外源Cu、Zn对猪粪与玉米秸秆混合物料产甲烷特性影响机理分析

为了探讨重金属Cu、Zn对有机废弃物产甲烷的影响机制,研究了在55℃条件下添加外源Cu、Zn对猪粪和玉米秸秆质量比为2∶1混合物料厌氧发酵过程产甲烷特性的影响.结果表明:当厌氧发酵液的NH_4~+-N含量低于706.7 mg·L-1时对厌氧发酵未产生明显的抑制作用.厌氧发酵液中的VFA下降幅度与累积甲烷产生量呈正相关.随着混合物料中Cu、Zn浓度的增加,累积产甲烷量总体上均呈现降低趋势(除Zn100处理外),当Cu413.7 mg·kg-1或Zn500.6 mg·kg-1时,对厌氧发酵的影响不明显,当Cu513.7 mg·kg-1、Zn600.6 mg·kg-1时,对厌氧发酵产生显著的抑制作用,且Cu对厌氧发酵的抑制作用强于Zn.不同浓度Cu、Zn与发酵料液中纤维素酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性均呈显著负相关(p≤0.05),Cu处理发酵料液中纤维素酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性与累积产甲烷量均呈显著正相关(p≤0.05);Zn处理的纤维素酶活性和蔗糖酶活性与其呈显著正相关(p≤0.05),但脲酶活性与其相关性不显著.表明Cu、Zn可能通过影响酶活性而对厌氧发酵过程和累积甲烷产生量产生影响.     

土霉素和磺胺二甲嘧啶对堆肥过程中酶活性及微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为了探讨抗生素对堆肥过程中酶活性及微生物群落功能多样性的影响,将添加土霉素(OTC)和磺胺二甲嘧啶(SM_2)的猪粪与小麦秸秆进行好氧堆肥发酵试验.试验设置3个处理,分别为CK处理(不添加抗生素)、L处理(10 mg·kg~(-1)OTC+1 mg·kg~(-1)SM_2)、H处理(140 mg·kg~(-1)OTC+30 mg·kg~(-1)SM_2).结果表明,各处理堆体温度在55℃及以上持续了4 d,发芽指数大于85%,均达到了腐熟标准;堆肥35 d后,L和H处理中OTC残留率分别为2.8%和4.2%,SM_2均未检出;抗生素降解符合一级动力学方程,半衰期为0.56~1.24 d.H处理对堆肥过程中脱氢酶活性呈先抑制后促进的作用,而对脲酶活性则在堆肥后期表现出显著抑制作用.Biolog数据表明,在堆肥腐熟期H处理AWCD值、Shannon指数和Simpson指数显著大于CK;主成分分析得出,H处理改变了堆肥过程中微生物群落结构,起分异作用的碳源主要为糖类、羧酸类及氨基酸类.综上所述,添加OTC和SM_2对堆肥过程中酶活性和微生物群落功能多样性有显著影响,且经堆肥处理后SM_2被完全降解,而OTC仅有少量残留,说明好氧堆肥是一种快速有效去除抗生素的方法.     

SDM对厌氧发酵过程酶活性及产气量的影响

以磺胺二甲氧嘧啶钠(SDM)作为主要研究的磺胺类抗生素,观察其在猪粪混合发酵液中的代谢过程,以及对厌氧发酵过程中产气量与酶活性的影响。发酵过程共设置4个浓度处理:CK处理、T1处理(SDM添加量为30 mg/kg)、T2处理(SDM添加量为60mg/kg)、T3处理(SDM添加量为120 mg/kg)。结果表明,厌氧发酵过程中SDM对尿酶活性呈现出"抑制-激活-抑制"的作用。在一定添加浓度范围内(T1≤T3),磺胺二甲氧嘧啶钠对厌氧过程中脱氢酶的活性有一定的促进作用。SDM在混合发酵液中降解遵从一级动力学规律,代谢速率为T2>T1>T3,而T3处理对COD去除率达最大为48%,其累积产气量是空白处理累积产气量的2倍。随着磺胺二甲氧嘧啶钠添加量的增加促进了更多的产酸菌群的生长,合成更多的甲烷形成的前驱体,以得到更多的累积产气量。     

