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1.
青岛近海秋季生物气溶胶分布特征 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
生物气溶胶是大气气溶胶的重要组成部分,对生物气溶胶的分布特征进行分析对于了解其对人体健康和大气环境的影响具有重要作用.于2007年9-10月运用安德森6级生物粒子采样器在青岛近海连续采集生物气溶胶样品,探讨陆源和海源细菌及真菌的浓度和粒径分布特征.结果表明,青岛近海生物气溶胶中陆源细菌浓度高于海源细菌,而陆源真菌浓度低于海源真菌,海源菌总数高于陆源菌;陆源和海源细菌及真菌浓度分布表现为上午﹥下午﹥中午.9-10月陆源和海源细菌主要分布在大于2.1 (m的粒子中,占总数的80.0%以上,呈偏态分布;9月陆源和海源真菌主要分布在2.1~7.0 (m的粒子中,10月陆源和海源真菌主要分布在1.1~4.7 (m的粒子中,呈对数正态分布.总体而言,青岛近海生物气溶胶受到陆地与海洋的双重影响,海洋影响更为显著. 相似文献
2.
正污水处理厂属于环保工程,项目运行后有利于减少污水中有害物质排放.污水处理厂在发挥环境效益的同时,也会对环境产生不利影响,诸如排放尾水、产生恶臭和污泥等污染物.其中恶臭是污水处理厂运行中不可避免的一个污染问题,而其影响预测评价也是污水处理厂环境影响评价工作中的重点.污水处理厂的恶臭主要来自格栅间、进水泵房、曝气沉砂池、初沉池、生化池、污泥浓缩池、污泥脱水机房和污泥堆 相似文献
3.
长沙市不同功能区空气微生物污染与评价 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
利用真菌、细菌综合培养基,采用自然沉降法对长沙市5个典型功能区进行空气微生物监测。结果表明,城区内不同功能区大气微生物的浓度各异,其中市区商业区、交通枢纽区的大气细菌污染最重,其次是休闲娱乐区和居民区,文教区大气细菌含量最低。绿化情况良好的休闲娱乐区的真菌含量高于交通枢纽区。以大气细菌含量指标评价了各测点的空气质量,空气质量处于微生物污染水平。 相似文献
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5.
超积累植物和化学改良剂联合修复锌镉污染土壤后的微生物特征 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
通过盆栽试验,观察分析不同的土壤改良配方对重金属超积累植物东南景天盆栽土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌数量、Cmic及Nmic的影响,以此来筛选出最优的促进东南景天修复锌镉污染土壤的改良剂配方。结果显示:细菌、真菌和放线菌数量,与土壤Zn、Cd的去除率、东南景天植株干质量、Cmic及Cmic/Nmic两两之间都呈现极显著正相关关系(但Cmic/Nmic与真菌数量仅呈显著相关)。添加了土壤改良剂后,细菌、放线菌、真菌的数量都有不同程度的增加,其中以细菌数量的增加最为显著,放线菌次之,真菌则对各种土壤处理相对较不敏感;在各种土壤配方中,添加了6 g赤泥、15 g污泥和15 g沸石的T7处理最有利于各类土壤微生物的生长,微生物量碳达到345.64 mg.kg-1,与其它处理之间都达到显著差异。因此,可以利用土壤微生物作为污染土壤改良情况的生物指标。该研究为下阶段研究化学改良剂-植物-微生物修复技术奠定了基础。 相似文献
6.
微生物絮凝剂的污泥脱水性能研究 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5
采用酱油曲霉发酵制备的微生物絮凝剂对广州市猎德污水处理厂浓缩污泥的脱水性能进行研究,实验结果表明,酱油曲霉分泌的微生物絮凝剂对浓缩污泥有较好的脱水效果,调理后的污泥比阻可降至8.9×1011m·kg-1,显著地改善了污泥的脱水性能,与对照样相比,脱水率提高了7%,含水率降低了6%,当絮凝剂的投加量为污泥体积的5%、干重质量浓度为5.8mg·l-1时,污泥的脱水效果最佳,污泥脱水率从75.6%提高到82.6%,污泥含水率从82.4%降到76.4%.微生物絮凝剂和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)复合使用有助于改善污泥的脱水性能,当10mL116mg·l-1微生物絮凝剂和6mL 1g·l-1PAM复合使用时,污泥的脱水率为82.9%,脱水后污泥的含水率为76.1%. 相似文献
7.
