建筑工程中的噪声防治研究

介绍了建筑施工噪声的危害以及噪声的来源,通过在新加坡圣淘沙环球影视城工程中的噪声监测工作,着重介绍了不同时段和不同地段的噪声声级测量方法,掌握了施工区域内的噪声声级水平,根据测量结果分析给出了建筑施工中的噪声控制措施.     

水利水电工程水环境效益分析与计算

从水环境的内涵与特征出发,在定性分析水利水电工程存在广义和狭义两种不同范畴上的正、负水环境效益基础上,提出了一种基于子效益分解统计的定量化计算方法,并以广东省剑潭水利水电工程为背景,给出了相应的计算实例,得到了一些具有参考价值的成果.     

AHP—模糊综合评价法在离心泵安全评价中的应用

将模糊综合评价法与层次分析法相结合,建立基于AHP—模糊综合评价模型,并探讨基于AHP—模糊综合评价方法在离心泵安全评价方面的应用。根据离心泵系统的结构、实际运行情况、常见故障模型及历史故障数据建立安全评价指标体系,结合层次分析法确定矩阵权重值,确定单级模糊综合评价结果;利用上述评价结果,可以进行多级模糊综合评价,最后得出离心泵的安全等级。此外,应用Microsoft Visual Studio 2008软件开发工具和Matlab数学软件编制评价程序,提高实用性。     

Safety assessment of potential supercritical solvents for Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis

Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) is a primary pathway for gas-to-liquid (GTL) technology. In order to overcome commercial problems associated with reaction and transport phenomena, the use of supercritical solvents has been proposed to enhance conversion, catalyst stability and improve temperature control in fixed-bed reactors. One of the major challenges in designing the supercritical FTS reactor unit is selecting appropriate solvents of critical properties within the required reaction operating conditions. Numerous alternatives exist and should be screened based on relevant criteria. The main aim of this paper is to develop a screening methodology to identify an optimum supercritical solvent or a mixture of solvents that meet the aforementioned criteria while minimizing the cost and more importantly satisfying the safety constraints. A safety metric system was developed in order to compare the risk issues associated with using different solvents. In addition, an economic analysis of using the different solvents was performed. Finally, a case study was solved to illustrate the use of the proposed metrics and the selection of solvents based on safety and techno-economic criteria.     

Equilibrium disorders in workers exposed to mixed solvents

Background. Organic solvents cause diseases of the vestibular system. However, little is known regarding the correlation between vestibular damage and exposure to organic solvents below threshold limit values. The best measure by which to evaluate vestibular disorders is static and dynamic posturography. Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate equilibrium disorders via static and dynamic posturography in workers without clear symptoms and exposed to low doses of mixed solvents. Methods. 200 subjects were selected. Using an Otometrics device (Madsen, Denmark), all subjects endured static and dynamic posturography testing with both eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions. Results were compared with a control group of unexposed individuals. Result. Based on the obtained data, the following results can be drawn: (a) subjects exposed to mixtures of solvents show highly significant differences regarding all static and dynamic posturography parameters in comparison to the control group; (b) posturography testing has proven to be a valid means by which to detect subliminal equilibrium disorders in subjects exposed to solvents. Conclusion. We can confirm that refinery workers exposed to mixtures of solvents can present subliminal equilibrium disorders. Early diagnosis of the latter is made possible by static and dynamic posturography.     

职业性有机溶剂中毒特点及防治对策探讨

随着有机溶剂应用的日益广泛，职业性有机溶剂中毒事件频繁发生。通过分析近年来的职业性有机溶剂中毒事故，探讨了职业性有机溶剂中毒的特点，并对如何有效预防职业性有机溶剂中毒提出了初步的建议，如可以通过改革工艺，加强通风排毒等措施来预防职业性有机溶剂中毒。     

三维煤气管网仿真系统设计与实践

以煤气地下管网为例,按照软件工程思想,采用ArcEngine平台,使用Visual Studio.NET开发工具,结合GIS、数据库、面向对象、虚拟现实、ADO.NET等技术,设计三维煤气管网仿真系统,实现了三维管网的仿真。系统建立基础地理数据库、专题数据库、属性数据库、多媒体数据库和模型库,实现地下煤气管网的基础数据采集、信息管理、三维虚拟仿真、监测预警、专题制图和综合服务等功能。研究结果表明,基于C/S和B/S混合模式的体系结构较好地实现了多源数据管理与系统集成,利用GIS和面向对象技术可进行煤气管网快速三维建模和动态虚拟仿真。     