油酸钠对餐厨垃圾两相厌氧发酵中利用乙酸产甲烷过程的影响

为了研究餐厨垃圾油脂中含有的长链脂肪酸(主要是油酸)对两相厌氧发酵中利用乙酸产甲烷过程的影响,采用中温(35±1)℃批式发酵,以浓度为10 g·L~(-1)的餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产甲烷相出水为接种液,以乙酸为底物,考察了添加不同浓度油酸钠对累积甲烷产量、产甲烷古菌数量以及发酵过程中乙酸代谢和氢气分压的影响.结果表明:1产甲烷延滞期随油酸钠浓度增加而延长.2油酸钠浓度低于6.0 g·L~(-1)的处理组经过延滞期后乙酸代谢恢复正常,可以完全被转化为甲烷,且部分油酸钠也可被转化为甲烷;油酸钠浓度高于8.0 g·L~(-1)的处理组乙酸代谢受到严重抑制,只有少量甲烷生成;油酸钠生成中间代谢产物,且甲烷转化率为0.3油酸钠对厌氧发酵中产甲烷古菌有严重的抑制作用,产甲烷古菌数量大幅度减少是乙酸代谢过程受到抑制的主要原因.4油酸钠的添加量超过6.0 g·L~(-1)时,在发酵初期会引起产甲烷相中氢分压的升高,也证实了油酸钠对厌氧发酵的抑制作用.     

锌污染对猪粪堆肥过程中氧化还原类酶活性的影响

以猪粪和秸秆为主要试验材料,添加不同浓度重金属Zn,采取发酵罐处理方法,在好氧高温条件下,研究了重金属锌污染对猪粪堆肥过程中多酚氧化酶、脱氢酶活性的影响,以及对堆腐过程堆体温度、堆料pH值、胡敏酸E4/E6值的影响.结果表明:①CK以及低量重金属Zn污染的堆料升温快,高温期持续时间长,达到无害化处理.②Zn含量为600mg·kg-1和900mg·kg-1的堆料E4/E6平均值小,有利于腐殖质的缩合和芳构化.③Zn含量为600mg·kg-1的堆料多酚氧化酶平均活性、脱氢酶平均活性最高,有助于堆料中木质素的降解及其产物的转化、微生物生长繁殖.④Zn含量为300mg·kg-1、600mg·kg-1、900mg·kg-1的堆料对pH有较强的控制能力,其脱氢酶活性均表现出一定的不稳定性,可能是重金属对脱氢酶活性有抑制作用的同时发生"抗性酶活性现象".     

磺胺甲噁唑对堆肥过程中酶活性及微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为了探讨磺胺甲噁唑(Sulfamethoxazole,SMZ)对猪粪堆肥过程的影响,以猪粪、小麦秸秆为试验材料,研究了SMZ对好氧高温堆肥过程中温度、脱氢酶活性及微生物群落功能多样性的影响.结果表明,在整个堆腐过程中,SMZ含量为50 mg·kg-1的处理中脱氢酶活性受到不同程度的抑制作用;SMZ含量为95 mg·kg-1时对脱氢酶活性有激活作用.SMZ含量为95 mg·kg-1的处理中AWCD值与未添加SMZ的处理差异不显著,Simpson指数显著高于其他处理,有利于提高微生物的优势度,Shannon多样性指数显著高于未添加SMZ的处理,提高了微生物群落的丰富度和均匀度.SMZ含量为50 mg·kg-1的处理中AWCD值显著低于其他处理,对微生物活性具有一定的抑制作用.SMZ含量为50 mg·kg-1的堆料中微生物对多酚化合物类和多胺类等物质利用率显著低于其他处理,SMZ含量为95 mg·kg-1的堆料中微生物对糖类、多聚物类及多胺类等物质利用率较低.主成分分析表明,堆料中微生物中起分异作用的碳源主要为糖类、羧酸类及AA酸类.     

厌氧发酵产沼气过程中脱氢酶活性检测工艺及其优化

为了优化脱氢酶活性这一指标在厌氧发酵产沼气系统中的检测方法,分别以小麦秸秆、羊粪及其混合原料(质量比1∶1)为发酵底物,通过Box-Behnken试验及响应面分析法确定并优化了沼气发酵系统中碘硝基四唑紫法脱氢酶活性的检测工艺,并对脱氢酶活性与甲烷产量进行了相关性分析.结果表明,3种底物均以乙醇作为萃取剂,以甲醛作为终止剂时显色效果最好.分别以秸秆、粪便及其混合为发酵底物时,脱氢酶检测在pH值分别为6.5、7.2、7.7,反应温度均在37℃下,碘硝基四唑紫质量分数均为0.15%,反应时间均为50 min时比色效果最好.相关性分析显示,厌氧发酵产沼气系统中脱氢酶活性与甲烷产量相关性显著.     

