共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 421 毫秒
1.
Field Validation of a Conservation Network on the Eastern Shore of Maryland,USA, Using Breeding Birds as Bio-Indicators 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Maryland’s Green Infrastructure (GI) is a network of large, intact natural areas (hubs), interconnected by linear swaths of
riparian or upland vegetation (corridors). The GI serves significant ecological functions and provides the bulk of the state’s
natural support system. This study examined whether the GI as mapped does, in fact, identify Maryland’s most ecologically
valuable forested lands, using forest interior dwelling birds (hereafter called “forest birds”) as bio-indicators. We conducted
bird point counts within forest both inside and outside of hubs on Maryland’s Eastern Shore. We also collected a wide variety
of habitat data. We found that both the condition of a forest and its surrounding landscape influenced the bird communities.
On average, forest bird richness was significantly higher within hubs; furthermore, almost all sites with at least five forest
bird species present were in hubs. Forest bird richness and abundance were highest in undisturbed, mature broadleaf forest
with wetlands and streams nearby. We detected a significant relationship between forest bird richness and the ecological score
of a finer-scale landscape assessment, focused on “cells” of about 0.1 ha in size. This field study also validated the Rapid
Field Assessment (RFA) protocol developed in 2001 to assess, on the ground, the relative condition of individual sites or
properties within the GI. Forest bird richness and abundance were positively correlated with the RFA community scores. Our
results underscore the importance of maintaining regional biological diversity by retaining large blocks of forest, especially
mature forest containing streams and wetlands. 相似文献
2.
Sekhar NU 《Environmental management》2007,39(4):497-505
This article shows how social capital impacts fisheries management at the local level in Chilika Lake, located in the state
of Orissa in India. In Chilika, the different fishing groups established norms and “rules of the game” including, but not
limited to, spatial limits that determine who can fish and in what areas, temporal restrictions about when and for how long people may fish, gear constraints about what harvesting gear may be used by each group, and physical controls on size and other characteristics of fish that may be harvested. A survey of the members of fishing groups has shown
that the bonding social capital is strong within the Chilika fishing groups. Bonding and bridging social capital keeps the
fishers together in times of resource scarcity, checks violations of community rules and sanctions, and strengthens the community
fisheries management. In contrast, linking social capital in Chilika appears to be weak, as is evident from the lack of trust
in external agencies, seeking the help of formal institutions for legal support, and increasing conflicts. Trust and cooperation
among fishers is crucial in helping to build the social capital. A social capital perspective on fisheries governance suggests
that there should be a rethinking of priorities and funding mechanisms, from “top-down” fisheries management towards “co-management”
with a focus on engendering rights and responsibilities for fishers and their communities. 相似文献
3.
Two frequent beliefs about rural environmental attitudes are examined conceptually and empirically: (1) the common conception
that rural environmental concerns are expressed predominantly by wealthy community newcomers; and (2) the related position
that long-time rural residents are hostile to the environmental cause.
We argue conceptually, through the use of a 2×2 community matrix, that environmental attitudes are equally likely to be expressed
by what we term “upper middle income newcomers,” “lower middle income newcomers,” “upper middle income locals,” and “lower
middle income locals.” Empirically, we find that although wealthy newcomers express the strongest environmental attitudes
in the community, their concerns represent only a small percentage of rural environmental attitudes consisting of respondents
who make less than $40,000 a year in household income are over 40 years of age, possess less than a college education, and
work in a nonprofessional occupation. This new category expresses environmental concerns at least equal to the rest of the
community on three of four measures of environmental attitudes.
The findings provide insight into the widespread and cross-sectional nature of rural environmental concern. The implication
is that environmental groups will find significant sources of political support in rural communities, provided they craft
their environmental message in a language consistent with rural attitudes and values.
Things are gettin' bad fast. Easterners and environmentalists comin' down here from the big cities are tryin' to turn our
way of life completely upside down.
A western US rancher quoted in Krakauer (1991) 相似文献
4.
Ulysses Paulino de Albuquerque Luciana Gomes de Sousa Nascimento Fabio José Vieira Cybelle Maria de Albuquerque Duarte Almeida Marcelo Alves Ramos Ana Carolina Oliveira da Silva 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2012,25(1):19-32
The scientific community has debated the importance of “return” activities after ethnobiological studies. This issue has provoked
debate because it touches on the ethics of research and the relationships with the people involved in these studies. This
case study aimed to investigate community perception of an ethnobotany research project that was carried out in the semi-arid
region of northeastern Brazil. Furthermore, we reported how the residents of this rural community felt about participating
in the activities of “return” that arose from the projects. Our findings demonstrate that “return” activities should be planned
from the design phase of the research until its closure as a lifelong process that allows the communities involved to gradually
take ownership of the information and actions that are being generated. Similarly, we argue that such activities must be negotiated
with the people of the community so that they have decision-making power and autonomy to decide what is most relevant to their
lives. 相似文献
5.
