饮用水絮凝剂的应用现状与发展趋势

针对饮用水絮凝剂存在的问题，本文就国内外饮用水絮凝剂的研究，发展及应用情况进行了概述，并对絮凝剂今后的研究工作提出了建议。     

水处理絮凝剂的研究进展

文章对用于水处理的絮凝剂进行了评述,介绍了水处理絮凝剂的种类、使用性能及近期研究进展。     

HY1141和HY241菌产生的絮凝剂絮凝性能及水处理应用研究

从土壤中分离筛选得到絮凝剂产生菌HY1141和HY241,对高岭土悬浊液进行絮凝性能试验研究。试验结果表明：HY1141絮凝荆在ptt值为3．0时,絮凝率达到97．2％,HY241絮凝剂在pH值为4．0-7．0时,絮凝率在90％以上;絮凝剂的最佳投加量均为4mL／L,此时絮凝率分别达到98．2％和96．5％;HY1141和HY241絮凝剂所需CaCl2,最佳浓度分剐为0．5％和1．0％,此时絮凝率分刺为97．6％和96．8％;絮凝荆最佳静置时间分别为5min和10min。此外,两株菌所产絮凝刘对洪水和选矿废水都有一定的处理效果,且HY1141絮凝剂处理洪水效果较好,絮凝率为71．7％,COD去除率为81．8％;混合絮凝刺处理选矿废水效果较好,絮凝率为92．8％,COD去除率为96．0％。     

气田水处理药剂的筛选及应用

为了确保气田水水质处理效果,除正确选择水处理工艺和装置外,还必须选择相应的化学处理药剂。针对川东气田水水质状况,对多种絮凝剂进行了评价和筛选室内实验。综合考虑5种药剂性能和价格,无机絮凝剂选择TSY4-1效果较好;综合考虑5种处理方法的效果和药剂价格,选择TSY4-2有机絮凝剂作有机浮选剂效果较好。为验证室内实验结果,在川东气田池34井和卧20井气田水处理站分别进行了现场应用实验。结果表明筛选的组合配方药剂完全能够替代进口水处理药剂,能满足川东气田水水质处理的需要。     

微生物絮凝剂研究进展

相对于传统絮凝剂而言,微生物絮凝剂具有絮凝范围广、絮凝活性高、安全无害、无二次污染、可为生物降解等优点。本文综述了微生物絮凝剂的发展历程,详细介绍了微生物絮凝剂的特性,分析了微生物絮凝剂的絮凝性能影响因素,指出被絮凝物质的性能、温度、pH值、金属离子、絮凝剂的浓度及附位点均对微生物的絮凝性能具有一定程度的影响。指出了当前微生物絮凝剂研究的不足及今后研究的侧重点,对开展微生物絮凝剂的研究具有重要的参考价值。     

含硅无机高分子絮凝剂的研究进展

含活性硅酸的无机高分子絮凝剂(Si-IPF)是近几年发展迅速的新型、高效无机高分子絮凝剂的代表。文章对国内外si-IPF的研制开发情况进行了分析评述，为今后发展提出了几点建议：(1)加强制备新工艺研究，积极探索制备高浓度si-IPF的最佳工艺条件，提高产品的稳定性和絮凝效果。(2)加强絮凝作用机理研究。找出提高Si-IPF稳定性及提高Si-IPF中对絮凝效果起实际作用的有效成分含量的具体方法。(3)开展应用研究，开发满足不同水质的多功能新产品，并确定其最佳应用条件和适用范围。     

无机高分子絮凝剂聚合氯化铁的制备与应用

综述了分别以氯化铁、硫铁矿烧渣和酸洗废液为原料制备无机高分子絮凝剂聚合氯化铁的方法,以及其在低浊度水、合成洗涤剂废水和印染废水等水处理方面的应用。指出了聚合氯化铁絮凝剂在制备及应用上的发展趋势。     

微生物絮凝剂的研究现状与发展趋势

相对于传统絮凝剂而言,微生物絮凝剂具有絮凝效果好、应用范围广、易生物降解、对环境安全、无二次污染的特点。文章综述了微生物絮凝剂的类型和特点,详细阐述了其絮凝机理,分析了影响微生物絮凝剂絮凝性能的因素以及微生物絮凝剂在水处理中的应用。指出了当前微生物絮凝剂研究存在的问题以及今后的发展趋势。     

