还研究了农田径流污染、船舶流动污染、淹没土壤释放污染的计算方法并对其进行了计算。计算结果表明，在2002、2010、2020年重庆段库区水体的主要污染源为农田径流污染、城市生活污水污染和农村生活污染，其中农田径流污染的CODCr、NH3-N、TP的贡献率分别达到了59．95％、74．64％、85．86％，为主要污染源。在2002年、2010年、2020年重庆段三峡库区CODCr、NH3-N、TP的主要来源区域为重庆主城区、万州区、涪陵区和江津市。     

太湖蓝藻的时空变化规律及治理方法

利用2009─2012年丰水期和平水期的生物调查获取的环境和生物数据,研究太湖蓝藻的时空分布规律,分析蓝藻分布与其他物理、化学和生物因子（如温度、酸碱性、有机物和营养盐含量、浮游植物与浮游动物密度等）的相关关系。结果表明：太湖水质基本上超出V类地表水指标,主要的超标因子是总氮。总氮在丰水期和平水期的质量浓度分别为3.05 mg·L-1和1.65 mg·L-1,总氮在丰水期质量浓度降低的主要原因可能是丰水期蓝藻迅速生长,吸收了大量的营养盐。蓝藻仍是太湖浮游植物的优势种。2009─2012年太湖蓝藻的密度随年份无明显变化,但随季节和区域存在显著差异：丰水期蓝藻密度均值为4.87×10^7cell·L-1,明显高于平水期蓝藻密度（1.51×10^6 cell·L-1）;太湖东部采样点蓝藻密度明显低于其他湖区。影响蓝藻的非生物因素包括温度、酸碱度和营养盐,高温、偏碱性和高营养盐含量都会增加蓝藻的密度。蓝藻与其他浮游植物和大型水生植物之间存在竞争关系,蓝藻密度增加促进了枝角类的生长。推荐利用机械打捞和大型水生植物修复方法,因为这2种方法可在降低蓝藻密度的同时去除水体中的有机物和营养盐,可以从根本上降低太湖蓝藻水华的风险。增加其他藻类和枝角类控制蓝藻水华方法可行性较差：1）蓝藻暴发时期其它藻类对能量和营养的竞争能力弱于蓝藻,难以抑制蓝藻的生长;2）在太湖中增加枝角类可能降低现有蓝藻的密度,但建立完整的食物链体系降低富营养化程度,防范生物调控中可能存在的生态风险（如其他藻类水华等）较困难。     

Setting of the American oyster Crassostrea virginica in the James River,Virginia, USA: temporal and spatial distribution

Setting of larvae of the oyster Crassostrea virginica was monitored in the James River, Virginia, USA from 1963 to 1980. Setting patterns were similar in two ways to those described prior to 1960 (before the onset of the oyster pathogen Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX) in Chesapeake Bay): (1) setting intensity (average number of spat per shell) was greater at stations in the lower than upper estuary, and (2) on the average, 60 to 80% of the total annual set at each station occurred during a 6-week period from mid-August through September. However, annual setting intensity from 1963–1980 was lower than previously recorded, and annual sets occurred as a series of discrete pulses rather than continuously throughout the season. Pulses were each approximately 1 to 2 weeks in duration and separated by a period of diminished or no setting. Cross-correlation analysis of annual setting patterns among stations revealed three zones in the James River: the upper estuary and entire southwest side, the lower estuary, and a mid-estuary transition zone. Setting pulses tended to be synchronous at stations within each zone, but occurred 1 to 2 weeks later at stations in downriver than in upriver zones. The location of zones is related to known aspects of water circulation in the James River estuary. Moreover, pulse setting itself may be related to the absence of strong vertical salinity gradients accompanying the fortnightly stratification-destratification process.Contribution No. 1213 from the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, School of Marine Science, The College of William and Mary     

Sorption of the natural endocrine disruptors,oestrone and 17 beta-oestradiol in the aquatic environment

