吉林省西部农牧交错区不同土地利用方式对土壤线虫群落特征的影响

对吉林省西部农牧交错区典型生境土壤线虫群落进行调查,共捕获线虫23属、1 264只,优势属为真滑刃属和短体属。研究结果显示,土地利用方式对土壤线虫群落特征有一定影响,不同生境间土壤线虫群落共有属不多,农业生产活动促使土壤线虫向土壤下层移动;不同农业生产活动对土壤线虫群落多样性影响不同, 4种生境中,居民点园地土壤线虫群落多样性最高,而玉米田最低;不同土地利用方式下土壤线虫功能类群差异显著,玉米田不利于捕食类群/杂食类群的存在。     

黄河三角洲不同演替阶段湿地土壤线虫的群落特征

对黄河三角洲不同演替阶段湿地土壤线虫的群落特征进行了研究.结果表明:不同演替阶段湿地土壤线虫总数为白茅群落>柽柳群落>翅碱蓬群落>光板地.土壤线虫呈明显的表聚性,除光板地外,其他3种群落土壤线虫总数表层与下层差异极显著.土壤线虫总数在0～10 cm和10～20 cm的土层最大值都出现在白茅群落,最小值都出现在光板地,其中白茅群落与柽柳群落、翅碱蓬群落、光板地之间差异极显著,柽柳群落、翅碱蓬群落、光板地之间差异不显著.植物寄生线虫为优势类群,其数量与土壤线虫总数变化表现出相同的规律.食细菌线虫和捕食-杂食线虫数量在0～10 cm土层依次为白茅群落>柽柳群落>翅碱蓬群落>光板地;食细菌线虫数量在10～20 cm土层为柽柳群落>翅碱蓬群落>白茅群落>光板地,捕食-杂食线虫个体密度较低.食真菌线虫的个体密度在各类型各土层湿地中都很低.土壤线虫多样性依次为白茅群落>柽柳群落>翅碱蓬群落>光板地.     

吉林省西部农牧交错区不同土地利用方式对土壤线虫群落特征的影响

对吉林省西部农牧交错区典型生境土壤线虫群落进行调查，共捕获线虫23属、1264只，优势属为真滑刃属和短体属。研究结果显示，土地利用方式对土壤线虫群落特征有一定影响，不同生境问土壤线虫群落共有属不多，农业生产活动促使土壤线虫向土壤下层移动；不同农业生产活动对土壤线虫群落多样性影响不同，4种生境中，居民点园地土壤线虫群落多样性最高，而玉米田最低；不同土地利用方式下土壤线虫功能类群差异显著，玉米田不利于捕食类群／杂食类群的存在。     

庄河口湿地不同土地利用方式下土壤线虫群落特征

分别于2013年5月、8月和11月对庄河口湿地不同土地利用方式下土壤线虫群落分布进行调查,收集芦苇群落、狗尾草群落、圆柏群落、针叶松群落、柳树群落以及裸地土壤样本,采用淘洗-过筛-浅盘法提取土壤线虫,并应用线虫多样性指数和功能类群指数研究该区域土壤线虫群落的特征与差异。研究期间鉴定出44个属,共5895条土壤线虫。研究显示,线虫的生态指数与土壤理化指标呈显著相关,其中土壤pH值和盐度的影响最为显著,整体上呈显著负相关。不同土地利用方式下土壤线虫的群落结构均有所差异,圆柏群落样地pH值最小,且土壤线虫群落最丰富。圆柏、针叶松和柳树为人工种植的植被群落,具有相对稳定pH值,相较于其他3个群落盐度较低,所以线虫群落更加丰富。四大营养类群中捕食/杂食类群的比例高达50.6%,食真菌类群比例只有8.1%。有研究表明酸性土壤有利于食真菌线虫生长,而整个研究区域的 pH 在6.08~7.11之间,并不利于食真菌线虫生长。随着季节的变化,土壤线虫在夏季最多春季最少,分别约占总数的44.9%和23.0%。结果表明,不同季节和不同的土地利用方式对庄河口湿地土壤线虫群落有显著影响,其中不同植被所形成微环境中的pH值和盐度是影响线虫群落分布最主要的因素,为促进土壤生态系统健康发展提供科学依据。     

