共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Hearne RR 《Environmental management》2007,40(6):842-852
Institutions are the rules and norms that guide societal behavior. As societies evolve—with more diverse economies, increased
populations and incomes, and more water scarcity—new and more complex water management institutions need to be developed.
This evolution of water management institutions may also be observed across different constituencies, with different societal
needs, in the same time period. The Red River of the North basin is particularly well suited for research on water management
issues. A key feature of water management in the Red River Basin is the presence of three completely different sets of water
law. Minnesota’s water law is based upon riparian rights. North Dakota’s water law is based upon prior appropriation. Manitoba
has a system of water allocation that features provincial control. Because the basin is fairly homogeneous in terms of land
use and geographic features, its institutional diversity makes this an excellent case study for the analysis of local water
institutions. This article reviews the local water management institutions in the Red River Basin and assesses the ongoing
institutional evolution of local water management. 相似文献
2.
This article discusses the current framework of coastal decision making which tends to exclude participation by individuals and those without a strong institutional representation. A distinction is drawn between institutional and local stakeholders to illustrate weaknesses in the existing decision framework. It is argued that particularly in the coastal environment, the relationship between changes in physical form and changes in social welfare is critical to understanding how decision making may engage more fully with local stakeholders and ultimately improve decision outcomes. A reordering of stakeholder engagement in decision systems at the coast is proposed and a framework is outlined which enhances the capacity of local stakeholders to influence decision making. 相似文献
3.
B. M. Kellett R. I. Beilin K. L. Bristow G. Moore F. H. S. Chiew 《The Environmentalist》2007,27(1):109-117
A new form of Ecological Risk Assessment aims to improve environmental decision-making through strong stakeholder engagement,
often in workshop situations. This wider focus increases interaction between workshop practitioners and stakeholders for reflecting
on, and learning from, each others perceptions. In this article, we analyse and discuss a one day workshop that was concerned
with trialling this method of deriving an Ecological Risk Assessment. We found that stakeholders had issues with some elements
of the workshop process. The decision problem was formulated prior to the workshop and without consultation among all the
stakeholders. Consequently, the original decision problem was rejected for a mutually derived broader focus and this resulted
in a loss of clarity and purpose. Stakeholders did not wholly concur with the prioritising of ecological values over social
and economic values and some stakeholders objected to defining assessment endpoints, because it implies a reductionist approach
that doesn’t capture significance and understanding of systems. Ecological Risk Assessment workshops are complex and require
significant practitioner and stakeholder development to provide useful and mutually derived outcomes. 相似文献
4.
This article discusses the current framework of coastal decision making which tends to exclude participation by individuals and those without a strong institutional representation. A distinction is drawn between institutional and local stakeholders to illustrate weaknesses in the existing decision framework. It is argued that particularly in the coastal environment, the relationship between changes in physical form and changes in social welfare is critical to understanding how decision making may engage more fully with local stakeholders and ultimately improve decision outcomes. A reordering of stakeholder engagement in decision systems at the coast is proposed and a framework is outlined which enhances the capacity of local stakeholders to influence decision making. 相似文献
5.
Urine diversion (UD) has great potential to contribute to sustainably managing wastewater by separating urine at the source and recovering nutrients for reuse in agriculture. While factors enabling the UD technology in Sweden are thought to involve policies supporting nutrient recovery/reuse, on closer inspection, the variable success of UD systems has revealed that critical factors for success also relate to human-centred issues of social organisation, participation and incorporation of social knowledges of a variety of stakeholders into the decision-making process in which new technologies are trialled and adopted. Through the analytical lens of strategic niche management, we consider how early experimentation in UD has involved user participation and whether internal processes of learning, networking and visioning have been consciously considered and to what effect. As niche experiments are enabled/disabled not only by informal institutions such as values and social norms but also formal regulatory institutions, we have concurrently analysed the broader environment in which policies and institutions influence, to varying degrees, the uptake of UD. 相似文献
6.
