气溶胶的辐射强迫作用研究进展

人类活动向大气中排放气溶胶,人为气溶胶增强了对太阳辐射吸收和散射直接改变地气系统的辐射平衡,又可以通过作为云凝结核或冰核改变云的微物理特性和停留时间、地表反照率等途径间接影响气候的辐射强迫。综合以往研究,文章主要总结了2种影响气候辐射强迫性质相反的黑碳气溶胶和硫酸盐气溶胶以及相对湿度和黑碳的混合状态对气溶胶辐射强迫效应的影响。完善对大气气溶胶,尤其是人类活动产生的气溶胶的气候强迫机制及对地气系统影响的认识。     

用紫外辐射反演气溶胶单次散射反照率的方法研究

利用紫外辐射监测资料,结合对流层紫外与可见光辐射传输模式,反演气溶胶单次散射反照率(SSA).敏感性试验和误差分析表明:紫外辐照度对SSA敏感;气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)对反演SSA的误差影响最大,波长指数次之,地表反照率和其他因素的影响较小.使用该方法计算的珠三角地区的气溶胶单次散射反照率为0.84~0.99,平均值为0.92,与以往研究相比具有较好的一致性.     

华北地区沙尘天气垂直气溶胶直接辐射强迫

利用CALIOP数据和SBDART（Santa Barbara DISORT Atmospheric Radiative Transfer）辐射传输模式研究了2013~2016年华北地区8d沙尘天气气溶胶及其直接辐射强迫垂直分布特征,分析了气溶胶垂直分布和光学特性对直接辐射强迫的影响.结果表明,气溶胶集中分布在地表及以上3km范围,其中纯净沙尘型和污染沙尘型气溶胶位于上层,污染大陆型气溶胶和烟雾位于下层.大气层顶、地表和大气层的日均气溶胶直接辐射强迫分别是-38.41~-88.44,-74.03~-225.86,9.06~137.42W/m².0~8km高度范围气溶胶直接辐射强迫是负值,且随着高度的增加绝对值逐渐减小.气溶胶垂直分布对大气层顶、地表和大气层的直接辐射强迫影响较小,但对直接辐射强迫垂直分布影响较大,由气溶胶廓线差异造成的同一高度层气溶胶直接辐射强迫最大差值能达到31.18W/m².气溶胶光学厚度和单次散射反照率对直接辐射强迫影响明显.消光能力相同时,吸收性气溶胶对短波太阳光的衰减作用大于散射性气溶胶,后向散射比例大的气溶胶大于后向散射比例小的气溶胶.     

华北地区沙尘天气垂直气溶胶直接辐射强迫

利用CALIOP数据和SBDART（Santa Barbara DISORT Atmospheric Radiative Transfer）辐射传输模式研究了2013~2016年华北地区8d沙尘天气气溶胶及其直接辐射强迫垂直分布特征,分析了气溶胶垂直分布和光学特性对直接辐射强迫的影响.结果表明,气溶胶集中分布在地表及以上3km范围,其中纯净沙尘型和污染沙尘型气溶胶位于上层,污染大陆型气溶胶和烟雾位于下层.大气层顶、地表和大气层的日均气溶胶直接辐射强迫分别是-38.41~-88.44,-74.03~-225.86,9.06~137.42W/m².0~8km高度范围气溶胶直接辐射强迫是负值,且随着高度的增加绝对值逐渐减小.气溶胶垂直分布对大气层顶、地表和大气层的直接辐射强迫影响较小,但对直接辐射强迫垂直分布影响较大,由气溶胶廓线差异造成的同一高度层气溶胶直接辐射强迫最大差值能达到31.18W/m².气溶胶光学厚度和单次散射反照率对直接辐射强迫影响明显.消光能力相同时,吸收性气溶胶对短波太阳光的衰减作用大于散射性气溶胶,后向散射比例大的气溶胶大于后向散射比例小的气溶胶.     

基于GTWR-XGBoost模型的四川省PM2.5小时浓度估算

卫星气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)和气象数据已被广泛用于估算空气动力学直径≤2.5μm的地表颗粒物(PM_2.5)浓度.研究高时间分辨率、高精度的PM_2.5浓度估算方法,对及时准确的空气质量预报和大气污染的预防及缓解具有重要意义.使用Himawari-8 AOD小时产品和ERA5气象再分析资料作为估算变量,提出GTWR-XGBoost组合模型,对四川省PM_2.5小时浓度进行估算.结果表明：(1)提出的组合模型运用于全数据集的性能优于KNN、 RF、 AdaBoost、 GTWR、 GTWR-KNN、 GTWR-RF和GTWR-AdaBoost模型,拟合精度指标R²、 MAE和RMSE分别为0.96、 3.43μg·m^-3和5.52μg·m^-3,验证精度指标R²、 MAE和RMSE分别为0.9、 4.98μg·m^-3和7.92μg·m^-3.(2)该模型作用于PM_2.5浓度小时估算...     