Brownfields are abandoned, idled, or underused sites whose reuse necessitates some sort of intervention. These sites are largely
urban and are frequently contaminated. Brownfield management options can be associated with three types of environmental consequences:
those resulting from changes in the site’s environmental quality (primary impacts); those resulting from the actual intervention
stage (secondary impacts); and, if the vocation of the site changes, those resulting from effects on regional land use (tertiary
impacts). Different stakeholders and decision-making contexts will place a different importance on each of these types of
impacts. This article proposes a framework for comparing brownfield management options in regard to these three types of environmental
impacts and for interpreting these results from different perspectives. The assessment framework is based on consequential
life cycle assessment (LCA), which is shown to provide environmental information on the three types of impacts. The results
for a case study are presented, where a “rehabilitation” option allowing residential redevelopment is compared to an “exposure
minimization” option not resulting in the site being reused. Calculated primary and tertiary impacts are favorable to the
rehabilitation option, whereas secondary impacts are favorable to the exposure minimization option. A ternary diagram presents
the favorable option for different stereotypical perspectives. Tertiary impacts are much greater than secondary impacts, and
consequently all perspectives that consider tertiary impacts favor rehabilitation. The perspective that considers primary
and secondary impacts receives conflicting information. The ternary diagram, showing results for all perspectives, could possibly
be useful for consensus-building among stakeholders. 相似文献
6.
This Φ Ψ study of environmental equity uses secondary quantitative data to analyze socioeconomic disparities in environmental
conditions in the Rijnmond region of the Netherlands. The disparities of selected environmental indicators—exposure to traffic
noise (road, rail, and air), NO2, external safety risks, and the availability of public green space—are analyzed both separately and in combination. Not only
exposures to environmental burdens (“bads”) were investigated, but also access to environmental benefits (“goods”). Additionally,
we held interviews and reviewed documents to grasp the mechanisms underlying the environmental equity situation, with an emphasis
on the role of public policy. Environmental equity is not a priority in public policy for the greater Rotterdam region known
as the Rijnmond region, yet environmental standards have been established to provide a minimum environmental quality to all
local residents. In general, environmental quality has improved in this region, and the accumulation of negative environmental
outcomes (“bads”) has been limited. However, environmental standards for road traffic noise and NO2 are being exceeded, probably because of the pressure on space and the traffic intensity. We found an association of environmental
“bads” with income for rail traffic noise and availability of public green space. In the absence of regulation, positive environmental
outcomes (“goods”) are mainly left up to market forces. Consequently, higher-income groups generally have more access to environmental
“goods” than lower-income groups. 相似文献
7.
Wibeck V 《Environmental management》2012,49(4):776-787
In managing environmental problems, several countries have chosen the management by objectives (MBO) approach. This paper
investigates how focus group participants from the Swedish environmental administration used metaphors to describe the mode
of organization needed to attain environmental objectives. Such analysis can shed light on how an MBO system is perceived
by actors and how it works in practice. Although the Swedish government intended to stimulate broad-based cooperation among
many actors, participants often saw themselves as located at a certain “level,” i.e., “higher” or “lower,” in the MBO system—that
is, their conceptions corresponded to a traditional, hierarchical interpretation of MBO. Prepositions such as “in” and “out”
contributed to feelings of inclusion and exclusion on the part of MBO actors. However, horizontal metaphors merged with vertical
ones, indicating ongoing competition for the right to interpret how the system of environmental objectives should best be
managed. The paper concludes that any organization applying MBO could benefit from discussing alternate ways of talking and
thinking about its constituent “levels.” 相似文献
8.
In order to develop small islands, not only must a vital agricultural system be maintained, but the range of opportunities
for tourism must be increased with respect to both the seaside and the environmental features of the rural landscape. As an
alternative to the traditional and economically declining ones, many innovative production processes can be identified, but
their success depends on their interaction with the physical, biological, economic and social environment. In order to identify
the main nodes and the most critical interactions, so as to increase the probability of success of a new productive process,
a methodological approach based on the science of complexity is proposed for the cultivation of capers (Capparis spinosa L.) on the island of Pantelleria. The methodology encompasses the identification of actors and factors involved. the quantitative
evaluation of their interactions with the different stages of the productive process, and a quasiquantitative evaluation of
the probability that the particular action will be performed successfully.
