欧盟实现稳定温室气体排放目标

欧盟发表一份公报宣布 ,欧盟 2 0 0 0年的温室气体排放量比 1990年降低了 3 .5 % ,实现了它在《联合国气候变化框架公约》中作出的 2 0 0 0年稳定其温室气体排放的承诺。欧盟负责环境的委员玛戈特·瓦尔斯特伦称赞这一成就为欧盟 2 0 0 8年至 2 0 12年实现将温室气体排放量减少 8% (以1990年的排放量为参照 )的目标奠定了基础。但她同时指出 ,欧盟在 1999年至 2 0 0 0年的温室气体排放量有所增加 ,这值得欧盟成员国予以关注 ,并敦促各个成员国加大环境特别是温室气体排放的整治力度。最新数字显示 ,欧盟 15国 2 0 0 0年二氧化碳排放量比 199…     

四大牧区畜禽业温室气体排放估算及影响因素分解

畜牧业作为重要的产业部门,在满足人们生活物质要求的同时,成为全球温室气体排放的主要源头。本文以我国四大牧区为研究对象,量化测算其2001-2011年畜禽温室气体排放量,并运用LMDI模型对其影响因素进行定量分解,并针对性的提出畜禽温室气体减排的对策建议。结果表明:内蒙古、西藏和青海牧区的畜禽温室气体排放整体呈现增加趋势,其分别由2001年的1 609.81万t、1 230.64万t和1 019.94万t增加到2011年的2 617.71万t、1 350.10万t和1 065.43万t,新疆牧区则呈现先增加后下降的趋势,由2001年的1 666.37万t增加到2006年的2 057.79万t,随后又递减到2011年的1 419.91万t,四大牧区的年均增长率分别为6.26%、0.97%、0.45%和-1.48%;经济水平的提升是四大牧区畜禽温室气体排放的最主要因素,相比基期2001年,其使得四大牧区分别产生了123.64%、384.41%、1 715.50%和279.49%的温室气体排放增量;经济效率对四大牧区畜禽温室气体排放具有较强的抑制作用,对四大牧区畜禽温室气体的减排效应分别达到了73.08%、199.04%、955.66%和503.25%,农业产业结构因素和劳动力因素对四大牧区畜禽温室气体排放的影响因地而异,其中农业产业结构因素对四大牧区畜禽温室气体排放的影响度分别为415.32万t、-154.96万t、48.76万t和30.72万t,劳动力因素的影响度分别为83.05万t、52.98万t、-348.96万t和274.32万t。最后,本文基于研究结论,总体上从规模养殖、科学养殖和清洁养殖三方面提出促进四大牧区畜禽温室气体减排的对策建议,并针对各个牧区的实际情况提出一些可操作的符合区域畜牧业发展实际的对策。     

澳门温室气体排放特征与减排策略研究

作为我国特别行政区之一,澳门正遭受以极端天气为代表的气候变化影响,并且这一现实已经严重威胁到澳门经济发展和城市安全。研究温室气体排放清单和排放特征,进而采取相应措施应对和减缓气候变化带来的影响已经成为澳门社会各界的共识。本文在量化澳门三个范畴的温室气体特征的基础上,识别了典型行业温室气体排放特点,并提出了促进澳门实现温室气体减排的有效措施和路径。研究显示:2000—2017年间,澳门范畴1、范畴2和范畴3排放均有不同程度的增加,并且没有任何一个范畴的排放量已达到峰值。2017年三者排放量分别为226.80万t CO_(2e)、450.47万t CO_(2e)和558.49万t CO_(2e)。电力行业和交通运输(包括陆运、海运和空运)已经成为澳门范畴1排放最重要的贡献者,2017年贡献率分别为38%和37%。2017年澳门范畴1人均温室气体排放量为3.47 t CO_(2e)/人,约为范畴2和范畴3同期水平的50%和41%。总体而言,澳门范畴1碳强度明显低于范畴2和范畴3,并且三者仍在逐年下降。情景分析结果显示,通过运输业电气化、本地电力结构优化、废弃物管理及再利用和其他燃料节能减排四个路径的减排措施,可以将澳门范畴1的温室气体排放量在2017年基础上削减90%。因此,调整电力发展政策是澳门温室气体减排的最有效措施之一,特区政府的减排重点应放在能源消费电气化、增加清洁电力比例上。     