Adsorption of hydrophobic contaminants at the particle/water interface is one of the key processes controlling their fate in the aquatic environment. The sorption of the natural female hormones oestrone and 17-oestradiol has been studied under simulated riverine conditions. Both the kinetics and the effects of varying fundamental environmental parameters (e.g. sediment properties) on the thermodynamic equilibrium partition coefficient (K _p) have been studied in continuous and batch sorption experiments, respectively. Results showed that the sorption of oestrone and 17-oestradiol by sediment was relatively slow, reaching equilibrium in 50 days. In addition, relatively small adsorption of both oestrone and 17-oestradiol onto the sediment was observed, with K _p values between 200 and 250 mL g^–1. The comparable K _p values of the two compounds reflect their structural similarity. It can be concluded that the two endocrine disruptors, oestrone and 17-oestradiol remain primarily in association with the aqueous phase.     

长江口浮游植物分布情况及与径流关系的初步探讨

利用2004—2008年5月（春季）和8月（夏季）共10个季度月航次调查资料,结合同时期长江口径流量的数据,研究了长江口海域浮游植物的分布特征、及其受长江径流影响的关系。分布情况的结果显示：同一年中,夏季调查航次鉴定的浮游植物种类数明显多于春季的种类数;浮游植物数量的基本趋势逐年增加,其中2008年调查航次的浮游植物数量急剧暴发;同时生物多样性指数呈逐年下降趋势,海域水质污染程度日趋严重。对浮游植物与长江口径流量的关系分析得到：拟合长江口5、8月平均径流量与对应调查航次的浮游植物数量呈正相关的幂函数关系,径流量与浮游植物多样度呈负相关的指数函数关系,径流量与浮游植物优势种数量百分比呈正相关的幂函数关系,关系都明显显著。其中长江口径流量的输入对优势种尤其是近岸低盐性的中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）分布有着决定性的影响;长江径流把大量的N、P等无机营养物质携带入海,导致长江口水域严重富营养化,造成长江口海域的局部区域频发赤潮。     

黄河三角洲潮沟湿地植被空间分布对土壤环境的响应

潮沟在黄河三角洲广泛存在,且分布有多种独特的湿地植被类型。通过设置有代表性的28个样地,获取了植被种类、多度和土壤环境因子数据;并运用双指示物种（TWINSPAN）,对黄河三角洲潮沟分布区植被进行了群落类型划分,得出研究区共有7种类型植物群落;同时利用典范对应分析（CCA）阐明了这些植被群落空间分布与土壤环境因子之间的关系,其分析结果显示构成黄河三角洲土壤盐分的主要是Cl-和Na＋,距离海洋的远近和土壤含水量共同影响土壤含盐量,盐地碱蓬和中华柽柳分布主要取决于土壤含盐量、Na＋含量及距离海洋距离,而各种植被类型的分布与土壤全磷（TP）、全氮（TN）、有机质、Ca2＋及Mg2＋含量存在一定的关系。     

30年来我国农业气象灾害对农业生产的影响及其空间分布特征

农业是气候变化最敏感的领域之一,灾害性天气直接影响着农业生产.文章首先对我国农业气象灾害类型进行阐述,然后对近30年来的气象灾害的时间序列和空间分布特征分析研究,最后进一步探讨了农业气象灾害对农业粮食安全的影响.研究结果表明:随着农业气象灾害的发生,粮食产量与受灾程度呈周期性波动,受灾程度与相应年份的产量为负相关.从时间序列来看,1997年,2000-2001年和2003年全国总受灾程度较为严重,均超过5×107hm2,成灾面积均为3×107hm2.2004年灾情有所缓和.从全国受灾的空间分布特征来看,我国灾损较为严重地区主要集中在东部地区.按区域划全国灾害受损程度依次为华东地区,华中地区,华北地区和东北地区,此外西南地区四川也较为突出.气象灾害中以干旱灾害和洪涝灾害最为严重,是影响农业生产的主要因素,二者所占比重为70%～85%.掌握农业气象灾害的特点和发生规律,对于防御气象灾害,提高防灾减灾的能力,趋利避害,保障农业增产具有十分重要的意义.     

