桂西北喀斯特区可持续发展现状评价与趋势预测

以广西河池市为例,运用生态足迹方法对区域可持续发展状态进行定量分析,应用GM(1,1)模型对区域人均生态足迹和人均生态承载力进行趋势预测.结果表明:该区1985-2006年人均生态足迹持续上升,增加近2倍,而人均生态承载力逐步下降,降幅达12.6%,由生态盈余转变为生态赤字,呈不可持续发展状态;1990-2001年人均生态足迹变化幅度最大,达120.76%,但2001年后趋于缓和;对生态足迹构成的分析表明,耕地和草地消耗最大,草地足迹正向变化最为剧烈,所占生态足迹构成比例由12.88%增至30.12%;对河池市人均生态足迹和人均生态承载力的趋势预测结果显示,未来9a人均生态足迹仍继续上升,生态赤字将相应进一步扩大.     

半干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域生态经济可持续发展研究

为了探讨半干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域综合治理措施对生态经济可持续发展所起的作用,根据大量的实地调研数据,利用生态足迹理论与方法对庙坪小流域生态环境治理前后的生态足迹需求与供给进行了定量计算.结果表明:该流域生态足迹一直大于生态承载力,小流域生态经济为不可持续状态,但人均生态赤字由治理前的0.798 9 hm2下降到治理后的0.552 5 hm2.由于流域水土保持综合治理成效显著,导致流域生态承载力的增幅大于生态足迹的增幅,生态足迹需求及亏缺主要源于化石能源用地和耕地类产品的消费.     

基于生态承载力的楠溪江流域生态旅游开发分析

对开发地区生态承载力的科学测评是进行旅游开发与管理的重要环节。利用生态足迹模型,对2010年楠溪江中上游流域的生态承载力供给与需求进行分析和评价。结果表明,楠溪江中上游地区生态承载力供给高于需求,总生态承载力供需比为1.3∶1,草地和水域用地生态承载力出现赤字,旅游人均生态足迹是本底人均生态足迹的1.22倍。流域生态承载力总体可以支持生态旅游的良性发展,但在开发中既需要加大对生态资源的持续性保护和输入,又需要重视对流量式旅游的监管和限制。     

1995-2004年河北省生态足迹分析与生态恢复措施

生态足迹从具体的生物物理量角度研究自然资本消费的空间,为核算地区自然资本利用状况提供简明框架,进而可判断区域可持续发展状态。河北省正大力实施可持续发展战略,但在绿色战略问题上还面临一些难题。文章利用生态足迹模型,对河北省1995—2004年的生态足迹进行了时间序列的测度以及可持续发展的定量测算,根据计算结果进行分析提出相应对策。结果表明,10年间河北省的人均生态足迹增长率达47.9%,赤字增长率达58.5%,人类负荷超过其生态容量,生态承载力严重不能满足生态足迹的需求,区域的经济社会发展处于一种不可持续的发展状。从而加深了对河北省可持续发展状况的认识,对生态建设决策提供科学依据,并提出河北省生态恢复的措施。     

广东省生态可持续发展定量研究:生态足迹时间维动态分析

生态足迹是一种定量测度生态可持续发展状态的指标和方法以支持可持续发展的决策。以广东省为案例，对广东1990年至2002年时间维的生态足迹及生态承载力进行计算和动态分析。结果表明，13年来，广东人均生态足迹和生态赤字不断增加，人均生态足迹从1990年的1．253hm^2增加至2002年的1．784hm^2，增加了42．38％；人均生态足迹赤字从0．817hm^2增加至2002年的1．393hm^2，但万元GDP生态足迹逐年下降。横向比较分析表明，广东2000年的人均生态足迹为1．636hm^2，低于全球平均水平(2．8hm^2)，同时也处于全球人均生态承载力(2．0hm^2)的范围，但超过中国人均生态承载力水平(O．681hm^2)；人均生态赤字(1．246hm^2)也高于世界平均水平(0．8hm^2)。因此，广东虽在全球尺度处于生态可持续发展状态，但生态系统的压力和强度甚高。     