内蒙古高原锦鸡儿属（Caragana Fabr．）植物根围线虫群落多样性研究

在内蒙古高原采集不同生境的锦鸡儿植物灌从内的土壤样品,对每份土壤样品中的线虫进行分离鉴定.共鉴定出15科37属线虫,线虫多度的变化范围为55～270条/100 g(干土),其中以食细菌类线虫所占比例最大,其次是植物寄生类线虫,最后是食真菌类线虫和杂食-捕食类线虫.研究结果表明,锦鸡儿植物对灌丛内的线虫群落具有一定的影响:线虫群落的营养结构中植物寄生类线虫所占的比例降低,而食细菌类线虫所占的比例增加;灌丛内线虫群落的多样性和丰富度降低,优势度升高.此外,线虫群落的多个群落指数并不随着环境大尺度的变化而变化,说明锦鸡儿灌丛内的小生境对线虫群落的影响比大尺度生境变化的影响更显著.     

长期不同施肥措施对土壤线虫群落的影响

为研究施用生物有机肥(EM堆肥,即有效微生物制剂 堆肥)对土壤线虫群落的影响,在中国农业大学曲周试验站进行了11 a施用EM堆肥、传统堆肥、化肥和对照处理的田间试验.结果表明:共鉴定出7目、19科、39属土壤线虫,包括15属食细菌性线虫、4属食真菌性线虫、14属植物寄生性线虫和6属杂食 - 捕食性线虫.植物寄生性线虫是优势营养类群,小杆属(Rhabditis)、螺旋属(Helicotylenchus)和盘旋属(Rotylenchus)是优势线虫属.不同施肥处理土壤线虫总数和食细菌性线虫数量为EM堆肥>传统堆肥>对照>化肥.土壤线虫可用作施肥过程中土壤质量变化的生物学指标.     

华北潮土线虫群落对玉米秸秆长期还田的响应

为研究华北潮土区玉米秸秆长期还田对土壤线虫群落的影响,2010年开始在农业部环境保护科研监测所武清试验站进行秸秆长期还田定位试验,设置C0(玉米秸秆不还田)、C1(玉米秸秆25%还田)、C2(玉米秸秆50%还田)、C3(玉米秸秆75%还田)及C4(玉米秸秆100%还田)共5个处理,分别于2015年7月、8月和9月采集土壤样品,采用浅盆法分离土壤线虫,分析土壤线虫群落对长期秸秆还田的响应。结果表明:5个处理土壤线虫密度范围为223~1 470ind·100g~-1,表现为C3C2C1C4C0,且C3处理的相对密度显著提高了51.44%。所获得的土壤线虫隶属于32个属,其中C0、C1、C2、C3和C4处理分别鉴定得到21个属、30个属、25个属、24个属和22个属。秸秆还田提高了土壤线虫总数量、食细菌性线虫数量和杂食-捕食性线虫数量,但不随秸秆还田量增加而增加,差异不显著;同时秸秆还田提高了线虫的H指数、J指数、NCR指数和WI指数,降低了PPI指数。总体上,与对照相比,秸秆还田增加了线虫数量,提高了线虫属丰度及各营养类群生态指数(PPI除外)。另外,该研究发现不同秸秆还田量之间线虫数量、组成、群落结构均无显著性差异。可见,秸秆还田在一定程度上能够增加线虫数量及提高种类多样性,并通过增强线虫食物网的稳定性以降低受干扰程度,但秸秆还田量对土壤线虫群落结构无显著性影响。     

不同频次氮素添加对大豆农田生态系统土壤线虫的影响

土壤线虫在维持陆地生态系统的稳定性、促进物质循环和能量流动方面起着重要作用。而氮肥的添加是影响农田土壤线虫的重要因素,农田施肥是增加农作物产量和提高经济效益的有效措施。然而以往研究大多关注氮肥添加量对土壤线虫的影响,对于氮添加频次对农田生态系统土壤线虫群落影响的认识不足。以农田生态系统大豆作物为研究对象,设置对照(C)、低频施氮(NL)和高频施氮(NH)3种处理,研究土壤线虫群落对不同频次氮添加的响应,分析不同频次氮添加对农田土壤线虫群落结构的影响及其机制,从而为农田生态系统管理提供基础数据和科学依据。结果表明：(1)施氮处理后,土壤线虫物种丰富度和密度无显著变化。在0～10 cm土层,低频施氮使食真菌线虫相对丰度显著提升197.33%,植食性线虫相对丰度显著降低64.51%;高频施氮使食细菌线虫相对丰度显著升高26.49%,植食性线虫相对丰度显著降低47.13%(P<0.05)。(2)在0～10 cm土层,低频施氮显著提高cp-1类群比例,并显著降低cp-3类群比例;高频施氮使cp-1类群比例显著升高(P<0.05)(cp-1表示cp值为1的线虫类群)。(3)低频施氮使0...     