岷江上游高山森林溪流非木质残体现存量与碳储量及其分配特征

森林溪流非木质残体的特征直接关系到流域源头水质环境以及森林生态系统碳及养分等物质的输出格局.为了解岷江上游水源源头高山森林生态系统溪流非木质残体的储量特征,于2013 年8 月高山森林溪流水量最大的季节,在研究区域海拔3 600 m 典型高山森林范围内,沿主河道两岸调查每条森林溪流的非木质残体储量,共找到18 条森林溪流汇入主河道,根据实地采样的可操作性和典型性,选择其中12 条溪流详细调查非木质残体储量,每条森林溪流从尽头到源头每隔10 m 设置一个长度为1 m,溪流实际宽度的样方（源头作为最后一个样方）.将样方内所有非木质残体全部采集,低温保存,迅速带回实验室,分别按照树皮、树叶和直径小于1 cm 树枝分离,65 ℃烘干至恒重,测定各组分现存量.然后,将样品粉碎过筛,采用重铬酸钾氧化法测定凋落物有机碳含量,以不同组分现存量与其碳含量计算各组分的碳储量.结果表明：（1）该区域森林溪流非木质残体总现存量和总碳储量分别为657.25 kg 和262.96 kg,单位面积现存量和碳储量为439.70 g·m^-2 和175.92g·m^-2;（2）各溪流中直径小于1 cm 树枝占非木质残体总现存量和总碳储量的69.76%和73.41%,其次为树叶,树皮比例最小且不足10%;（3）尽管溪流长度、面积和流量与非木质残体各组分单位面积现存量和碳储量均无显著相关关系,但显著影响溪流非木质残体总现存量和总碳储量及其在各组分的分配比例;（4）相对于树皮,凋落树叶现存量和碳储量所占比例在流量较小溪流中相对较大.这些结果为深入认识高山森林流域水环境及其在森林生态系统中的重要作用提供新的思路和一定的科学依据.     

Seasonal and spatial variations of acid-volatile sulphide and simultaneously extracted metals in the Yangtze River Estuary

Surface sediments were collected from the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) in May 2012, August 2012, November 2012 and February 2013 to analyse the seasonal and spatial distributions of acid-volatile sulphide (AVS), simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) and the sediment toxicity. An optimised method was used for the AVS and SEM analysis and the results showed that the seasonal variations of AVS were positively correlated with changes in water temperature and the position of higher AVS was relatively fixed. The average of SEM was gradually increased from May 2012 to February 2013 and there were abnormally high values of SEM_Cu and SEM_Ni in the YRE. Concentrations of the five SEM components were in the following order: Cd?相似文献   

Characterization and seasonal distribution of microplastics in the nearshore sediments of the south-east coast of India,Bay of Bengal

• MPs in the coastal sediment of south-east coast of India are quantified. • High MPs are recorded near river mouths and nearshore regions. • Polyethylene and polypropylene are the major polymers observed. • MPs contamination is higher than the values reported elsewhere. In view of increasing Microplastics (MPs) contamination in the marine environment and dearth of baseline data, a study was conducted on the abundance, characterization, and seasonal distribution of MPs in the nearshore sediments of the south-east coast of India. Sediment samples (n = 130) were collected at a distance of 1 km and 10 km from the shore region at varying depths (8–45 m) along the Chennai to Puducherry coast (165 km stretch), representing two seasons, i.e., south-west (July 2019 and July 2020) and north-east (January 2020) monsoons. The average abundance of MPs at the 22 offshore sites along the Chennai to Puducherry coast varied from 9±4.3 to 19±12.9 particles/50 g dry weight, in July 2019 and January 2020, respectively. July 2020 had an average abundance of 10±4.5 particles/50 g dry weight. Spatially, high levels of MPs were found at 1km stations and transects in proximity to the river inlets, and temporally, the north-east month recorded the maximum concentration. The dominant morphotype was the filament, and the major polymers were polyethylene and polypropylene. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images revealed the surface irregularity and degradation of MPs due to weathering. The study highlights that high sediment contamination by MPs occurs during heavy rainfall and accumulates closer to river inlets. Eventually, this study suggests that appropriate management of plastic wastes on the landside will reduce MP contamination in the marine environment.