室外空气细菌群落特征研究进展 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
着重论述了空气细菌的来源、粒子特征、群落特征、浓度的时空变化及其群落结构的影响因素.国内外研究结果表明:空气细菌主要来源于自然界的土壤、动植物、人类和水体,另外一些非自然的人类活动也是其重要来源;空气细菌的粒径主要在 0. 3~15. 0μm间变化,海岸边细菌气溶胶的粒径相对较小,而其他地方 84%或更多的细菌粒子的粒径≥2. 1μm;空气中革兰氏阳性细菌占绝大多数,无论在森林、海岸、城市还是乡村,芽孢杆菌 (Bacillus)都是优势菌属;一年中空气细菌浓度夏季最高,冬季最低,一天中则可以明显的划分为 5个阶段: (ⅰ )午夜细菌浓度最低, (ⅱ )日出时细菌浓度达到高峰, (ⅲ)正午细菌浓度积累逐渐上升, (ⅳ)下午后期细菌浓度降低, (ⅴ )晚上到午夜细菌浓度较低;人类活动频繁,动植物较多的地方空气细菌浓度较高.此外,空气细菌不仅与各种环境因素有关,还受到各种污染因子的影响. 表 2参 53 相似文献
8.
在室温下培养土样并采用梯度稀释涂布的方法研究了不同质量分数的呋喃丹对砖红壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌3大主要土壤微生物种群数量变化的影响。结果表明,细菌、真菌和放线菌种群对呋喃丹的反应随其施加质量分数的不同而有所差别。培养初期,5mg·kg-1呋喃丹处理土壤的细菌、真菌、放线菌数量相对最少。而在整个培养周期内随着培养时间的增加,各处理细菌和放线菌数量均能恢复并接近对照水平,但真菌的生长一直受到抑制且呋喃丹质量分数越大其受抑制程度也越大,表明呋喃丹对细菌和放线菌无明显的影响,而抑制真菌的趋势明显。因此,真菌可以被作为海南砖红壤受呋喃丹污染的敏感指示菌。 相似文献
9.
北京市夏季不同功能区气溶胶数浓度特征 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
利用WPS宽范围气溶胶粒径谱仪,观测了2014年北京市夏季,二环内市中心和在四环外远离市中心地区的4个不同功能区(交通区、商业区、公园风景区、文教区)大气颗粒物个数浓度的变化.结果表明:市内各功能区大气颗粒物个数浓度均较高,在不同功能区颗粒物数浓度分布中,粒径为10—500 nm的颗粒物个数明显多于粒径大于500 nm的颗粒物;在近市中心的二环内功能区,颗粒物个数浓度分布集中在50 nm和100 nm左右,呈现双峰型;在远离市中心的四环外功能区,其数浓度整体高于二环内,除奥林匹克公园区颗粒物数浓度谱呈现明显的单峰之外,各个功能区数浓度谱为双峰型,但峰值所出现的粒径范围不同. 相似文献
10.
放牧对祁连山高寒金露梅灌丛草甸土壤微生物的影响 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:4
以祁连山北支冷龙岭东段南麓的甘柴滩夏季牧场集体长期混合(藏系绵羊、牦牛)放牧的高寒金露梅(Potentilla fruticosa)灌丛草地为对象,采用平板涂抹分离法和氯仿熏蒸法对不同放牧压力梯度下土壤微生物(细菌、真菌和放线菌)和土壤微生物碳、微生物氮量进行研究,结果表明:不同放牧压力梯度下,金露梅灌丛和丛间草地土壤微生物以细菌占绝对优势,放线菌和真菌较少,垂直分布明显;随着放牧压力梯度的增加,金露梅灌丛和丛间草地,0~25 cm土层中的细菌、放线菌、真菌及微生物碳和微生物氮数量呈降低趋势,其降低程度与放牧压力梯度呈直线正相关.与无放牧金露梅灌丛相比0~25 cm土层的细菌、真菌、放线菌最大降幅分别为49.64%、37.76%和46.64%;金露梅灌丛土壤微生物碳量占土壤有机碳的比例变化为0.85%~0.43%,微生物氮占土壤全氮的0.90%~1.11%,微生物量对土壤营养库的贡献率较低;土壤微生物量和土壤有机质呈显著线形正相关;土壤细菌数量和土壤水分呈显著线形正相关. 相似文献
11.
A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity. 相似文献
12.
Sebastian Theis Jonathan L.W. Ruppert Karling N. Roberts Charles K. Minns Marten Koops Mark S. Poesch 《Conservation biology》2020,34(1):41-53
Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes. 相似文献
13.
Stanger G 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2005,27(4):359-368
An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common
origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further
concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain.
Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and
Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily
redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and
authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above
palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern
Asia. 相似文献
14.
Lucy E. Rose Geoffrey W. Heard Yung En Chee Brendan A. Wintle 《Conservation biology》2016,30(2):350-361
How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty. 相似文献
15.
K.H. Roucoux I.T. Lawson T.R. Baker D. Del Castillo Torres F.C. Draper O. Lähteenoja M.P. Gilmore E.N. Honorio Coronado T.J. Kelly E.T.A. Mitchard C.F. Vriesendorp 《Conservation biology》2017,31(6):1283-1292
Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development. 相似文献
16.
17.
Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture 相似文献
18.
Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras 相似文献
19.
The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae
which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing
this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe
ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death.
A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation
system.
The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities
as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison. 相似文献
20.
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats). 相似文献