内蒙古中东部大针茅群落土壤线虫多样性研究

2003年在内蒙古西乌旗大针茅草原，根据土壤深度0～10cm、1020cm、20～30cm分层采样，定量分析土壤线虫群落的多度，并对土壤线虫群落多样性和群落内线虫营养类型进一步分析．结果表明，该群落中土壤线虫包括50属和24科，其中矮化属、拟盘旋属、丽突属为优势属，特别是矮化属线虫数量异常高．土壤线虫群落的垂直分布呈现表聚型．就功能类群而言，植食性线虫在各层中的比例最高，为69．4％～81．3％，食真菌类线虫的比例最低，为0．9％～2．4％，而食细菌类线虫比例为13．9％-20．9％，食真菌类线虫和食细菌类线虫的比值为0．067～0．133．表6参29     

矿区砷污染对土壤线虫群落结构特征的影响

对湖南省石门县雄黄矿区不同As污染程度土壤线虫群落结构特征进行了研究.共获得线虫27属,食真菌线虫滑刃属(Aphelenchoides)在3种土壤中均为优势属.食细菌和食真菌线虫分别为低As和中As土壤的优势营养类群,而植物寄生线虫为高As土壤的优势营养类群.低As和中As土壤的自由生活线虫成熟度指数(IM)和瓦斯乐斯卡指数(IW)显著高于高As土壤,但植物寄生线虫成熟度指数(IPP)和IPP/IM比值则表现出相反的趋势.可见,高As土壤的食物网受到As污染的干扰较大,群落环境质量较差.因此,土壤线虫群落结构对土壤质量或生态系统的变化具有很好的生物指示作用.     

Pollution extents of organic substances from a coal gangue dump of Jiulong Coal Mine,China

This paper addresses the distribution and occurrence of harmful organic substances in coal gangue dump from Jiulong Coal Mine and its influence on the environment. The samples were taken from the coal gangue dump and coal waste water stream and analyzed by organic geochemical methods. The results indicate that the coal gangues contain abundant harmful organic substances like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The TOC and sulfur contents of the samples are much higher than those of the background sample except Sample JL7. The contents of organic bulk parameters are relatively high. Ten carcinogenic PAHs were identified and these harmful organic substances have influenced the surrounding area. Along the waste water stream, organic substances pollute at least 1,800 m far from the coal gangue dump.     

Evaluation of acid production potential of mining waste materials

The formation of acidic effluents from mining waste materials is discussed and the chemisry involved explained. The bacteriumThiobacillus ferrooxidans plays an important role in acid production due to its ability to rapidly oxidize reduced forms of iron and sulphur which can result in the generation of H₂SO₄. The sulphide mineral pyrite (FeS₂), often present in waste materials, is generally recognized as the chief source of acid mine drainage.A small-scale test procedure has been developed which rapidly evaluates a waste material's capability to produce an acidic effluent. If the material is assessed as a potential acid producer, then scale-up testing procedures are available which can be used to simulate the characteristics of the effluents produced from a commercial-size waste dump.During periods of little rainfall, localized biological activity may occur in wet areas of a waste dump, resulting in possible accumulation of soluble pollutants. The length of these dry periods greatly affects effluent characteristics during subsequent rainfalls.     