Crifasi RR 《Environmental management》2005,36(5):625-639
“A skyscraper is as natural as a bird’s nest” –Alan Watts
For millennia, people have altered freshwater ecosystems directly through water development and indirectly by global change
and surrounding land-use activities. In these altered ecosystems, human impacts can be subtle and are sometimes overlooked
by the people who manage them. This article provides two case studies near Boulder, Colorado that demonstrate how perceptions
regarding these ecosystems affect their management. These examples are typical of lakes and streams along the Front Range
of Colorado that are simultaneously natural and social in origin. Although natural, many of the region’s freshwater ecosystems
are affected by ongoing ecologic, hydrologic, chemical, and geomorphic modifications produced by human activity. People and
nature are both active participants in the production of these freshwater ecosystems. The concept of “hybridity,” borrowed
from geographers and social scientists, is useful for describing landscapes of natural and social origin. Hybrid freshwater
ecosystems are features of the humanized landscape and are derived from deliberate cultural activities, nonhuman physical
and biological processes, and incidental anthropogenic disturbance. Our perceptions of “natural” freshwater ecosystems and
what definitions we use to describe them influences our view of hybrid systems and, in turn, affects management decisions
regarding them. This work stresses the importance of understanding the underlying societal forces and cultural values responsible
for the creation of hybrid freshwater ecosystems as a central step in their conservation and management. 相似文献
7.
Adaptive management is an approach to managing natural resources that emphasizes learning from the implementation of policies
and strategies. Adaptive management appears to offer a solution to the management gridlock caused by increasing complexity
and uncertainty. The concept of adaptive management has been embraced by natural resource managers worldwide, but there are
relatively few published examples of adaptive management in use. In this article, we explore two watershed management projects
in southeastern Australia to better understand the potential of adaptive management in regional scale programs through qualitative,
case study–based investigation. The program logic of one case implies the use of passive adaptive management, whereas the
second case claims to be based on active adaptive management. Data were created using participant observation, semistructured
interviews with individuals and groups, and document review. Using thematic content and metaphor analysis to explore the case
data, we found that each case was successful as an implementation project. However, the use of both passive and active adaptive
management was constrained by deeply entrenched social norms and institutional frameworks. We identified seven “imperatives”
that guided the behavior of project stakeholders, and that have consequences for the use of adaptive management. Reference
to recent evaluations of the Adaptive Management Areas of the Pacific Northwest of the United States suggests that some of
these imperatives and their consequences have broad applicability. The implications of our findings are discussed, and suggestions
for improving the outcomes of regional scale adaptive management are provided. 相似文献
8.
Unmanaged recreation presents a challenge to both researchers and managers of outdoor recreation in the United States because
it is shrouded in uncertainty resulting from disagreement over the definition of the problem, the strategies for resolving
the problem, and the outcomes of management. Incomplete knowledge about recreation visitors’ values and relationships with
one another, other stakeholders, and the land further complicate the problem. Uncertainty and social complexity make the unmanaged
recreation issue a wicked problem. We describe the wickedness inherent in unmanaged recreation and some of the implications
of wickedness for addressing the problem for the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado. Conclusions about the nature
of the problem are based on a problem appraisal that included a literature review and interviews of key informants. Addressing
wickedness calls for institutional changes that allow for and reward the use of trust building, inclusive communication, and
genuinely collaborative processes. 相似文献
9.
Practitioners and stakeholders involved in environmental and risk assessment and decision-making efforts have access to a
growing list of policies and guidance for implementing good process. The advice is often general. There is little understanding
of how situation specific features are relevant in new circumstances. In a series of ten case studies we investigated how
people’s (a) perceptions of the context, (b) preferences for outcomes, and (c) affiliations, experiences and motivations are
related to their preferences for process features in a particular situation. The cases are in three policy areas: watershed
management, forestry management, and clean-up and public health management of radioactively contaminated sites. We conclude
this paper with a discussion of how the results can inform process design. Process design should be based on a diagnostic
approach that specifically assesses relevant situational characteristics. 相似文献
10.