Effect of solvent on the hydrothermal liquefaction of macro algae Ulva fasciata

Hydrothermal liquefaction is an attractive approach for the conversion of aquatic biomass like algae as it does not require the energy intensive drying steps. The objective of the study is to understand the effect of various solvents (H₂O, CH₃OH and C₂H₅OH) on product distribution and nature of products of hydrothermal liquefaction of macro algae Ulva fasciata (MAUF). Hydrothermal liquefaction of MAUF was performed using subcritical H₂O (300 °C) as well as supercritical organic solvents CH₃OH and C₂H₅OH (300 °C). The use of alcoholic solvents significantly increased the bio-oil yield. The bio-oil yield was 44% and 40% in case of liquefaction with CH₃OH and C₂H₅OH respectively whereas the bio-oil yield was 11% with H₂O. Use of alcoholic solvents converted the acids obtained in bio-oil to the corresponding methyl and ethyl esters. ¹H NMR data showed that use of alcoholic solvents (C₂H₅OH and CH₃OH) increased aliphatic content of bio-oil1 (ether/methanol/ethanol fraction). FTIR and SEM results showed the difference in the bio residue obtained using alcoholic solvents and H₂O. The results showed that liquefaction with supercritical alcohols is an effective way to produce functional hydrocarbons for chemical feedstock.     

The Cytotoxicity of Some Organic Solvents on Isolated Hepatocytes in Monolayer Culture

The cytotoxic effects of volatile and water-insoluble organic solvents (ethylbenzene, tetrachloroethylene, n-hexane) were tested on isolated hepatocytes in monolayer culture by using the 3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay. All of the tested compounds inhibited metabolic activity of hepatocytes and this effect depended on the concentration of solvents in the incubatory medium. The presence of fetal calf serum in the medium did not change the cytotoxicity of xenobiotics. IC₅₀ values calculated on the basis of the MTT assay indicated that ethylbenzene was more cytotoxic than tetrachloroethylene and n-hexane. Using hepatocyte monolayer culture and the MTT assay to assess cytotoxicity of organic solvents causes many technical problems. It seems that it cannot be used as a rapid, cheap, and credible method.     

不同溶剂对化感物质抑藻效果的影响

以铜绿微囊藻作为生物材料,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和没食子酸作为化感物质,研究了这两种化感物质在不同浓度下对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响,对比了不同溶剂中两种化感物质的抑藻效果.结果表明,低浓度的邻苯二甲酸二丁酯对铜绿微囊藻的生长具有一定促进作用.但高浓度时抑制其生长;没食子酸对铜绿微囊藻的生长具有一定的抑制作用,但浓度的影响规律性并不明显;对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯来说,乙醇溶剂可以增强其对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制作用,而对没食子酸来说,甲醇溶剂可以减弱其对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制作用.可见,在化感物质发生作用时,化感物质用量和溶剂种类起着极其重要的作用.     

基于三维可视化危险源的煤矿风险预控手机管理系统设计

危险源辨识是煤矿风险预控管理过程中关键的一步。为提高煤矿危险源辨识的准 确性和效率,确保煤矿生产过程中发现的危险源能够及时处理,提出了基于三维可视化 危险源和危险源反馈闭环处理的解决思路,应用Java 技术,MySQL 数据库和Android Studio开发工具,构建了基于C/S架构的三维可视化危险源风险预控智能手机管理系统 。通过煤矿风险预控管理系统的实施,能够使煤矿危险源管理工作系统化、规范化,减 少或避免煤矿事故的发生。这种煤矿安全管理信息系统为提高风险预控管理工作的效率 提供了新的思路和方法,促使煤矿安全生产工作向科学化、数字化的方向发展。     

注气条件对CO2置换驱替CH4影响的实验研究*

为研究不同注气压力与注气温度对CO2置换驱替煤层CH4的影响规律,利用Materials Studio分子动力学模拟软件,通过煤体在2元组分混合气体间的竞争吸附量、竞争吸附热及能量分布等变化规律,从微观研究煤吸附CH4与CO2之间的机理,并利用物理实验平台,选用3种高变质程度煤进行注CO2置换驱替CH4实验。结果表明:同一种变质程度煤,随着注气压力或注气温度的增大,置换率呈增长趋势、驱替比呈下降趋势、CO2突破时间变短;相同注气压力与注气温度时煤的变质程度越高,置换效率越大、驱替比越小、CO2突破时间越长。并且注气压力对于CO2置换驱替CH4的效果要优于注气温度。     

Permeability of Organic Solvents Through Two-Layer Safety Gloves Determined by a Gravimetric Method

Organic solvents are harmful to humans, and many of them are recognized as carcinogens. Therefore, it is necessary to protect hands from contact with them. Most methods for testing solvent resistance of gloves use gas chromatography. However, these methods are expensive and so complex that they present application problems for most glove producers and users. A simple gravimetric method to test solvent resistance o f gloves was developed. It was tested by measuring the permeability of organic solvents such as white spirit, acetone, isopropyl alcohol, benzene, p-xylene, and trichloroethylene through gloves made of natural rubber, polyvinyl chloride, neoprene, perbunan, polyvinyl alcohol, and two-layer gloves made of natural rubber and neoprene. This method proved to be a simple, economical, and reliable way to examine glove permeability.     