Physico-chemical characteristics of fine fraction materials from an old crystal glass dumpsite in Sweden

Physico-chemical characteristics of waste, particularly fine fraction (FF), from an old crystal glass waste dump in Sweden were studied to assess recycling or disposal alternatives. Hand-sorting of the waste indicated glass content of 44.1% while sieving established the FF as a more soil-like mix of glass and other materials constituting 33.3% of all excavated waste. The FF was around neutral pH with 24.4% moisture content, low values of Total Dissolved Solids, Dissolved Organic Carbon and fluorides, but hazardous concentrations of As, Cd, Pb and Zn according to the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency guidelines. While the FF leached metals in low concentrations at neutral pH, it leached considerably during digestion with nitric acid, implying leaching risks at low pH. Thus, the waste requires safe storage in hazardous waste class ‘bank account’ storage cells to avoid environmental contamination as metal recovery and other recycling strategies for the glass waste are being developed. The study could fill the information gap regarding preservation of potential resources in the on-going, fast-paced excavation and re-landfilling of heavy metal contaminated materials in the region.     

煤矸石对盐碱土壤理化性质的改良效果

盐碱土壤物理结构差,植物成活率低,煤矸石具有改善盐碱土壤物理结构和化学性质的潜力,将煤矸石应用于盐碱地,能够达到煤矸石废弃资源循环利用和盐碱地改良的双重效果。为阐明煤矸石对盐碱土壤的改良效果和对土壤物理化学性质的影响,将不同用量(0、10%、20%、30%、40%、50%)和不同粒径(小粒径<1 mm、中粒径1—5 mm、大粒径>5 mm以及小中大等比例混合粒径)煤矸石施用于盐碱土壤,通过紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)盆栽试验,测定土壤的物理化学性质。结果表明,随着煤矸石用量的增加,紫花苜蓿株高和生物量呈现先增后减的趋势,20%用量煤矸石处理的株高和生物量分别比对照平均提高了21.45%和25.89%;团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)呈现先减后增再减的趋势;土壤饱和含水量、田间持水量呈现先稳定后降低的趋势;土壤EC值、pH值、碱解氮含量呈现持续降低的趋势,其中20%用量煤矸石处理的土壤pH比对照平均下降了0.51个pH单位;土壤总碳、总氮、总磷、有效磷含量呈现持续上升的趋势。从粒径角度考虑,对土壤EC、pH降幅以及团聚体含量、总养分、速效养分含量,小粒径>混合粒径≈中粒径>大粒径。土壤综合指数(SQI)随煤矸石用量增加先升后降;各粒径煤矸石处理下的SQI峰值大小表现为小粒径>混合粒径>中粒径>大粒径;20%用量下小粒径和混合粒径煤矸石处理的土壤SQI最高,分别比对照显著提高了68.27%和57.13%。综上,煤矸石可以改良盐碱土壤质量,促进植物生长,20%用量的小粒径和混合粒径煤矸石效果最好。     

Arsenic content and distribution pattern in Chinese coals

About 500 samples of coal, pyritic coal balls, pyritic gangue and coal seam gangue were collected from different coal basins and geologic periods of coal formation to determine the arsenic (As) content and distribution pattern in China. The Permian-Carboniferous and Jurassic coals in the North China Plate and Northwest China account for nearly 85% of total Chinese coal reserves and data showed that As content ranged from 0.1 to 94?mg?kg^?1, with the majority between 1 and 14.9?mg?kg^?1. The As content of some Late Permian coals in Southwest Guizhou Province and stone coal in the South Qinling Mountain area were exceedingly high (30–534?mg?kg^?1), but the majority of coal in the Southwest Guizhou Province contained low to medium amounts. Only the coals, which are situated in or near igneous rocks and are not considered a part of Chinese coal reserves, possessed unusually high As content (>30?mg?kg^?1). Arsenic was also concentrated in pyritic coal balls and the pyritic gangue of the coal seam with values ranging from 21.5 to 142.46?mg?kg^?1 and an average of 69?mg?kg^?1 in Shaanxi and 78?mg?kg^?1 in Shandong. Arsenic contents in coal gangue in the Northwest and North China Plate is about 0.2–15?mg?kg^?1, a little lower than coals in the same seam. Washing gangue (waste from coal washing) generally contained more As than coal, because the washed gangue has more pyrite than the natural gangue (black shale). Washing coal reduced the content of the pyritic sulfur, heavy metals and As. Based on amounts of coal used with different As content in Chinese coal reserves, the average As content of Chinese coals is about 4.5?mg?kg^?1.     