The study of “traditional,” “modernized,” and “modernized-sustainable” processes, shows that the modernized-sustainable process
offers mutually reinforcing opportunities in terms of an integrated development of high-quality agricultural products and
the enhancement of environmental features, in conjunction with high-efficiency production techniques, in conjunction with
high-efficiency production techniques, in a way that suits the development of Pantelleria. There is a high probability of
failure, however, as a result of the large number of critical factors. Nevertheless, the present study indicates which activities
will enhance the probability of successful innovation in the production process. 相似文献
9.
Coal is not only an important energy source in China but also a major source of air pollution. Because of this, China’s national
sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions have been the highest in the world for many years, and since the 1990s, the territory of China’s south and southwest
has become the third largest acid-rain-prone region in the world. In order to control SO2 emissions, the Chinese government has formulated and promulgated a series of policies and regulations, but it faces great
difficulties in putting them into practice. In this retrospective look at the history of SO2 control in China, we found that Chinese SO2 control policies have become increasingly strict and rigid. We also found that the environmental policies and regulations
are more effective when central officials consistently give environmental protection top priority. Achieving China’s environmental
goals, however, has been made difficult by China’s economic growth. Part of this is due to the practice of environmental protection
appearing in the form of an ideological “campaign” or “storm” that lacks effective economic measures. More recently, better
enforcement of environmental laws and regulations has been achieved by adding environmental quality to the performance assessment
metrics for leaders at all levels. To continue making advances, China needs to reinforce the economic and environmental assessments
for pollution control projects and work harder to integrate economic measures into environmental protection. Nonetheless,
China has a long way to go before economic growth and environmental protection are balanced. 相似文献
10.
Carlos Wing-Hung Lo 《Environmental management》1995,19(3):331-344
Within the context of political democratization, this article explores environmental protection in Hong Kong since the government
lauched a ten-year program to “save the environment” in 1989. Examining environmental management by law from a social-choice
perspective, it argues that the government has yet to reach an integrative policy orocess. Hence the preconditions for an
integrative set of environmental legislation are absent. Institutionally, without a comprehensive green policy, the current
arrangements lack a vision as an integrative force to promote effective coordination among various sectoral environmental
coordination among various sectoral environmental programs. The dominant approach of policy and law enforcement through consultation
has rendered impossible strict enforcement of environmental rules and regulations as local economic growth enjoys a priority
over environmental protection. At a time of environmental awakening, the people of Hong Kong are not yet prepared awakening,
the people of Hong Kong are not yet prepared to participate in environmental management in a strict legal manner. The overall
observation is that Hong Kong has yet to see more mature political, legal, administrative, and social conditions for managing
its environment within a legal framework. 相似文献
11.
Loss of fish habitat in North America has occurred at an unprecedented rate through the last century. In response, the Canadian
Parliament enacted the habitat provisions of the Fisheries Act. Under these provisions, a “harmful alteration, disruption, or destruction to fish habitat” (HADD) cannot occur unless authorised
by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), with legally binding compensatory habitat to offset the HADD. The guiding principle
to DFO’s conservation goal is “no net loss of the productive capacity of fish habitats” (NNL). However, performance in achieving
NNL has never been evaluated on a national scale. We investigated 52 habitat compensation projects across Canada to determine
compliance with physical, biological, and chemical requirements of Section 35(2) Fisheries Act authorisations. Biological requirements had the lowest compliance (58%) and chemical requirements the highest (100%). Compliance
with biological requirements differed among habitat categories and was poorest (19% compliance) in riparian habitats. Approximately
86% of authorisations had larger HADD and/or smaller compensation areas than authorised. The largest noncompliance in terms
of habitat area occurred in riverine habitat in which HADDs were, on average, 343% larger than initially authorised. In total,
67% of compensation projects resulted in net losses of habitat area, 2% resulted in no net loss, and 31% achieved a net gain
in habitat area. Interestingly, probable violations of the Fisheries Act were prevalent at half of the projects. Analyses indicated that the frequency of probable Fisheries Act violations differed among provinces. Habitat compensation to achieve NNL, as currently implemented in Canada, is at best
only slowing the rate of habitat loss. In all likelihood, increasing the amount of authorised compensatory habitat in the
absence of institutional changes will not reverse this trend. Improvements in monitoring and enforcement are necessary to
move towards achieving Canada’s conservation goals. 相似文献
12.