基于生态足迹模型的贵州省仁怀市可持续发展及其影响因素研究

为探究仁怀市生态承载力变化特征,筛选影响可持续发展的关键因素,基于生态足迹模型分析了2010—2018年贵州仁怀市人均生态足迹、人均生态承载力及生态盈亏,同时选择生态足迹指数、生态压力指数、生态协调系数和万元GDP生态足迹4项指数和6项因子对仁怀市可持续发展状况与影响因素进行研究。结果表明,2010—2018年仁怀市处于生态赤字状态,人均生态足迹和人均生态承载力均呈先降后升趋势,人均生态足迹由1.5 hm~2·人~(-1)升至1.8 hm~2·人~(-1),增幅为20%,人均生态承载力由0.94 hm~2·人~(-1)升至1.08 hm~2·人~(-1),增幅为14.89%;仁怀市人均生态足迹和人均生态承载力分别以耕地和林地贡献为主,分别占人均生态足迹的81%和人均生态承载力的79%;仁怀市生态足迹指数为-76.96%～-59.22%,生态压力指数为1.59～1.77,生态足迹指数和生态压力指数分别处于第3和第5等级,区域可持续发展存在挑战;仁怀市生态足迹增长的驱动因素主要有人口数量、特色产业、污染排放等。该研究结果有助于了解仁怀市特色产业发展与生态足迹之间的内在联系,为同类型地区可持续发展提供借鉴。     

生态足迹改进模型在可持续发展评价中的应用研究

生态足迹分析通过计算生物物理量来衡量人类经济活动对自然生态系统服务的需求与自然生态系统承载力之间的协调程度,因为该方法思路新颖、计算简便而被广泛应用于国家和地区的可持续发展评价中。文章针对Rees W E等提出的生态足迹模型中存在的问题与不足(如:产量因子和当量因子参数选取偏差,生态功能差异表现不充分,模型不具动态性等)提出了改进生态足迹模型。利用改进后的生态足迹模型计算天津市1995—2005年的生态足迹及其动态变化值,天津市耕地、牧草地、林地、水域和化石能源用地人均生态足迹盈亏分别为0.0009,-0.3224,-0.1991,0.0255,-1.9600hm2·人-1,除耕地和水域略有盈余外,牧草地、林地和化石能源用地人均生态赤字均呈递增趋势。1995—2005年间天津市单位产值能耗居高不下、人口规模增长与建筑用地扩张是导致人均生态赤字扩大的根本原因。文章提出的生态足迹改进模型可以动态指示区域或城市经济发展水平与自然生态系统承载力之间的协调程度,为区域可持续发展战略制定和实施提供决策依据。     

基于生态足迹模型的区域生态承载力分析——以山东省烟台市为例

在介绍生态足迹与生态承载力的基础上,对烟台市2002年的生态足迹作了分析:烟台市2002年人均生态赤字为1.078 9 hm2,超出了其生态承载力,表明烟台市的发展处于不可持续状态;最后提出了提高区域生态承载力,实现可持续发展的一些对策。     

湖南省生态足迹与生态承载力的动态变化分析

生态足迹是定量研究区域可持续发展的一种重要方法。为了定量评价湖南省可持续发展程度的动态变化,利用生态足迹理论,计算分析了湖南省1998--2006年间的生态足迹变化过程。结果表明,湖南省人均生态足迹由1998年的1．2441hm。上升至2006年的1．6377hm^2;人均生态承载力由1998年的0．4819hm^2减少为2006年的0．4556hm^2,人均生态赤字由1998年的0．7622hm0上升到2006年的1．1821hm0。生态赤字逐年提高,生态足迹与生态承载力之间的矛盾加剧,区域生态环境处于不安全状态。生态足迹供需结构分析表明,湖南省人均生态足迹供需存在严重的不平衡,其需求以草地、耕地是构成湖南省人均生态足迹的主要组成部分,分别占人均生态足迹的30．11％～37．34％以及29．83％-33．53％,其次是化石能源地（17．60％～22．85％）。而供给以耕地为主,占人均生态承载力的51．02％～53．23％。研究期间万元GDP生态足迹总体上呈下降趋势,表明湖南省的资源利用率不断提高。同时根据生态盈亏的影响因素,并结合湖南省经济发展现状和资源分布特点,探讨了降低和消除区域生态赤字的措施建议。     

