高温堆肥碳氮循环及腐殖质变化特征研究

堆肥化处理，是指依靠自然界广泛分布的细菌、放线菌、真菌等微生物，对有机物有控制地进行生物降解，使之转化为腐殖质的生物化学处理技术。作者采用畜禽粪便条垛式高温堆肥实验方法，研究了堆肥过程中碳氮循环及腐殖质变化特征。结果表明，堆肥过程中，碳素和氮素变化最大，表现为二者总量的减少，其中以碳素总量减少较多，氮素总量次之，从而导致碳氮质量分数比降低。腐殖酸总量、胡敏酸和富里酸总量均呈下降趋势，但腐殖酸占有机碳的比例以及胡敏酸与富里酸质量分数比却在提高，速效养分含量也在升高，表明堆肥过程是一个有机质数量减少、有机质质量提高的过程。     

木薯皮堆肥过程中酶活性的变化

以木薯皮为原料进行高温堆肥发酵,研究了堆肥化过程中理化性质和酶活性的变化情况.结果表明:在堆肥发酵过程中.温度变化呈先上升后下降趋势,到后期已趋近于初始温度;而含水率在堆肥处理过程中变化不大.各处理的pH值在发酵结束时为7.3～7.5.过氧化氢酶活性初期较高,随后迅速降低,并维持在较低水平.纤维素酶和脲酶活性在堆肥初期增加,之后逐渐降低.由于堆肥原料不同,不同处理的酶活性变化趋势表现出一定的差异.考虑到堆肥腐熟度受多方面因素的影响,判断堆肥腐熟度时应根据多种指标(包括生物学、化学、物理学指标)综合判断.     

畜禽粪便中抗生素污染特征及堆肥化去除研究进展

养殖业抗生素的大量使用导致了畜禽粪便中多种抗生素残留,畜禽粪便成为了环境中抗生素污染的重要来源.本文总结了畜禽粪便中多种抗生素复合污染现状及其在土壤中的生态毒理效应,综述了堆肥化技术去除畜禽粪便中抗生素的影响因素和研究进展.堆肥化技术研究显示:针对不同种类抗生素的特性差异,控制堆肥过程的相关参数,提高堆肥化处理技术去除效果,是解决畜禽粪便多种抗生素污染问题的关键.     

简便、快速、低成本处理畜禽粪便的方法研究

提出了一种简便、快速、低成本进行畜禽粪便堆肥化处理的方法。该方法利用三面墙式水泥地,池底用竹笆架空,进料口用竹笆堵挡,以增加氧气供应,并用半熟腐堆肥进行水分调节。堆肥温度上升快、温度高、水分蒸发量大、发酵迅速,一次发酵时间可缩短至2～3周,适合于我国中小型养殖企业采用。     

简便、快速、低成本处理畜禽粪便的方法研究

提出了一种简便、快速、低成本进行畜禽粪便堆肥化处理的方法。该方法利用三面墙式水泥地，池底用竹笆架空，进料口用竹笆堵挡，以增加氧气供应，并用半熟腐堆肥进行水分调节。堆肥温度上升快、温度高、水分蒸发量大、发酵迅速，一次发酵时间可缩短至2～3周，适合于我国中小型养殖企业采用。     

猪粪堆肥过程中四环素类抗生素的生物转化及降解研究进展

四环素类抗生素(TCs)是畜禽养殖业中一类重要的兽药。随着畜禽养殖集约化,越来越多的抗生素经畜禽机体代谢进入环境,导致了对人类健康和生物安全等的危害。堆肥是无害化去除畜禽粪便中TCs的常见方法,能最大程度削减畜禽粪便中TCs的残留。笔者根据国内堆肥处理猪粪中抗生素残留的现状,结合国内外猪粪堆肥化技术的最新研究进展,从TCs生物转化、生物和非生物降解途径,阐述了猪粪堆肥过程中环境因子的调控、微生物群落结构与组成的变化和TCs的生物降解机制,旨在为未来畜禽粪便无害化、肥料资源化利用提供理论依据和技术参考。     