Venkateswara R. Rao 《Environmental management》1995,19(3):313-320
Risk management practices under the current environmental regulations is a long, complex process that considers scientific,
technologic, and management factors to develop various regulatory standards and pollution control measures. Using the mandatory
enforcement approach, sometimes referred to as “command-and-control”, a set of preliminary environmental goals, such as better
air and water qualities, were achieved. However, the information-intensive nature of the risk management process and the lack
of flexibility in conventional regulatory methods to changing economic and technologic realities of the decade has created
interest among risk managers to examine some innovative management approaches. Above all, environmental problems of a global
scale require novel management methods while striving to achieve the desired environmental goals.
As the principal analytical tool in risk management, quantitative risk assessment exerts considerable influence on the risk
management process. Therefore, advances in risk management are closely associated with scientific developments that enhance
the risk assessment process, particularly those efforts aimed at improving human exposure and toxicity assessments. Market
incentives, information dissemination, creative enforcement practices, and interagency and intergovernmental interactions
were identified as the key elements of innovative environmental risk management practices. This paper will present an overview
of the emerging innovative risk management approaches. 相似文献
13.
Jennifer Welchman 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(4):353-363
Norton argues on pragmatic “Deweyan” grounds that we should cease to ask scientists for value neutral definitions of “sustainability,”
developed independently of moral and social values, to guide our environmental policy making debates. “Sustainability,” like
human “health,” is a normative concept from the start—one that cannot be meaningfully developed by scientists or economists
without input by all the stake holders affected. While I endorse Norton’s approach, I question his apparent presumption that
concern for sustainability for the future is at odds with and ought to trump concern for enhancement in the present of public opportunities to access the goods nature represents. I argue that the two are not separable in practice.
I argue for Passmore’s position that unless we take care to enhance equitable access to the good and services nature represents
in the present, we cannot succeed in promoting sustainability for future generations. 相似文献
14.
Green Space Changes and Planning in the Capital Region of China 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Green space plays an important role in complex urban ecosystems and provides significant ecosystem services with environmental,
aesthetic, recreational and economic benefits. Beijing is the capital city of China and has a large population of about 15.81
million. Construction of green spaces is an important part of sustainable development in Beijing. To attain the sustainable
development of Beijing as a capital city, an international city, a historical cultural city, and a living amenity city, this
article attempts to develop a comprehensive plan of green space development both at the municipal and regional levels. At
the municipal level of Beijing, based on the study of green space changes, and taking physical geographic conditions and historical
context into account, we propose to establish green barriers in the mountainous area, and plan a comprehensive green space
pattern composed of one city, two rings, three networks, eight water areas, nine fields, and several patches in the plain
area. At the regional level of the Capital Circle Region, integrating the characteristics and causes of main environmental
issues, we design a macroscopic pattern—“barriers by mountains in the northwest,” “seaward open spaces in the southeast,”
“grassland-forest-field-coast zones,” and “green-blue symphony”—for ecological restoration and green space construction. Finally,
we discuss the principles necessary to implement green space planning considering adaptation to local conditions, composite
function exploitation, interregional equity and integrated planning. 相似文献
15.
16.
Benjamin Hale 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2006,19(4):337-366
The term moral considerability refers to the question of whether a being or set of beings is worthy of moral consideration. Moral considerability is most readily afforded to those beings that demonstrate the clearest relationship to rational humans, though many have also argued for and against the moral considerability of species, ecosystems, and “lesser” animals. Among these arguments there are at least two positions: “environmentalist” positions that tend to emphasize the systemic relations between species, and “liberationist” positions that tend to emphasize the attributes or welfare of a particular individual organism. Already, this classic conflict provides for some challenging theoretical clashes between environmentalists and animal liberationists. The question of moral considerability is complicated, however, by recent developments in genetic engineering. Some animals, like pigs and fish, have been genetically modified by humans to grow organs that can then be transplanted into humans. If environmental arguments for the moral consideration of species are correct, then we are released from our obligations to morally consider those animals that we have genetically modified, since they are by their nature always an “invader species.” If, instead, the welfare of the animal is of penultimate importance, then there is a case for strengthening the moral considerability of GM animals over “naturally-occurring” animals, since they bear a closer relationship to humans. This would appear to be an intractable problem, a “bad marriage,” as Mark Sagoff once proposed. This paper argues that the case of invasive transgenic animals exposes weaknesses in this classic conflict, and particularly, in the framing of this conflict. To remedy this framing problem, this paper argues for a reconceptualization of the term “moral considerability,” instead urging a strong distinction between moral considerability, moral relevance, and moral significance. 相似文献
17.
