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Wood L 《Environmental management》2011,47(4):525-535
Global marine protection targets have been criticised for being ecologically irrelevant and often inadequate. However, they
may also provide motivation for conservation action. However, no such targets have yet been met, and the health of the marine
environment has continued to deteriorate. The Tenth Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
recently adopted a new marine protection target, in October, 2010. As such, it is timely to critically assess the potential
role of this and other global marine protection targets in conservation and marine resource management. Three targets adopted
in the past ten years were assessed using the SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Timebound) framework.
This assessment showed that the targets appear to have evolved to have become ‘SMARTer’ over time, particularly more Specific.
The most recent CBD target also appears to be more Achievable than earlier targets. Three broad issues emerged that can inform
the potential role, limitations, and challenges associated with global-scale marine protection targets: (i) that SMART target
formulation, implementation, monitoring, and revision, is critically underpinned by relevant data and information; (ii) that
perceived irrelevance of global targets may be at least partly due to a mismatch between the scale at which the targets were
intended to operate, and the scale at which they have sometimes been assessed; and (iii) the primary role of global-scale
targets may indeed be psychological rather than ecological. Recent progress indicates some success in this role, which could
be built on with further ‘SMARTening’ of targets. 相似文献
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一、区域性生态示范区的研究与建设是实现可持续发展的重要途径《中国21世纪议程》指出:中国可持续发展是建立在资源的可持续利用和良好的生态环境基础上,国家保护整个生命支持系统和生态环境的完整性,保护生物多样性;解决水上流失和荒漠化等重大生态环境问题;保护自然资源。保持资源的可持续供给能力,避免侵害脆弱的生态系统;发展森林和改善城乡生态环境……。作为一个拥有12亿人口的最大的发展中国家.由于历史与现实的种种原因,自然资源破坏、环境污染和生态环境恶化等问题都十分突出,在这种形势下‘中央一再强调.应在大力发展… 相似文献
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cells were 《中国环保产业》2005,(7)
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[9]HongXiaochun.Distributionsoftwelvelimitcyclesinthecubic Hamiltoniansystemswithperturbedterm[J].JournalofBaoji CollegeofArtsandScience(NaturalScience).2002,22(2):109~112(inChinese)(洪晓春.受扰动的三次Hamilton系统中12个极限环的分布情况[J] 相似文献
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Mary K. Hendrickson Harvey S. JamesJr. William D. Heffernan 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2008,21(4):311-328
We consider the implications of trends in the number of U.S. farmers and food imports on the question of what role U.S. farmers
have in an increasingly global agrifood system. Our discussion stems from the argument some scholars have made that American
consumers can import their food more cheaply from other countries than it can produce it. We consider the distinction between
U.S. farmers and agriculture and the effect of the U.S. food footprint on developing nations to argue there might be an important
role for U.S. farmers, even if it appears Americans don’t need them. For instance, we may need to protect U.S. farmland and,
by implication, U.S. farmers, for future food security needs both domestic and international. We also explore the role of
U.S. farmers by considering the question of whether food is a privilege or a right. Although Americans seem to accept that
food is a privilege, many scholars and commentators argue that, at least on a global scale, food is a right, particularly
for the world’s poor and hungry. If this is the case, then U.S. farmers might have a role in meeting the associated obligation
to ensure that the poor of the world have enough food to eat. We look at the consequences of determining that food is a right
versus a privilege and the implications of that decision for agricultural subsidies as well as U.S. agriculture and nutrition
policies. 相似文献
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Bradley Bereitschaft 《Local Environment》2017,22(7):859-879
This study examines the spatial and statistical relationships between social vulnerability (SV) and neighbourhood walkability across three large U.S. cities with different urban typologies and development patterns: Charlotte, NC (a low-density, fast-growing “Sunbelt” city); Pittsburgh, PA (a moderate density, shrinking “Rust Belt” city); and Portland, OR (a progressive West Coast city known for its sprawl-containment policies). Binary logistic regression, independent-samples t-tests, and mapping techniques are employed to determine whether neighbourhoods with high SV (i.e. older populations, higher poverty rates, more service occupations, lower educational attainment, and a higher proportion of minorities) are as likely as those with low SV to exhibit a high degree of walkability. The publically available Walk Score® metric, based on proximity to amenities, street network connectivity, and density, was used as a proxy for neighbourhood walkability. The results indicate significant variability among cities, with Charlotte exhibiting the greatest potential for inequitable access to walkable urban environments and the most prominent concentration of “walk-vulnerable” block groups (BGs) with high SV and low walkability. Both Portland and Pittsburgh exhibited more equitable access when comparing BGs with high and low SV; however, they each presented unique spatial patterns, visualised using a series of maps. 相似文献
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Situating Hazard Vulnerability: People’s Negotiations with Wildfire Environments in the U.S. Southwest 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
This article is based on a multimethod study designed to clarify influences on wildfire hazard vulnerability in Arizona’s
White Mountains, USA. Findings reveal that multiple factors operating across scales generate socially unequal wildfire risks.