青岛市生态足迹动态研究

利用生态足迹和生态承载力度量和评价1995—2004年间的青岛市可持续发展程度。结果发现,随着经济的发展和社会的进步青岛市的生态足迹显著上升,各类用地都呈现增加趋势,耕地增加程度最大,而水域则表现出不稳定;承载力明显下降,其中主要是耕地承载力下降,林地、水域等其他用地则有相对的提高。生态足迹和承载力的变化造成生态赤字进一步加大。将单位生态足迹内产生的GDP作为生态效率,可以发现青岛市的生态效率呈现增加趋势,表明青岛市的资源利用效率明显增加。按照1995到2004年的发展趋势,青岛在未来十年的生态赤字将进一步加大,通过科学技术提高生态效率是青岛降低生态赤字的主要途径。文章首次分析了青岛市的生态足迹动态,提出了降低生态赤字的途径,为青岛市的可持续发展提供了理论参考。     

Misspecification of within-area exposure distribution in ecological Poisson models

Ecological studies enable investigation of geographic variations in exposure to environmental variables, across groups, in relation to health outcomes measured on a geographic scale. Such studies are subject to ecological biases, including pure specification bias which arises when a nonlinear individual exposure-risk model is assumed to apply at the area level. Introduction of the within-area variance of exposure should induce a marked reduction in this source of ecological bias. Assuming several measurements per area of exposure and no confounding risk factors, we study the model including the within-area exposure variability when Gaussian within-area exposure distribution is assumed. The robustness is assessed when the within-area exposure distribution is misspecified. Two underlying exposure distributions are studied: the Gamma distribution and an unimodal mixture of two Gaussian distributions. In case of strong ecological association, this model can reduce the bias and improve the precision of the individual parameter estimates when the within-area exposure means and variances are correlated. These different models are applied to analyze the ecological association between radon concentration and childhood acute leukemia in France.

Nutrient status and pollution levels in five areas around a manganese mine in southern China

• The soil TP level was high or extremely high in all areas. • TN, OM and available Cu were insufficient in EA, TA and RA. • All areas reached the heavily polluted level and had high ecological risk levels. • Mn and Cd were the dominant pollutants. Nutrient status and pollution levels are the main factors affecting soil restoration. The nutrient status and pollution levels in five areas, an unexplored mine area (UA), an explored mine area (EA), a tailings area (TA), a reclamation area (RA) and an agricultural area (AA), around the Pingle manganese mine in Guangxi, China, were assessed in this study. The results showed that the average total phosphorus in these five areas ranged from 1.05 to 1.57 mg/kg, corresponding to grades of extremely high and high. The average total nitrogen values were 0.19, 0.69, 0.93, 1.24 and 1.67 mg/kg in EA, TA, RA, UA and AA, corresponding to grades of very low, low, medium-low, medium-high and medium-high, respectively. The average organic matter values were 12.78, 8.92, 22.77, 21.29 and 29.11 mg/kg in EA, TA, RA, UA and AA, which corresponded to grades of medium-low, low, medium-high, medium-high and medium-high, respectively. All these results indicated that the total phosphorus was sufficient in these areas, while the total nitrogen and organic matter were insufficient in EA, TA and RA. The available concentrations of Mn and Zn corresponded to the intermediate grade, while the values for Cu corresponded to the very low grade; these might be another factor restricting ecological reclamation. Contamination and ecological risk assessments based on the single contamination index, Nemerow multi-factor index and potential ecological risk index showed that the five tested areas around the Mn mine were considered heavily polluted and presented high ecological risk. Mn and Cd were the dominant pollutants.     