木薯渣堆肥及其对难溶性磷的活化试验研究

试验以干鸡粪、米糠、堆肥返料作调理剂,同时加入不同含量的磷矿粉,对木薯渣进行好氧堆肥,研究木薯渣堆肥过程中堆肥理化性质的变化及木薯渣堆肥对难溶性磷的活化作用。试验设置磷矿粉加入量10％（T1）、15％（T2）、20％（T3）和不加磷矿粉（CK）四个处理,干鸡粪、米糠、堆肥返料的添加量均为10％、15％和20％。在堆肥过程中,四个处理均在55℃以上高温持续了25d,超过了国家规定的标准。在堆肥结束时,各处理水分含量均降至30％左右,pH升高至弱碱性,淀粉降解率均在90％以上,水溶性碳（DOC）含量均降至10g.kg。以下,达到了基本腐熟的标准。证明木薯渣通过堆肥能达到稳定无害化状态。在堆肥结束时,T1、T2、T3有效磷增加量分别为12．58、12．81、12．96g.kg-1,对磷矿粉的活化率分别为23．53％、17．07％、14．50％,T1活化效果最好。研究结果表明木薯渣堆肥对难溶性磷有一定的活化作用,可为解决堆肥资源化产品中植物可利用磷含量偏低的难题开拓一条生物学途径：     

木薯渣堆肥及其对难溶性磷的活化试验研究

试验以干鸡粪、米糠、堆肥返料作调理剂,同时加入不同含量的磷矿粉,对木薯渣进行好氧堆肥,研究木薯渣堆肥过程中堆肥理化性质的变化及木薯渣堆肥对难溶性磷的活化作用。试验设置磷矿粉加入量10%(T1)、15%(T2)、20%(T3)和不加磷矿粉(CK)四个处理,干鸡粪、米糠、堆肥返料的添加量均为10%、15%和20%。在堆肥过程中,四个处理均在55℃以上高温持续了25d,超过了国家规定的标准。在堆肥结束时,各处理水分含量均降至30%左右,pH升高至弱碱性,淀粉降解率均在90%以上,水溶性碳(DOC)含量均降至10g·kg-1以下,达到了基本腐熟的标准。证明木薯渣通过堆肥能达到稳定无害化状态。在堆肥结束时,T1、T2、T3有效磷增加量分别为12.58、12.81、12.96g·kg-1,对磷矿粉的活化率分别为23.53%、17.07%、14.50%,T1活化效果最好。研究结果表明木薯渣堆肥对难溶性磷有一定的活化作用,可为解决堆肥资源化产品中植物可利用磷含量偏低的难题开拓一条生物学途径。     

复合添加剂对污泥堆肥化重金属形态及生物有效性的影响

通过添加不同比例粉煤灰(0%、5%、15%、25%、35%)和生石灰(0%、1%)进行污泥堆肥试验,并将堆肥产品应用于玉米幼苗盆栽试验,研究不同处理对污泥堆肥产品重金属(Zn、Cu、Cd、Ni)形态分布和生物有效性的影响。研究结果可为粉煤灰和生石灰复合添加剂在城市污泥堆肥中的应用提供基础资料和科学依据。结果表明,(1)污泥堆肥过程中,p H值整体呈现上升-稳定下降-稳定的变化规律,重金属Zn、Cu、Cd、Ni含量因稀释效应呈现轻微下降;添加35%粉煤灰和1%生石灰处理,重金属Zn、Cu、Cd、Ni含量达到最小值,分别为611.20、226.18、1.49、68.74 mg?kg~(-1)。(2)Zn、Cd、Ni主要以残渣态形式存在,Cu主要以有机结合态形式存在。随着粉煤灰添加量增加,残渣态、有机结合态、铁锰氧化态Zn、Cd和残渣态、有机结合态Ni含量逐渐增大,交换态、碳酸盐态Zn、Cd、Ni含量逐渐减小,重金属生物有效性下降。(3)施用添加25%粉煤灰和1%生石灰的污泥肥料后,玉米地上部分干重最大为21.2 g,玉米重金属Zn、Cu、Ni、Cd含量均达到最小值19.44、13.73、0.08、0.45 mg?kg~(-1),基质重金属Zn、Ni分别达到最小值79.44、0.75 mg?kg~(-1)。以上结果说明,添加粉煤灰和生石灰进行污泥堆肥化对重金属总量影响不大,但能有效改变重金属形态,降低重金属生物有效性。其中,添加25%粉煤灰与1%生石灰污泥堆肥产品,有利于重金属由不稳定态转变成稳定态,也最有利于玉米幼苗生长。     

微生物和化学添加剂对畜禽粪便堆肥过程活性氮气体的减排研究

堆肥是将畜禽粪污进行资源化的有效手段之一,但是氮素的流失会造成堆肥产品质量的降低,排放的氨气(NH₃)和氧化亚氮(N₂O)会加剧空气污染和温室效应。为了减少堆肥过程中活性氮气体的排放、提高堆肥产物的氮素含量,选用猪粪和鸡粪作为原料进行室内模拟堆肥,设置接种微生物、加入化学添加剂或两者联用的试验处理。结果表明,加入化学添加剂的处理以及微生物和化学添加剂联用的处理能够显著减排活性氮气体,实现高效保氮的目的。在猪粪堆肥过程中,相对于未接种、未加入化学添加剂的对照,加入化学添加剂的处理、Bacillus sp. H3-1和化学添加剂联用的处理以及B. sp. H5-9和化学添加剂联用的处理NH₃减排11%～21%,N₂O减排4%～6%,堆肥产物中NH₄⁺-N含量增加6.7～7.7倍。在鸡粪堆肥过程中,相对于未接种、未加入化学添加剂的对照,加入化学添加剂的处理、B. sp. H1-10和化学添加剂联用的处理N₂O减排25%～26%,堆肥产物的N...     