Role of Adaptive Management for Watershed Councils 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Habron G 《Environmental management》2003,31(1):0029-0041
Recent findings in the Umpqua River Basin in southwestern Oregon illustrate a tension in the rise of both community-based
and watershed-based approaches to aquatic resource management. While community-based institutions such as watershed councils
offer relief from the government control landowners dislike, community-based approaches impinge on landowners' strong belief
in independence and private property rights. Watershed councils do offer the local control landowners advocate; however, institutional
success hinges on watershed councils' ability to reduce bureaucracy, foster productive discussion and understanding among
stakeholders, and provide financial, technical, and coordination support. Yet, to accomplish these tasks current watershed
councils rely on the fiscal and technical capital of the very governmental entities that landowners distrust. Adaptive management
provides a basis for addressing the apparent tension by incorporating landowners' belief in environmental resilience and acceptance
of experimentation that rejects “one size fits all solutions.” Therefore community-based adaptive watershed management provides
watershed councils a framework that balances landowners' independence and fear of government intrusion, acknowledges the benefits
of community cooperation through watershed councils, and enables ecological assessment of landowner-preferred practices. Community-based
adaptive management integrates social and ecological suitability to achieve conservation outcomes by providing landowners
the flexibility to use a diverse set of conservation practices to achieve desired ecological outcomes, instead of imposing
regulations or specific practices. 相似文献
11.
Recent research suggests that community-based collaboration may build social capital—defined as trust, norms of reciprocity,
and networks. Social capital may improve a group’s ability to collaborate, manage risk, innovate, and adapt to change. We
used mail surveys of group participants and key informant interviews to assess whether the following collaborative group characteristics
affected social capital built within 10 collaborative groups in northwest Colorado: perceived success, conflict, activeness,
stakeholder diversity, previous collaboration experience, similar values and beliefs, group size, group age, and initial social
capital. Perceived success and initial levels of social capital were the strongest predictors of current levels of and changes
in social capital over time. Collaboration experience negatively influenced current levels of trust. Our results suggest that
collaborative groups may need to consider the outcomes of collaborative interactions in order to build social capital. 相似文献
12.
Chapple RS Ramp D Bradstock RA Kingsford RT Merson JA Auld TD Fleming PJ Mulley RC 《Environmental management》2011,48(4):659-674
Effective management of large protected conservation areas is challenged by political, institutional and environmental complexity
and inconsistency. Knowledge generation and its uptake into management are crucial to address these challenges. We reflect
on practice at the interface between science and management of the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area (GBMWHA), which
covers approximately 1 million hectares west of Sydney, Australia. Multiple government agencies and other stakeholders are
involved in its management, and decision-making is confounded by numerous plans of management and competing values and goals,
reflecting the different objectives and responsibilities of stakeholders. To highlight the complexities of the decision-making
process for this large area, we draw on the outcomes of a recent collaborative research project and focus on fire regimes
and wild-dog control as examples of how existing knowledge is integrated into management. The collaborative research project
achieved the objectives of collating and synthesizing biological data for the region; however, transfer of the project’s outcomes
to management has proved problematic. Reasons attributed to this include lack of clearly defined management objectives to
guide research directions and uptake, and scientific information not being made more understandable and accessible. A key
role of a local bridging organisation (e.g., the Blue Mountains World Heritage Institute) in linking science and management
is ensuring that research results with management significance can be effectively transmitted to agencies and that outcomes
are explained for nonspecialists as well as more widely distributed. We conclude that improved links between science, policy,
and management within an adaptive learning-by-doing framework for the GBMWHA would assist the usefulness and uptake of future
research. 相似文献
13.
Research results in environmental and socio-economic sciences are often under-used by stakeholders involved in the management
of natural resources. To minimise this gap, the FP6 EU interdisciplinary project AquaTerra (AT) developed an end-users’ integration
methodology in order to ensure that the data, knowledge and tools related to the soil–water-sediment system that were generated
by the project were delivered in a meaningful way for end-users, thus improving their uptake. The methodology and examples
of its application are presented in this paper. From the 408 project deliverables, 96 key findings were identified, 53 related
to data and knowledge, and 43 describing advanced tools. River Basin Management (RBM) stakeholders workshops identified 8
main RBM issues and 25 specific stakeholders’ questions related to RBM which were classified into seven groups of cross-cutting
issues, namely scale, climate change, non-climatic change, the need for systemic approaches, communication and participation,
international and inter-basin coordination and collaboration, and the implementation of the Water Framework Directive. The
integration methodology enabled an assessment of how AT key findings meet stakeholders’ demands, and for each main RBM issue
and for each specific question, described the added-value of the AT project in terms of knowledge and tools generated, key
parameters to consider, and recommendations that can be made to stakeholders and the wider scientific community. Added value
and limitations of the integration methodology and its outcomes are discussed and recommendations are provided to further
improve integration methodology and bridge the gaps between scientific research data and their potential uptake by end-users. 相似文献
14.