Mathematical problem definition for ecological restoration planning

Ecological restoration is an increasingly important tool for managing and improving highly degraded or altered environments. Faced with a large number of sites or ecosystems to restore, and a diverse array of restoration approaches, investments in ecological restoration must be prioritized. Nevertheless, there are relatively few examples of the systematic prioritization of restoration actions. The development of a general theory for ecological restoration that is sufficiently sophisticated and robust to account for the inherent complexity of restoration planning, and yet is flexible and adaptable to ensure applicability to a diverse array of restoration problems is needed. In this paper we draw on principles from systematic conservation planning to explicitly formulate the ‘restoration prioritization problem’. We develop a generalized theory for static and dynamic restoration planning problems, and illustrate how the basic problem formulation can be expanded to allow for many factors characteristic of restoration problems, including spatial dependencies, the possibility of restoration failure, and the choice of multiple restoration techniques. We illustrate the applicability of our generic problem definition by applying it to a case study - restoration prioritization on The Irvine Ranch Natural Landmark in Southern California. Through this case study we illustrate how the definition of the general restoration problem can be extended to account for the specific constraints and considerations of an on-the-ground restoration problem.     

依据(代)生物体对化学品的反应预测对生态系统服务功能的影响

保护生态系统服务功能越来越多地被作为风险评估的目标,但是目前生态风险评估的终点和评估生态系统服务功能受到的潜在影响之间有很大的差距。作者提出了一个框架,将常用的生态毒理学终点与对种群和群落的影响以及生态系统的服务功能联系起来。这个框架建立在机制效应模型的长足进步上,这些模型旨在跨越多种生物组织,并解释各种生物相互作用和反馈。为了说明这一点,作者引入了2个研究案例,它们采用了已完善和已验证的机制效应模型：鱼种群的inSTREAM个体模型和AQUATOX生态系统模型。他们还展示了动态能量平衡理论可以为解释组织级毒性提供一种通用货币。他们认为,一个基于机制模型的框架,可以预测化学品暴露对生态系统服务的影响,再结合经济估值,可以为环境管理提供一种有用的方法。作者强调了使用这个框架的潜在好处以及未来工作中需要解决的挑战。
精选自Forbes, V. E., Salice, C. J., Birnir, B., Bruins, R. J.F., Calow, P., Ducrot, V., Galic, N., Garber, K., Harvey, B. C., Jager, H., Kanarek, A., Pastorok, R., Railsback, S. F., Rebarber, R. and Thorbek, P. (2017), A framework for predicting impacts on ecosystem services from (sub)organismal responses to chemicals. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 36: 845–859. doi: 10.1002/etc.3720
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3720/full
     

杀虫双对土壤脲酶影响的研究

通过对土壤脲酶受杀虫双影响的研究．结果表明,杀虫双对不同生态区土壤脲酶活性具有明显的抑制作用,随杀虫双浓度的增加,酶活性持续减小、计算得到了土壤酶活性的生态剂量ＥＤ５０值,获得了北方(?)土和南方红壤污染的;临界浓度为４８９和２４６ｇ/ｋｇ;Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ模型可较好表征酶活性与尿素浓度间的定量关系;土壤脲酶活性和最大表观酶活性均可表征土壤受杀虫双污染程度的大小。     

Effects of land use on concentrations of metals in surface soils and ecological risk around Guanting Reservoir,China

It is accepted that the historical routine use of agrochemicals may have resulted in undesirable concentrations of metals in the environment. To investigate and assess the effects of land use on concentrations of heavy metals around the Guanting Reservoir in China, 52 surface soil samples (depth of 2–10 cm) were taken from areas where four types of land use were practiced (including arable land, woodland, bare land, orchard land). The metals and metalloids (As, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Significant accumulation of As, Cd, and Cr was found in soils of arable land. Based on correlation and cluster analysis, it can be concluded that Cd and Zn originate mainly from phosphate fertilizer, Pb from the use of insecticides, fertilizers, and sewage sludge as well as air deposition, and Cu from copper-based fungicides, while As, Ni and Cr might come from parent soil material. According to an ecological risk analysis of metals based on the ecological index suggested by Hakanson, the four types of land can be ranked by severity of ecological risk as follows: arable land > woodland > bare land > orchard land, with a high ecological risk of Cd for all four types. Management measures for land use planners for avoiding water, soil, and sediment pollution caused by metals around the Guanting Reservoir are presented.     