Yann Devos Pieter Maeseele Dirk Reheul Linda Van Speybroeck Danny De Waele 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2008,21(1):29-61
Via a historical reconstruction, this paper primarily demonstrates how the societal debate on genetically modified organisms
(GMOs) gradually extended in terms of actors involved and concerns reflected. It is argued that the implementation of recombinant
DNA technology out of the laboratory and into civil society entailed a “complex of concerns.” In this complex, distinctions
between environmental, agricultural, socio-economic, and ethical issues proved to be blurred. This fueled the confusion between
the wider debate on genetic modification and the risk assessment of transgenic crops in the European Union. In this paper,
the lasting skeptical and/or ambivalent attitude of Europeans towards agro-food biotechnology is interpreted as signaling
an ongoing social request – and even a quest – for an evaluation of biotechnology with Sense and Sensibility. In this (re)quest, a broader-than-scientific dimension is sought for that allows addressing the GMO debate in a more “sensible”
way, whilst making “sense” of the different stances taken in it. Here, the restyling of the European regulatory frame on transgenic
agro-food products and of science communication models are discussed and taken to be indicative of the (re)quest to move from
a merely scientific evaluation and risk-based policy towards a socially more robust evaluation that takes the “non-scientific”
concerns at stake in the GMO debate seriously. 相似文献
18.
Franck L. B. Meijboom Nina Cohen Elsbeth N. Stassen Frans W. A. Brom 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2009,22(6):559-571
European animal disease policy seems to find its justification in a “harm to other” principle. Limiting the freedom of animal
keepers—e.g., by culling their animals—is justified by the aim to prevent harm, i.e., the spreading of the disease. The picture,
however, is more complicated. Both during the control of outbreaks and in the prevention of notifiable, animal diseases the
government is confronted with conflicting claims of stakeholders who anticipate running a risk to be harmed by each other, and who ask for government intervention. In this paper, we first argue that in a policy that
aims to prevent animal diseases, the focus shifts from limiting “harm” to weighing conflicting claims with respect to “risks
of harm.” Therefore, we claim that the harm principle is no longer a sufficient justification for governmental intervention
in animal disease prevention. A policy that has to deal with and distribute conflicting risks of harm needs additional value
assumptions that guide this process of assessment and distribution. We show that currently, policies are based on assumptions
that are mainly economic considerations. In order to show the limitations of these considerations, we use the interests and
position of keepers of backyard animals as an example. Based on the problems they faced during and after the recent outbreaks,
we defend the thesis that in order to develop a sustainable animal disease policy other than economic assumptions need to
be taken into account. 相似文献
19.
Conflicts over how to “scale” policy-making tasks have characterized environmental governance since time immemorial. They
are particularly evident in the area of water policy and raise important questions over the democratic legitimacy, economic
efficiency and effectiveness of allocating (or “scaling”) tasks to some administrative levels as opposed to others. This article
adopts a comparative federalism perspective to assess the “optimality” of scaling—either upward or downward—in one issue area,
namely coastal recreational water quality. It does so by comparing the scaling of recreational water quality tasks in the
European Union (EU) and Australia. It reveals that the two systems have adopted rather different approaches to scaling and
that this difference can partly be accounted for in federal theoretical terms. However, a much greater awareness of the inescapably
political nature of scaling processes is nonetheless required. Finally, some words of caution are offered with regard to transferring
policy lessons between these two jurisdictions. 相似文献
20.
The Precautionary Principle is a legal mechanism for managing the environmental risk arising from incomplete scientific knowledge
of a proposal's impacts. The Precautionary Principle is applied to actions that carry with them the potential for serious
or irreversible environmental change. The model proposed in this paper draws on methods used in a range of disciplines for
modeling (potentially highly nonlinear) interactions between multiple parts of a complex system. These methods have been drawn
together under the common mathematical umbrella of Fitness Landscape Theory. It is argued that the model, called “Environmental
Impact Fitness Landscapes,” allows statements about the sensitivity of the gross effect from a set of impacts to be made when the number of impacts in the set, and/or their degree of interaction, is varied.
It is argued that this can be achieved through identification of “meta” or “emergent” properties of the set itself, without
reference to the specific causal chains determining behavior in specific instances. While such properties are very general,
they may at least allow for the parameterization of the effects of sets of impacts where interactions are highly uncertain
and empirical data severely limited, i.e., situations that would typically invoke the Precautionary Principle. 相似文献