It has long been suggested that environmental assessment has the potential to contribute to sustainable development through
mechanisms above and beyond informing design and consent decisions, and while theories have been proposed to explain how this
might occur, few have been subjected to rigorous empirical validation. This research advances the theoretical debate by building
a rich empirical understanding of environmental assessment’s practical outcomes, from which its potential to contribute to
sustainable development can be gauged. Three case study environmental assessment processes in England were investigated using
a combination of data generated from content analysis, in-depth interviews, and a questionnaire survey. Four categories of
outcomes are delineated based on the research data: learning outcomes; governance outcomes; attitudinal and value changes;
and developmental outcomes. The data provide a robust critique of mainstream theory, with its focus on design and consent
decisions. The article concludes with an examination of the consequences of the context-specific nature of environmental assessment
practices in terms of developing theory and focusing future research. 相似文献
15.
Catherine Allan Allan Curtis George Stankey Bruce Shindler 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2008,44(1):166-174
Abstract: Adaptive management is often proposed as the most effective way to manage complex watersheds. However, our experience suggests that social and institutional factors constrain the search for, and integration of, the genuine learning that defines adaptive management. Drawing on our work as social scientists, and on a guided panel discussion at a recent AWRA conference, we suggest that watershed‐scale adaptive management must be recognized as a radical departure from established ways of managing natural resources if it is to achieve its promise. Successful implementation will require new ways of thinking about management, new organizational structures and new implementation processes and tools. Adaptive management encourages scrutiny of prevailing social and organizational norms and this is unlikely to occur without a change in the culture of natural resource management and research. Planners and managers require educational, administrative, and political support as they seek to understand and implement adaptive management. Learning and reflection must be valued and rewarded, and fora established where learning through adaptive management can be shared and explored. The creation of new institutions, including educational curricula, organizational policies and practices, and professional norms and beliefs, will require support from within bureaucracies and from politicians. For adaptive management to be effective researchers and managers alike must work together at the watershed‐scale to bridge the gaps between theory and practice, and between social and technical understandings of watersheds and the people who occupy and use them. 相似文献
16.
Web-based GIS for collaborative planning and public participation: an application to the strategic planning of wind farm sites 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Spatial planning typically involves multiple stakeholders. To any specific planning problem, stakeholders often bring different levels of knowledge about the components of the problem and make assumptions, reflecting their individual experiences, that yield conflicting views about desirable planning outcomes. Consequently, stakeholders need to learn about the likely outcomes that result from their stated preferences; this learning can be supported through enhanced access to information, increased public participation in spatial decision-making and support for distributed collaboration amongst planners, stakeholders and the public. This paper presents a conceptual system framework for web-based GIS that supports public participation in collaborative planning. The framework combines an information area, a Multi-Criteria Spatial Decision Support System (MC-SDSS) and an argumentation map to support distributed and asynchronous collaboration in spatial planning. After analysing the novel aspects of this framework, the paper describes its implementation, as a proof of concept, in a system for Web-based Participatory Wind Energy Planning (WePWEP). Details are provided on the specific implementation of each of WePWEP's four tiers, including technical and structural aspects. Throughout the paper, particular emphasis is placed on the need to support user learning throughout the planning process. 相似文献
17.
Marine Protected Dramas: The Flaws of the Brazilian National System of Marine Protected Areas 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Leopoldo C. Gerhardinger Eduardo A. S. Godoy Peter J. S. Jones Gilberto Sales Beatrice P. Ferreira 《Environmental management》2011,47(4):630-643
This article discusses the current problems and issues associated with the implementation of a National System of Marine Protected
Areas in Brazil. MPA managers and higher governmental level authorities were interviewed about their perceptions of the implementation
of a national MPA strategy and the recent changes in the institutional arrangement of government marine conservation agencies.