Response of ecological storage and conservation to land use transformation: A case study of a mining town in China

Rapid land use transformation shaped by agriculture, industrialization and population urbanization has a great influence on ecological environment. Based on theory of ecosystem service functions, this study aims at revealing the response of ecological storage and conservation to each unit area of land use transformation. Taking Cishan Town, a mining town in China, as a case study, this paper estimates the “past-present-future” ecological storage impacted by the process, result and possibility of land use transformation. The local land use and industrial distribution show that the active areas of land use transformation are also the areas of concentration of human (industrial) activities. Ecological storage shows the different responses to land use ways. And then this study combines the ecological storage indices with the indices of ecosystem pattern and land condition into the“5A” framework (active state, active degree, active possibility, active balance and active condition) for grading ecological conservation, and then assigns all regions of Cishan Town into different grades through membership functions for complex mapping of ecological conservation. The research results show that the ecological conservation in Cishan goes toward two extreme grades (best grade and worst grade). Uneven and unbalanced land use transformation is the main cause of that. Hence, rational and timely reflection of impact of land use transformation on ecological storage and conservation can assist land use planners and local government in adjusting land use ways and balancing regional ecology and economy.     

An individual-oriented model for ecological risk assessment of wading birds

The contribution of certain contaminants to reproductive failure in many avian species has been an ongoing concern. Appropriate quantitative techniques have focused either on the individual organisms by providing explicit bioaccumulation dynamics or on whole ecosystems by looking at the fate of the contaminant but fail to make the necessary link via population dynamics of interacting individuals. We used the individual-oriented approach in an effort to quantify effects of chronic contaminant exposure on individual birds. This was made possible by the use of an object-oriented model, where individual birds are interacting objects, and their actions are implemented by passing to them appropriate messages. Using this modeling approach a breeding colony of Great Blue Herons (Ardea herodias) is simulated as an assemblage of interacting individuals whose daily actions (foraging, growth, feeding of the young) are simultaneously followed over short time intervals for a nesting season. Spatial distribution of the contaminants in prey resources is used on a cell by cell basis and their effects on certain behavior characteristics of adult birds (e.g. foraging efficiency, effects on flying efficiency, parental care) are taken into account. Results showed that sublethal effects could have a considerable effect on colony success. Appropriate selection of endpoints for risk assessment yields a variety of scenarios for colony success.     

The Reynolds transport theorem: Application to ecological compartment modeling and case study of ecosystem energetics

The Reynolds transport theorem (RTT) from mathematics and engineering has a rich history of success in mass transport dynamics and traditional thermodynamics. This paper introduces RTT as a complementary approach to traditional compartmental methods used in ecological modeling and network analysis. A universal system equation for a generic flow quantity is developed into a generic open-system differential expression for conservation of energy. Nonadiabatic systems are defined and incorporated into control volume (CV) and control surface (CS) perspectives of RTT where reductive assumptions in empirical data are then formally introduced, reviewed, and appropriately implemented. Compartment models are abstract, time-dependent systems of simultaneous differential equations describing storage and flow of conservative quantities between interconnected entities (the compartments). As such, they represent a set of flexible and somewhat informal, assumptions, definitions, algebraic manipulations, and graphical depictions subject to influence and selectively parsed expression by the modeler. In comparison, RTT compartment models are more rigorous and formal integro-differential equations and graphics initiated by the RTT universal system equation, forcing an ordered identification of simplifying assumptions, ending with clearly identified depictions of the transfer and transport of conservative substances in physical space and time. They are less abstract in the rigor of their equation development leaving less ambiguity to modeler discretion. They achieve greater consistency with other RTT compartment style models while possibly generating greater conformity with physical reality. Characteristics of the RTT approach are compared with those of a traditional compartment model of energy flow in an intertidal oyster-reef community.     

Coping with complex and dynamic systems. An approach to a transdisciplinary understanding of coastal zone developments

Complexity and uncertainty play important roles in coastal management. Economic development may push the coastal system beyond its resilience thresholds as a result of interactions between environmental and socio-economic processes. The concepts in this paper link processes of system change, natural evolutionary processes observed in coastal zones, to processes of social evolution. An indicator based on calculating an ecological footprint for coastal zones is presented to guide decision-making in spatial and economic planning. The suggested indicator may support a range of methods linking economic valuation and environmental impact analysis.