几种有色废水混凝脱色实验研究——PAC与PAA复配法处理印染废水研究

本文以棉纺织印染废水为主要研究对象,采用无机高分子絮凝剂ＰＡＣ与有机高分子絮凝剂ＰＡＡ复配使用,对印染废水、二硝基重氮酚（Ｄ．Ｄ．Ｎ．Ｐ）起爆药废水、造纸中段水及呋吗醋酮制药废水等进行脱色实验。试验结果表明：ＰＡＣ与ＰＡＡ的复配使用对印染废水具有优良的脱色性能,色度去除率达８０％以上,ＣＯＤ可降低２０～３０％。所用絮凝剂对这几种有色废水具有一定的广谱脱色性能,有较好的工业应用潜力。     

含硫低浊度采油污水絮凝处理技术的研究

中原油田明二污属含硫低浊度污水,处理后水主要用于回注。文章通过pH调节剂的优选、除硫剂优选并与絮凝药剂联合,对明二污含硫低浊度污水进行了絮凝处理。结果表明:当pH值为7.5、2#絮凝剂加量为50mg/L、有机絮凝剂加量为0.5mg/L、除硫剂加量为20mg/L时,处理后水中的悬浮物、总铁和含油量分别达到1.9mg/L、0.43mg/L和0mg/L;SRB、TGB均为102个/mL;腐蚀速率及结垢量分别降到0.062mm/a和1.9mg/L;污泥产生量降低到0.23～0.26mg/L;在90℃时的结垢量由地层水的23.3mg/L降低到1.9mg/L,处理后的水达到中原油田回注水的水质标准,并且水质稳定。     

室内空气中污染物的检测技术

室内环境空气污染对人体健康影响很大,文中指出了影响人体健康的致病因子,分析了单个微粒的光通量和粒径之间的关系。鉴于单下颗粒的散射光信号很弱,本文提出一种方法,把激光器的内腔作为颗粒注入区,利用激光器的内腔功率谱密度远大于腔外功率密度的特点,结合先进的激光散控制理论,对空气中的颗粒进行检测。     

Sorption of phenol and 4-chlorophenol onto pumice treated with cationic surfactant

The anaerobic digestion rate for flocculated sludge has been considered to be lower than that of original sludge, particularly in the later stages of digestion; attributed this relatively slower rate to the increased mass transfer resistance for reactants through the large flocs after flocculation. This study confirmed that methane production was retarded by flocculation. The structure of the floc was identified with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) technique. To verify the mass transfer resistance induced by flocculation, microsensors were applied to assess the response of oxygen concentration distribution inside the flocs that are subjected to sudden changes in ambient oxygen levels. Response time for the electrode at a floc's center was five times greater than the response time in original sludge flocs. Although the effective diffusivity of oxygen in the floc increased by 2.3 times after flocculation, the increased size of the flocculated floc was the major contributor to the total mass transfer resistance to oxygen.     

聚合氯化铝与水解聚丙稀酰胺复合絮凝剂JX-3的制备及室内评价试验

在无机高分子絮凝剂聚合氯化铝(PAC)中引入有机高分子水解聚丙稀酰胺(PHP),制备出一种复合絮凝剂JX-3。PAC和PHP在其中可起到电性中和及絮凝桥架的的双重作用,使絮团紧密结合,提高絮凝效果,室内评价试验表明JX-3处理含轻油污水效果优于PAC和聚丙稀酰胺(PAM)。     

Cl~-含量对含油污泥絮凝效果的影响

针对化学混凝处理含油污泥中混凝剂投加量大而混凝效率较低的问题,通过实验研究了Ｃｌ－对混凝剂处理含油污泥絮凝效率的影响。实验中采用抽滤的方法来测定絮凝效率。实验结果表明Ｃｌ－是影响絮凝效率的重要因素,Ｃｌ－＜１００００ｍｇ／Ｌ时,Ａｌ２（ＳＯ４）３、ＰＡＣ混凝效果较好,Ｃｌ－＞２００００ｍｇ／Ｌ时,ＰＡＭ的混凝效果较好。     

RUNOFF EVENT IMPACTS ON A WATER SUPPLY RESERVOIR: SUSPENDED SEDIMENT LOADING, TURBID PLUME BEHAVIOR, AND SEDIMENT DEPOSITION1

Abstract: The impacts of runoff events on external suspended solids loading to Schoharie Reservoir, New York, and patterns of light scattering and sediment deposition in this reservoir are assessed. The assessment is based on monitoring of suspended solids concentrations in the reservoir's primary tributary, detailed vertical profiles of optical backscattering (a surrogate measure of light scattering) in the reservoir water column, and analysis of sediment trap collections, over a seven-month interval of high runoff. These impacts are reported to be tightly temporally coupled and strongly positively related to the magnitude of runoff events. The primary tributary entered the reservoir as a plunging inflow during runoff events, causing conspicuous subsurface peaks in light scattering, with vertical patterns that varied strongly for different events. Deposition quantified by near-bottom trap deployments is reported to be more representative than results from metalimnetic deployments that were generally within, rather than below, the turbid layers. Direct inputs of sediment, transported by density currents, are found to drive deposition, rather than resuspension/redeposition. More than 50 percent of the reported deposition occurred in less than 15 percent of the study period, associated with the four largest runoff events.     