崇明县农业温室气体排放核算

对崇明县农业2005～2009年所排放的CO2、CH4和N2O的量进行了核算,核算结果显示2005～2009年崇明县农业温室气体总量（折算为CO2）由1 038 527 t上升到1 076 993 t,上升比例为37%。其中,CO2和CH4的排放量分别从2005年的460 178 t和12 039 t下降到2009年的441 705 t和11 686 t,下降比例分别为40%和29%,但N2O的排放量则由2005年的1 050 t上升到2009年的1 258 t,上升比例为198%。N2O排放的快速增长和其巨大的增温潜力是影响崇明温室气体排放总量变化趋势的重要因素。核算结果表明,影响崇明农业温室气体排放的主要因素包括化肥使用强度过大和使用效率过低、粪便管理系统效率不高、农产品销售网络不完善等。未来崇明农业应主要从提高可再生能源利用比例和能源利用效率、实施精确施肥以降低化肥使用强度、提高畜禽粪便资源化利用率以及改善剩余农产品销售网络等方面来减少温室气体排放,从而实现可持续的低碳农业     

基于IPCC方法的湖南省温室气体排放核算及动态分析

为温室气体减排提供决策参考,基于IPCC和中国《省级温室气体清单编制指南》,核算了1995~2011年湖南省温室气体排放,并对其动态作了分析。结果表明: 2011年湖南省温室气体排放总量为594.7 Mt CO₂e,主要温室气体CO₂、CH₄和N₂O的排放量分别为471.3、100.8和22.6 Mt CO₂e,占排放总量的比例依次为79.25%、16.95%和3.79%。能源消费是温室气体排放的主要来源,2011年的排放量达421.5 Mt CO₂e,占排放总量的70.87%。林业呈现为碳汇效应,2011年的值为18.2 Mt CO₂e,消解温室气体排放量的3.06%。研究时段内温室气体从241.7 Mt CO₂e增长为594.7 Mt CO₂e,年均增长率达9.12%,可分为3个阶段,其中,1995~1999年波动降低,1999~2003年缓慢上升,2003~2011年快速增长,变化率依次为-3.32%、4.69%和17.37%。能源利用效率明显提高,万元GDP温室气体排放量由10.64 t CO₂e/万元减少到2.93 t CO₂e/万元,年均减少7.75%,但人均温室气体排放量由3.65 t CO₂e增加到8.07 t CO₂e,年均增长5.08%,减排压力较大。     

生物质炭及过氧化钙对旱地红壤CH4、CO2和N2O排放的影响

采用室内培养实验,在旱地红壤中添加生物质炭和过氧化钙,探究生物质炭和过氧化钙对旱地红壤CH_4、CO_2和N_2O排放及微生物活性的影响。本试验共设置4个处理,即CK(对照)、Ca(过氧化钙,1.72 g·kg~(-1))、C(生物质炭,21.46 g·kg~(-1))、C+Ca(生物质炭,21.46 g·kg~(-1);过氧化钙,1.72 g·kg~(-1))。结果表明:生物质炭和过氧化钙单施能够减少CO_2和N_2O通量,配施(C+Ca)对CH_4、CO_2和N_2O气体减排的效果更显著;从温室气体增温潜势(GWP)变化可以看出改良剂对温室效应具有明显的减轻作用。生物质炭和过氧化钙在一定程度上增加土壤pH、土壤微生物量碳和可溶性有机碳含量。土壤中添加生物质炭和过氧化钙均可以提高蔗糖酶、淀粉酶以及脲酶活性,其中配施(C+Ca)效果最好。因此,生物质炭和过氧化钙配施能够有效降低旱地红壤温室气体的排放量,对旱地红壤的减排可以起到一定作用。     