Nitrogen-retaining property of compost in an aerobic thermophilic composting reactor for the sanitary disposal of human feces

Aerobic composting is a method for the sanitary disposal of human feces as is used in bio-toilet systems. As the products of composting can be utilized as a fertilizer, it would be beneficial if the composting conditions could be more precisely controlled for the retention of fecal nitrogen as long as possible in the compost. In this study, batch experiments were conducted using a closed aerobic thermophilic composting reactor with sawdust as the bulk matrix to simulate the condition of a bio-toilet for the sanitary disposal of human feces. Attention was paid to the characteristics of nitrogen transformation. Under the controlled conditions of temperature at 60°C, moisture content at 60%,anda continuous air supply, more than 70% fecal organic removal was obtained, while merely 17% fecal nitrogen loss was observed over a two-week composting period. The nitrogen loss was found to occur mainly in the first 24 h with the rapid depletion of inorganic nitrogen but with an almost unchanged organic nitrogen content. The fecal NH₄-N which was the main component of the inorganic nitrogen ( > 90%) decreased rapidly in the first day, decreased at a slower rate over the following days, and finally disappeared entirely. The depletion of NH₄-N was accompanied by the accumulation of NH₃ gas in the ammonia absorber connected to the reactor. A mass balance between the exhausted NH₃ gas and the fecal NH₄-N content in the first 24 hours indicated that the conversion of ammonium into gaseous ammonia was the main reason for nitrogen loss. Thermophilic composting could be considered as a way to keep a high organic nitrogen content in the compost for better utilization as a fertilizer.     

猪粪和锯末联合堆肥的中试研究

以 3种配比的猪粪和锯末为原料 ,进行了联合堆肥中试研究。一次发酵采用温度反馈通气量控制的静态好氧堆肥系统 ,周期 1 5d ;二次发酵采用定期翻堆自然腐熟 ,周期 30d。试验分析了堆制过程中温度、含水率、有机质、pH值的变化。对堆肥产物的腐熟度和养分分析表明 ,3种配比的堆肥产物均可达到腐熟度要求。猪粪养分含量越高 ,产物养分越高。通过堆肥工艺的优化控制和加水措施 ,猪粪和锯末联合堆制可以在 4 5d内获得高质量的有机肥 ,具有良好的应用前景。     

菌剂对堆肥的作用及其应用

好氧高温堆肥是一种受微生物控制的有机物降解和转化的过程。在堆肥过程的不同阶段对有机物降解起关键作用的微生物种群不同。接种菌剂可以使堆肥物料快速达到高温、控制堆肥过程中臭气的产生，缩短堆肥腐熟进程；可以有效杀灭病原体和降解有机污染物，提高堆肥质量。堆肥产品含有生物活性的微生物，作物增产效果显著。文章总结了接种菌剂在堆肥过程中的作用和应用效果，提出接种菌剂的研究首先应利用传统微生物研究法和先进的分子生态学技术摸清堆肥过程中微生物活动规律，逐步筛选出所需功能性菌群，在堆肥应用时要确定菌剂的最佳接种时间和接种量。     

好氧堆肥过程中的氧气变化及其监测

氧气和通气性是影响好氧堆肥过程和堆肥产品质量的重要因素。堆肥过程中，氧气供应充足可以加速有机质分解、缩短堆肥时间，加速堆肥初期温度的上升速率，减少恶臭气体的产生。氧气的消耗速率可以作为判断堆肥稳定性的依据。过去由于缺乏有效的氧气监测手段，限制了堆肥中有关氧气的研究工作，因此对堆肥过程中氧气的变化过程目前了解得很少，研究工作亟待加强。近期，我国已开发出堆肥氧气实时、在线监测系统，并成功地应用于堆肥实践，这对堆肥研究和产业化发展将具有重要意义。     

Characteristics of night soil and leaf co-composting using aerobic static method

The main purpose of this work is to investigate the characteristics of night soil and leaf co-composting using aerobic static composting method. Three influencing factors, including proportion of night soil and leaf, aeration rate and aeration pattern, were investigated through the evolution of the principal physicochemical properties, i.e., temperature, oxygen consumption rate, organic matters, moisture content, carbon, nitrogen, carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and Germination index (GI). It was found that the 3∶1 (w∶w) mixture of night soil and leaf was capable of achieving the highest composting temperature, longest retention time of high temperature (55°C), and fastest organic matter degradation. The 0.14 m³·min^-1·m^-3 aeration rate was most beneficial to composting, and the mixture of night soil and leaf maintained the highest temperature for the longest duration and achieved the highest CO₂ content and GI. The continuous aeration pattern during composting was superior to an intermittent aeration pattern, since the latter delayed the composting process.     