The effect of rehabilitation on the rate of oxidation of pyrite in a mine waste rock dump

Temperature profiles within a mine waste rock dump undergoing pyritic oxidation have been used to estimate the rate of oxidation and the sites where oxidation was occurring. The waste rock dump is located at the abandoned Rum Jungle mine site in Northern Australia and was a major source of pollution to the local river system. The dump was rehabilitated in 1983-84 by reshaping to reduce erosion and covering with clay and soil to reduce infiltration of water.Heat source distributions were derived from temperature profiles measured in the dump. The oxidation of pyritic material is the main cause of heat in the dump, hence the rate and location of oxidation can be obtained from the distribution of heat sources. A comparison of the heat source distributions before and after rehabilitation showed that rehabilitation greatly reduced or stopped the oxidation of pyrite in the dump.     

Assessment of the impacts of municipal solid waste dumps on soils and plants

The study aimed at evaluating the impacts of open municipal solid wastes dumps on soil and vegetation near the main roads linking major cities in Nigeria. We hypothesised that the metals from the wastes exerted substantial impacts at the dump sites which affect the soil and plants. Data were analysed from five dump sites and five control sites. The result revealed that the effects of the heavy metals (HM) were significant and higher at the dump sites where their concentrations were far above the EU, and Canadian environmental quality permissible limits for agricultural soils and vegetation. In contrast with dump sites, a significant relationship (R²?=?0.70; p??Cr?>?Pb at both dump sites and control sites. Further study on the effects of more HM on soil and plant is recommended in the area. Recycling and bio-phytoremediation processes should also be introduced.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in multimedia environment of Heshan coal district,Guangxi: distribution,source diagnosis and health risk assessment

Mining activities are among the major culprits of the wide occurrences of soil and water pollution by PAHs in coal district, which have resulted in ecological fragilities and health risk for local residents. Sixteen PAHs in multimedia environment from the Heshan coal district of Guangxi, South China, were measured, aiming to investigate the contamination level, distribution and possible sources and to estimate the potential health risks of PAHs. The average concentrations of 16 PAHs in the coal, coal gangue, soil, surface water and groundwater were 5114.56, 4551.10, 1280.12 ng g^?1, 426.98 and 381.20 ng L^?1, respectively. Additionally, higher soil and water PAH concentrations were detected in the vicinities of coal or coal gangue dump. Composition analysis, isomeric ratio, Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis were performed to diagnose the potential sources of PAHs in different environmental matrices, suggesting the dominant inputs of PAHs from coal/coal combustion and coal gangue in the soil and water. Soil and water guidelines and the incremental lifetime risk (ICLR) were used to assess the health risk, showing that soil and water were heavily contaminated by PAHs, and mean ICLR_{coal/coal-gangue} and mean ICLR_soil were both significantly higher than the acceptable levels (1 × 10^?4), posing high potential carcinogenic risk to residents, especially coal workers. This study highlights the environmental pollution problems and public health concerns of coal mining, particularly the potential occupational health hazards of coal miners exposed in Heshan.     

江西省永平铜矿排土场植被复垦

介绍江西省永平铜矿十多年来植被复垦试验与推广的实践经验和取得的效果，提出今后复垦应解决和注意的问题。     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液回流处理技术研究进展

垃圾渗滤液回流处理后，CODcr去除率最高达95％，在半好氧状态下NH3-N质量浓度降低至10mg/L几以下，渗滤液水质得到改善；渗滤液回流增加了湿度，使有机物的降解速率加快；渗滤液同流处产甲烷速率是不回流处产甲烷速率的2倍多：渗滤液回流处的总沉降幅度可达填埋场深度的20％，而不回流处仅为8％。回流处理技术分为直接回流至垃圾层、表面喷灌或浇灌至填埋场表面、地表下回流或内层回流技术。在填埋场处于产酸阶段早期，回流的渗滤液量宜少不宜多：在产气阶段则可逐渐增加。应将稳定化程度高的垃圾层区(产甲烷区)排出的渗滤液回流至新填人的垃圾层(产酸区)，将新垃圾层所产生的渗滤液回流至老的稳定化区。通过控制垃圾的组成、回流的时间、渗滤液的pH值等手段可改善回流处理效果。