EFFECT OF “WHITING” ON OPTICAL PROPERTIES AND TURBIDITY IN OWASCO LAKE,NEW YORK1

ABSTRACT: The effects “whiting” (CaCO₃ precipitate) had on the optical properties and turbidity of the epilimnion of Owasco Lake, New York, were studied during the summer of 1985. Turbidity was partitioned according to “whiting” and non-“whiting” components utilizing a simple acidification procedure. Diffuse light attenuation was partitioned according to the attenuating processes of absorption and scattering. “Whiting” was present most of the summer. Two major “whiting” events occurred that caused major increases in turbidity and the attenuation of light. “Whiting” was the principle regulator of turbidity during the study; it caused increases in light attenuation by increasing light scattering. “Whiting” events can easily be mistaken by the public for phytoplankton blooms.     

聚丙烯酰胺类絮凝剂的制备及应用研究

为了研究絮凝效果与絮凝剂分子结构的关系,实验中制备了聚丙烯酰胺（ＰＡＭ）、阳离子化聚丙烯酰胺（ＣＰＡＭ）和部分水解聚丙烯酰胺（ＰＨＰ）,将其分别与ＦｅＣｌ３复配后处理钻井废水。实验探讨了絮凝剂的分子量、ＰＨＰ的水解度及阳离子度对絮凝作用的影响。实验结果表明：ＰＡＭ、ＣＰＡＭ、ＰＨＰ与无机混凝剂复配使用处理钻井废水时,最佳分子量是５００万,处理效果依次为ＰＨＰ＞ＰＡＭ＞ＣＰＡＭ。     

Effect of pH and alum dosage on the efficiency of microalgae harvesting via flocculation technique

Microalgae biomass is well known as a potential sustainable product for bio-based industry, which has reported encountering numerous difficulties during biomass harvesting and recovering. This study examined the effect of pH (5–12) and alum dosage (30–180 mg/L) for microalgae Botryococcus sp. harvested via flocculation technique. The optimum pH condition for Botryococcus sp. harvesting was measured to be 9.2, and the alum dosage was 100 mg/L. Both optimum values successfully harvested up to 95% microalgae biomass. This study revealed that flocculation efficiencies for alum are highly dependent on the range of pH and coagulant dosage that were applied during the process. Use of flocculation technique with alum as a coagulant represents a convenient technique for Botryococcus sp. biomass harvesting and is recommended for use in both small- and large-scale biomass industries.     

MODELING LIGHT ATTENUATION,SECCHI DISK,AND EFFECTS OF TRIPTON IN SENACA RIVER,NEW YORK,USA1

The development, testing, and application of a probabilistic model framework for the light attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance (K_d) and Secchi disc transparency (SD) that resolves the effects of several light attenuating constituents, including phytoplankton and nonliving particles (tripton), is documented. The model is consistent with optical theory, partitioning the magnitudes of the light attenuating processes of absorption and scattering according to the contributions of attenuating constituents as simple summations. The probabilistic framework accommodates variations in the character and concentrations of these constituents and ambient conditions during measurements, and recognizes a linear relationship between the magnitudes of absorption and scattering by tripton. The model is tested and applied for a 21 km reach of the Seneca River, New York, that features optical gradients caused by an intervening hypereutrophic lake and dam, and a severe infestation of the exotic zebra mussel. The model is applied to resolve the roles of phytoplankton and tripton in regulating measured longitudinal patterns of SD along the study reach of the river and increases in SD since the zebra mussel invasion, and to predict decreases in K_d since the invasion.     

废弃钻井液生物絮凝剂筛选实验研究＊

针对川渝地区废弃钻井液成分复杂,高COD,高色度的特点及现有的化学法、固化处理等技术存在的缺陷,提出微生物法处理废弃钻井液的思路。通过实验筛选出最佳C源为蔗糖、最佳N源为N2的菌株,并通过正交实验确定CaCl2用量0.1%,pH7.0,絮凝剂用量1.0%的最佳絮凝条件。经现场配合筛选出的菌株对废弃钻井液进行处理,COD去除率可达到72.4%。