Interviewees’ narratives were generally pessimistic and the National System was perceived as weak, with few recognizable marine
conservation outcomes on the ground. The following major flaws were identified: poor inter-institutional coordination of coastal
and ocean governance; institutional crisis faced by the national government marine conservation agency; poor management within
individual MPAs; problems with regional networks of marine protected areas; an overly bureaucratic management and administrative
system; financial shortages creating structural problems and a disconnect between MPA policy and its delivery. Furthermore,
a lack of professional motivation and a pessimistic atmosphere was encountered during many interviews, a malaise which we
believe affects how the entire system is able to respond to crises. Our findings highlight the need for a better understanding
of the role of ‘leadership’ in the performance of socio-ecological systems (such as MPA networks), more effective official
evaluation mechanisms, more localized audits of (and reforms if necessary to) Brazil’s federal biodiversity conservation agency
(ICMBio), and the need for political measures to promote state leadership and support. Continuing to focus on the designation
of more MPAs whilst not fully addressing these issues will achieve little beyond fulfilling, on paper, Brazil’s international
marine biodiversity commitments. 相似文献
18.
South Korea’s Civilian Control Zone (CCZ), a relatively untouched area due to tight military oversight since the end of Korean
War, has received considerable attention nationally and internationally for its rich biodiversity. However, the exclusion
of local communities from the process of defining problems and goals and of setting priorities for biodiversity conservation
has halted a series of biodiversity conservation efforts. Through qualitative research, we explored CCZ farmers’ views of
key problems and issues and also the sources of their opposition to the government-initiated conservation approaches. Key
findings include the farmers’ concerns about the impact of conservation restrictions on their access to necessary resources
needed to farm, wildlife impacts on the value of rice and other agricultural goods they produce, and farmers’ strong distrust
of government, the military, and planners, based on their experiences with past conservation processes. The findings regarding
farmers’ perceptions should prove useful for the design of future participatory planning processes for biodiversity conservation
in the CCZ. This case highlights how conservative measures, perceived to be imposed from above—however scientifically valuable—can
be undermined and suggests the value that must be placed on communication among planners and stakeholders. 相似文献
19.
Mae A. Davenport Christopher A. Bridges Jean C. Mangun Andrew D. Carver Karl W. J. Williard Elizabeth O. Jones 《Environmental management》2010,45(4):711-722
Natural resource professionals are increasingly faced with the challenges of cultivating community-based support for wetland
ecosystem restoration. While extensive research efforts have been directed toward understanding the biophysical dimensions
of wetland conservation, the literature provides less guidance on how to successfully integrate community stakeholders into
restoration planning. Therefore, this study explores the social construction of wetlands locally, and community members’ perceptions
of the wetland restoration project in the Cache River Watershed of southern Illinois, where public and private agencies have
partnered together to implement a large-scale wetlands restoration project. Findings illustrate that the wetlands hold diverse
and significant meanings to community members and that community members’ criteria for project success may vary from those
identified by project managers. The case study provides managers with strategies for building community commitment such as
engaging local citizens in project planning, minimizing local burdens, maximizing local benefits, and reducing uncertainty. 相似文献
20.
Adaptive Management of Nonnative Species: Moving Beyond the “Either-Or” Through Experimental Pluralism 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Jason M. Evans Ann C. Wilkie Jeffrey Burkhardt 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2008,21(6):521-539
This paper develops the outlines of a pragmatic, adaptive management-based approach toward the control of invasive nonnative
species (INS) through a case study of Kings Bay/Crystal River, a large artesian springs ecosystem that is one of Florida’s
most important habitats for endangered West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus). Building upon recent critiques of invasion biology, principles of adaptive management, and our own interview and participant–observer
research, we argue that this case study represents an example in which rigid application of invasion biology’s a␣priori imperative
to minimize INS has produced counterproductive results from both an ecological and social standpoint. As such, we recommend
that INS control in Kings Bay should be relaxed in conjunction with an overall program of adaptive ecosystem management that
includes meaningful participation and input from non-institutional stakeholders. However, we also note that adaptive management
and INS control are by no means mutually exclusive, in Kings Bay or elsewhere. Instead, we suggest that adaptive management
offers a means by which INS control efforts can emerge from—and be evaluated through—ongoing scientific research and participatory
dialogue about the condition of specific places, rather than non-contextual assumptions about the harmfulness of INS as a
general class. 相似文献