海牙会议提出新的环境交易:污染信用交易

联合国《气候变化框架公约》第六次缔约方大会于 2 0 0 0年11月 13～ 14日在海牙举行 ,会议涉及的内容使 1997年的《京都议定书》形成框架并付诸实施。《京都议定书》中对温室气体的排放量全部减少的数量进行了分配。来自 175个国家的谈判代表继续在海牙洽谈如何限制温室气体时 ,废气交易成了争议最大的问题。海牙会议提出新的环境交易 :污染信用交易 ,阻止全球气候变暖。污染像白糖或股票一样在市场上可以交易。如果实现 ,它还将带来一种全新的职业 :污染交易商。尽管到目前为止 ,污染交易一直还都是小规模、试验性的。但是 ,如果得到广泛…     

水库温室效应研究进展与主要影响因素分析

温室气体排放导致的全球变暖成为世界各国关注的焦点。目前,关于淡水水库的温室效应在全球气候变化中的作用也成为了科学家争论的问题。已有的研究表明,世界上很多为水力发电或其他目的建造的水库,因水库蓄水所导致土壤和植被的淹没而额外增加碳基温室气体二氧化碳（CO2）和甲烷（CH4）的释放。通过对国内外关于淡水水库温室气体研究方面文献的归纳,综述分析了水库温室效应观测研究案例、〖JP2〗水库温室气体的产生机制、排放过程及其主要影响因素等方面的研究进展。为进一步从事水库温室气体研究、把握水库温室气体排放提供参考     

农田固碳措施对温室气体减排影响的研究进展

农田是CO2,CH4和N2O三种温室气体的重要排放源,在全球范围内农业生产活动贡献了约14%的人为温室气体排放量,以及58%的人为非CO2排放,不合理的农田管理措施强化了农田温室气体排放源特征,弱化了农田固碳作用。土壤碳库作为地球生态系统中最活跃的碳库之一,同时也是温室气体的重要源/汇。研究表明通过采取合理的农田管理措施,既可起到增加土壤碳库、减少温室气体排放的目的,又能提高土壤质量。农田土壤碳库除受温度、降水和植被类型的影响外,还在很大程度上受施肥量、肥料类型、秸秆还田量、耕作措施和灌溉等农田管理措施的影响。本文通过总结保护性耕作/免耕,秸秆还田,氮肥管理,水分管理,农学及土地利用变化等农田管理措施,探寻增强农田土壤固碳作用,减少农田温室气体排放的合理途径。农田碳库的稳定/增加,对于保证全球粮食安全与缓解气候变化趋势具有双重的积极意义。在我国许多有关土壤固碳与温室气体排放的研究尚不系统或仅限于短期研究,这也为正确评价各种固碳措施对温室气体排放的影响增加了不确定性。     

海南省农业温室气体排放核算研究

本文从水稻种植、农用地化肥施用、畜牧生产等方面,采用《省级温室气体清单编制指南(试行)》推荐的方法,核算2007—2012年海南省农业温室气体排放量和排放强度,全面剖析海南省农业温室气体排放的结构和现状。结果显示:12007—2012年海南省农业温室气体排放量呈逐年上升的趋势,2012年比2007年增长了18.32%;单位农业产值温室气体排放量2012年比2007年下降了约44.39%。2农用地N2O和稻田CH4的排放量约分别占排放总量的50%和22%,即种植业是最主要的来源。3农业发展规模较大的海口、文昌、儋州排放总量居全省前列,但由于其农业现代化水平相对较高,其单位产值温室气体排放量仅处于全省平均水平。最后,根据对核算结果的分析,提出了合理灌溉、推进测土配方施肥、科学饲养畜禽等建议,对加速海南低碳省建设具有重要的现实意义。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.