Characterization and variation of dissolved organic matter in composting: a critical review

● Effect of composting approaches on dissolved organic matter (DOM). ● Effect of composting conditions on the properties of DOM. ● Character indexes of DOM varied in composting. ● The size, hydrophobicity, humification, and electron transfer capacity increased. ● The hydrophilicity, protein-like materials, and aliphatic components reduced. As the most motive organic fraction in composting, dissolved organic matter (DOM) can contribute to the transfer and dispersal of pollutants and facilitate the global carbon cycle in aquatic ecosystems. However, it is still unclear how composting approaches and conditions influence the properties of compost-derived DOM. Further details on the shift of DOM character indexes are required. In this study, the change in properties of compost-derived DOM at different composting approaches and the effect of composting conditions on the DOM characteristics are summarized. Thereafter, the change in DOM character indexes’ in composting was comprehensively reviewed. Along with composting, the elements and spectral properties (chromophoric DOM (CDOM) and fluorescent DOM (FDOM)) were altered, size and hydrophobicity increased, and aromatic-C and electron transfer capacity were promoted. Finally, some prospects to improve this study were put forward. This paper should facilitate the people who have an interest in tracing the fate of DOM in composting.     

Environmental effects and risk control of antibiotic resistance genes in the organic solid waste aerobic composting system: A review

• ARGs were detected in livestock manure, sludge, food waste and fermentation dregs. • The succession of microbial community is an important factor affecting ARGs. • Horizontal transfer mechanism of ARGs during composting should be further studied. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been diffusely detected in several kinds of organic solid waste, such as livestock manure, sludge, antibiotic fermentation residues, and food waste, thus attracting great attention. Aerobic composting, which is an effective, harmless treatment method for organic solid waste to promote recycling, has been identified to also aid in ARG reduction. However, the effect of composting in removing ARGs from organic solid waste has recently become controversial. Thus, this article summarizes and reviews the research on ARGs in relation to composting in the past 5 years. ARGs in organic solid waste could spread in different environmental media, including soil and the atmosphere, which could widen environmental risks. However, the conventional composting technology had limited effect on ARGs removal from organic solid waste. Improved composting processes, such as hyperthermophilic temperature composting, could effectively remove ARGs, and the HGT of ARGs and the microbial communities are identified as vital influencing factors. Currently, during the composting process, ARGs were mainly affected by three response pathways, (I) “Microenvironment-ARGs”; (II) “Microenvironment-microorganisms-ARGs”; (III) “Microorganisms-horizontal gene transfer-ARGs”, respectively. Response pathway II had been studied the most which was believed that microbial community was an important factor affecting ARGs. In response pathway III, mainly believed that MGEs played an important role and paid less attention to eARGs. Further research on the role and impact of eARGs in ARGs may be considered in the future. It aims to provide support for further research on environmental risk control of ARGs in organic solid waste.     

外源铁、磷对堆肥腐熟的影响及“腐殖酸-Fe-P”复合体的形成初探

针对堆肥过程中氮素损失严重,产品品质低下的问题,试验以FeCl3和Ca3（PO4）2（干质量比1∶1）混合物分别按10%（处理A）和15%（处理B）的比例添加到堆肥原料中,以未加任何外源物质的处理作为对照,进行添加外源铁、磷是否会促进堆肥腐熟、提高产品品质的研究。结果表明,与对照处理相比,外源铁、磷对堆肥油菜籽（Brassica napus）发芽率指数影响不大,但产品的氮素含量明显提高,分别高于对照1.42%和1.17%;外源铁、磷加速有机质的分解,有机质分解率分别高于对照处理13%和3.3%;外源铁、磷对堆肥产品腐殖酸结合的Fe含量分别为对照处理的4.4倍和1.98倍,铁结合的磷含量分别为9.12、5.91g·kg-1,对照处理仅为2.21g·kg-1,并通过相关文献讨论,提出堆肥体中可能形成了＂腐殖酸-Fe-P＂三元复合体的假设。从作用和成本上来看,处理A的添加比例较处理B合适。