At the household scale, conflicting environmental values, reliance on fire insurance and firefighting institutions, a lack
of place dependency, and social vulnerability (e.g., a lack of financial, physical, and/or legal capacity to reduce risks)
were found to be important influences on wildfire risk. At the regional-scale, the shift from a resource extraction to environmental
amenity-based economy has transformed ecological communities, produced unequal social distributions of risks and resources,
and shaped people’s social and environmental interactions in everyday life. While working-class locals are more socially vulnerable
than amenity migrants to wildfire hazards, they have also been more active in attempting to reduce risks in the aftermath
of the disastrous 2002 Rodeo-Chediski fire. Social tensions between locals and amenity migrants temporarily dissolved immediately
following the disaster, only to be exacerbated by the heightened perception of risk and the differential commitment to hazard
mitigation displayed by these groups over a 2-year study period. Findings suggest that to enhance wildfire safety, environmental
managers should acknowledge the environmental benefits associated with hazardous landscapes, the incentives created by risk
management programs, and the specific constraints to action for relevant social groups in changing human-environmental context. 相似文献
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Sandra Huning 《Local Environment》2018,23(9):907-911
This Translations contribution presents the 10th issue of the series Frei.Räume (in English: Free spaces), edited by the German Feminist Organisation of (female) Planners and Architects (FOPA) in 1998. The issue was titled “New roads – new goals. Positions of feminist planning” and reflected the contemporary discussions on the state of the art of feminism, gender and planning. While progress was recognized, many authors felt uncomfortable with the ways that feminist concerns had been implemented into planning, and they were looking for ways forward. Among the authors were the most important protagonists of the debates at the time. Looking at the issue today, it becomes clear that many concerns are as up to date as they were in the late 1990s, although circumstances have changed. The paper argues that it is worthwhile to pay attention to these feminist debates in order to develop future strategies for feminism in planning. 相似文献
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We apply a fixed-effects model to examine the impact of trade and environmental policies on air quality at ports along the U.S.-Mexico border. We control for other factors influencing air quality, such as air quality of cities near the border, volume of traffic flows and congestion. Results show the air quality improved after 2004, when the diesel engine policy was applied. We see mixed results for the trade policy, whose implementation time varies across ports along the international border. Controlling for air quality in cities near the border is essential for assessing the policy contributions to air quality. 相似文献
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This paper analyzes a unique dataset collected during a 2006 national survey of U.S. households to explore the effectiveness of common household recycling policies for metals, glass, and plastics: curbside recycling, drop-off recycling, deposit–refund systems (bottle bills), and marginal pricing for household waste. After estimating either generalized ordered logit or multinomial logit models, we find that the most important determinants of household recycling are people's attitudes toward recycling. Our results also suggest that omitting internal variables (perceived recycling obstacles and benefits as well as moral considerations) may bias policy coefficients. Socio-economic variables are typically not statistically significant, with the exceptions of young adults and of African Americans who tend to recycle less than others. Policies with the largest odds ratios are curbside recycling (which is further strengthened if recycling is mandatory), followed by the presence of drop-off collection centers nearby. Bottle bills are also statistically significant but their odds ratios are smaller, possibly because refunds are relatively small and typically do not change for years. Finally, marginal pricing appears to have a limited impact on recycling. These results suggest avenues for improving household recycling at a time when recycling rates appear to be plateauing. 相似文献
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