Towards an international limit value for occupational trauma risk: industrial exposures associated with occupational trauma,permanent impairment and fatalities in a five-year national claims material

In order to provide some advice on the priorities for occupational safety and health and the restriction of child labour in developing industrial systems, AFA—the Swedish labour market insurances—claims information system on work-related injuries associated with permanent impairment and fatalities was analysed for all occupations over the five-year period 1997–2001.After screening and merging with employment data, the occupational groups which exhibited a stable rate of trauma injuries associated with permanent impairment and fatality three times higher than the national average were selected and information about the typical accident mechanism and equipment/process resulting in trauma in these occupational groups was retrieved.It is suggested that the resulting lists of occupational exposures associated with high injury risks can be used to indicate the nature of restrictions necessary for children under the age of 18 in relation to harmful industrial exposures (ILO Conv 138, Art 3).     

医疗垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属浸出的影响因素

以四川某城市为例,对医疗垃圾焚烧飞灰进行了重金属的浸出特性实验,探讨了不同液固比、初始pH值及浸取剂对飞灰中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni的浸出影响.结果表明,重金属的浸出率随着液固比的增加而增加;重金属在酸性条件下较易浸出,而在碱性条件下渗滤较少;不同的浸取剂对重金属的浸出也有一定影响.     

Fuel recovery from waste oily sludge using solvent extraction

Solvent extraction was used to recover oil from waste sludge generated from the storage of crude petroleum. Different solvent-to-sludge mass ratios were used for two solvents, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and LPG condensate (LPGC). Several parameters were compared, such as oil recovery as a percent of the original sludge mass, and reduction in carbon residue, ash content, and asphaltene content. A 4:1 solvent-to-sludge ratio was found to be optimum for both solvents. The MEK extraction recovered 39% by mass of the sludge as recovered oil. The LPGC recovered 32%. The amount of asphaltenes in the fuel oil was related to the concentration of fuel oil in the solvent phase during the extraction, suggesting that asphaltenes are extracted mainly by the fuel oil components, not the solvent. The physical properties and metal content of the recovered oil were measured. The recovered oil was distilled to provide diesel fuel. This diesel fuel contained high levels of sulfur and carbon residue, as well as a high diesel index, indicating the fuel requires further treatment prior to use as a fuel.     

基于模糊综合评价-集值统计法的大型商场外因火灾风险性分析

大型商场火灾发生的原因多种多样,且易造成严重的后果和恶劣的社会影响。为了提高大型商场火灾风险性等级并且为其评价研究提供一种更加合理的评价方法,采用将2级模糊综合评价与集值统计法相结合的模型对大型商场外因火灾的风险性进行评价。根据相关法律法规并借鉴已有研究成果,充分考虑外因火灾的特点(主要从消防设施及能力因素、消防安全管理因素、人员应急疏散因素3个方面进行分析),建立针对大型商场外因火灾的评价指标体系,其中二级指标包括3个,三级指标包括12个。利用集值统计法将评价指标的描述表示为一段区间值,进而确定各评价指标的权重,并对得出的权重进行可靠性分析,采用加权平均模型确定火灾风险性总的相对隶属度,并求出模糊特征向量;最后根据总得分确定火灾的风险性等级。利用该方法对沈阳某大型商场外因火灾危险性进行了评价分析,并与传统的评价方法(层次分析法)相对比,其评价结果都为"二级(好)",表明该方法的评价结果合理。同时分析得到了大型商场火灾防控的薄弱环节,并提出了相应的有效改进措施。     

时间压力视角下人格特征与VDT视觉搜索绩效的关系及形成机理*

为合理选拔和培训特定情境下的视觉搜索安检人员,从时间压力视角分析大五人格特征与视觉显示终端（visual display terminal,VDT）的视觉搜索绩效的关系。通过变量分析和设计,提出VDT视觉搜索绩效影响因素理论模型;运用Visual Studio设计实验模拟视觉搜索安检任务,采集绩效及眼动数据;最后进行有中介的调节模型检验。研究结果表明:不同人格特征的VDT视觉搜索绩效存在差异;所有人格特征的搜索策略随机指数随时间压力的增加而降低,但调整强度在不同人格特征之间存在差异,严谨性人格调整幅度最大;时间压力通过搜索策略的中介作用（部分）间接调节人格特征与VDT视觉搜索绩效的关系;较高和较低时间压力下,严谨性人格通过有效的搜索策略调整,绩效最好;中等时间压力下,开放性人格的绩效最好。研究结果可为视觉搜索作业人员的选拔和培训提供理论依据。     

中压燃气管道泄漏工况下流量扰动幅度模拟分析*

为检测和定位燃气管道泄漏,基于泄漏定位公式,利用模拟软件Pipeline Studio构建等效中压管道模型,模拟不同工况条件下燃气管道泄漏动态。结果表明:泄漏发生后,一定时域内用户端流量将出现扰动,供气压力越高、供气量越大、泄漏孔径越小、管道长度越长,流量扰动持续时间越长;忽略管长影响,泄漏位置越接近气源,流量扰动幅度越易出现先增大后减小趋势,反之易出现单调递减趋势;泄漏端位置距离用户端越近,流量扰动幅度越大,反之越小。研究结果可为燃气管道泄漏检测和定位提供理论依据。