土霉素在鸡粪好氧堆肥过程中的降解及其对相关参数的影响

为了探明四环素类抗生素在鸡粪好氧堆肥过程中的降解及其对鸡粪好氧堆肥过程参数的影响,采用室内好氧堆肥法,以土霉素为四环素类抗生素模式化合物,研究了鸡粪好氧堆肥过程中,不同起始浓度土霉素在鸡粪好氧堆肥过程中的降解及其对堆体温度、pH、发芽指数等指标的影响.结果表明:①土霉素在鸡粪堆肥初期(0～10 d)降解较快,随后逐渐减缓.在堆肥开始0～10 d内,添加浓度为25 mg·kg-1处理组土霉素降解最快,去除率达67.43%;添加浓度为75 mg·kg-1处理组土霉素降解最慢,去除率仅为45.91%.土霉素在各堆肥处理中的降解均符合一级动力学方程,其相关系数介于0.911 1～0.991 3.②土霉素对鸡粪堆肥过程具有一定的影响.土霉素处理在一定程度上降低了鸡粪堆肥堆体温度升高的速率,缩短了堆肥高温期的时间.③高浓度(100 mg·kg-1)土霉素处理对鸡粪堆肥过程中pH等指标是有影响的,堆肥第42 d时,堆体pH较对照增加4.58%;堆体TN、WSC分别较对照增加12.62%和49.06%;堆体NH4+-N较对照增加35.30%.④土霉素能够在一定程度上降低鸡粪堆肥堆体的腐熟度.当土霉素初始添加浓度低于50 mg·kg-1时,对腐熟度没有太大影响,而当土霉素初始浓度>50mg·kg-1可以显著降低鸡粪堆肥产品的腐熟度,主要表现为NH4+-N/NO3--N>0.5,GI<80%.结果表明,尽管土霉素在鸡粪好氧堆肥中可以快速降解,半衰期仅为1.79～4.88 d,但当鸡粪中土霉素浓度高于50 mg·kg-1即会抑制堆肥过程的顺利进行.     

三氯甲烷对土壤酶活性影响

通过实验室内培养,研究了三氯甲烷(CF)在7种不同的浓度下对土壤过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶活性所产生的影响.结果表明:在实验时间内,CF对蛋白酶活性起到抑制作用,对过氧化氢酶活性则表现出激活效应.质量分数大于60.00 mg·kg-1的CF会明显抑制蛋白酶活性;CF对这2种土壤酶的作用强度大小的浓度有关.浓度小时作用强度小,浓度大时作用强度大;CF[ω(CF)≤60.00 mg·kg-1]对这2种土壤酶的作用是暂时的,过一段时间后会恢复,即对这2种土壤酶的作用有抑制(激活)-恢复过程,恢复程度和质量分数有关,质量分数越大恢复程度越小.     

硫素对水稻根系铁锰胶膜形成及吸收镉的影响

添加外源镉污染水稻土进行池栽试验,施入不同形态及数量的硫肥(单质硫、石膏),研究硫素对水稻根系铁锰胶膜的形成及对水稻吸收镉的影响.结果表明,整个水稻生育期内,土壤溶液Eh范围在-200~100 m V之间;p H在6.9~7.9之间;pe+p H在4~10之间.水稻根表胶膜以Fe膜为主,其质量分数达到5 000~13 000 mg·kg-1,Mn膜的质量分数相对较小,为170~580 mg·kg-1.在孕穗期高硫量处理与低硫量处理的铁胶膜质量分数分别为9 400 mg·kg-1和8 600 mg·kg-1,高硫量处理比低硫量处理可生成更多的铁胶膜;而根表锰胶膜的数量差异主要表现在分蘖期,单质硫和石膏硫处理的锰胶膜质量分数分别为600 mg·kg-1和400 mg·kg-1,达到显著差异水平,单质硫比石膏硫更易促进水稻根表锰胶膜的形成.胶膜对于Fe2+过量吸收有一定阻控作用,对Mn2+作用不显著.水稻根表胶膜吸附Cd的质量分数在分蘖期为78.8~131.1 mg·kg-1,孕穗期16.6~21.1mg·kg-1,成熟期3.0~9.2 mg·kg-1.在分蘖期与孕穗期,高硫量处理比低硫量处理的吸附量高,在成熟期反之.采用ACA方法浸提铁锰胶膜内的Cd测定值并不能真实地表明胶膜实际固定Cd的质量分数.水稻体内各部位Cd的质量分数表现为根茎叶籽粒.一定量的施硫能有效减少水稻各器官中Cd的质量分数.对于根和茎叶,单质硫在成熟期以前效果好于石膏硫;对于籽粒,石膏硫效果更佳.一定量的硫肥,能有效阻碍Cd从水稻根部向茎叶与籽粒的转移.对于茎叶,在孕穗期单质硫和石膏硫的Cd转移系数分别为0.13和0.25,差异显著,单质硫能更好地阻碍Cd的转移;对于籽粒,石膏硫的阻碍效果更好.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.