东南亚生物质燃烧输送影响我国西南气溶胶辐射特性研究

利用2013年地基CE-318太阳光度计观测数据,结合中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）遥感产品和HYSPLIT后向轨迹分析,研究了一次东南亚生物质燃烧污染长距离输送至中国西南昆明站点过程（2013年4月5~8日）中,气溶胶光学特性和辐射特性的变化及其可能来源.结果表明,此次污染过程期间,我国西南地区生物质燃烧活动较少,而中南半岛地区生物质燃烧活动显著.4月5~7日,昆明站点气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）升高,消光波长指数（EAE）和吸收波长指数（AAE）均增大.此外,依据EAE和AAE分类方法,5~6日昆明站点以城市工业气溶胶为主,7~8日以生物质燃烧气溶胶为主,其细模态峰值半径（0.11μm）小于5~6日（0.15μm）,7日细模态粒子体积浓度峰值（约为0.16μm³/μm²）是5日的2倍.气溶胶直接辐射强迫（ARF）日变化结果表明4月7日气溶胶对地表的降温效应达到最大,对大气的加热作用最强.气溶胶直接辐射强迫效率值（ARFE）的变化表明生物质燃烧气溶胶对大气顶的降温作用减弱.MODIS遥感以及HYSPLIT模式后向轨迹表明,此次昆明站点生物质燃烧气溶胶主要来源于东南亚地区（主要是印度北部、印缅北部和不丹地区）.     

人为排放气溶胶引起的辐射强迫研究

利用建立的大气气溶胶辐射强迫模式,对我国历年大气气溶胶(TSP和硫酸盐气溶胶)引起的直接辐射强迫进行了计算,并给出其全国分布。得到了一些有意义的结果:我国大气气溶胶引起的辐射强迫与我国能源,特别是燃煤的消耗量密切相关,随着消耗量的增加,大气气溶胶(TSP和硫酸盐气溶胶粒子)引起的辐射强迫也增加;指出在利用辐射模式讨论大气气溶胶引起的直接辐射强迫时,不能忽视扬尘和沙尘的作用;我国由于大气气溶胶引起的直接辐射强迫主要集中在工业比较发达的城市或地区,四川盆地由于其特殊的地理位置和气候条件,在该地区因大气气溶胶产生的辐射强迫始终比较大。      

中国地区气溶胶类型变化及其辐射效应研究

利用AERONET网站中国地区各区域多个站点长期的观测数据,通过各类气溶胶光学特性的差异（Extinction Angstrom Exponent,EAE;Single Scattering Albedo,SSA）将中国地区华北区域北京、香河站点,华东区域太湖站点,华南区域香港站点,西北区域SACOL站点气溶胶进行分类分析其气溶胶占比特征及年际变化,并进一步研究不同地区各类气溶胶光学及辐射特性差异.研究结果表明,不同地区各类气溶胶占比特征显著,华北区域北京、香河站点混合吸收型气溶胶Type5占比最多,分别占比35%、31%;其次为城市/工业型气溶胶Type3和Type4;华东区域以Type3、Type4和Type5三类气溶胶为主,分别占比32%、26%、25%;华南区域Type3、Type4气溶胶占比最为突出,占比分别达到46%、21%.西北区域Type5占比高达45%,出现高达34%的沙尘型气溶胶Type7.以不同地区各类气溶胶占比特征为基础,不同气溶胶的年际变化趋势差异较大.不同地区各类气溶胶光学特性参数（AOD（Aerosol Optical Depth）、EAE、SSA）年变化特征表明,华北、华东区域AOD减少、EAE变化小、SSA增大;华南区域整体AOD增大,但近年来AOD显著减少、EAE变化小、SSA增大;西北区域AOD增大、EAE增大、SSA减少,即除了西北区域外,其余区域环境空气质量逐渐好转,粒子尺度变化较小,吸收能力下降.地表气溶胶直接辐射强迫效率（ARFE-BOA）结果显示,除华东区域太湖站点外,Type1对地表的降温冷却作用最大,绝对值均大于210 W·m^-2,其次为Type2,即吸收型粒子对地表的贡献大于散射型粒子;关于ARFE-TOA的平均特征,Type4或Type7对大气顶的降温冷却作用最强,而各类气溶胶对大气层的加热作用与ARFE-BOA的平均特征类似,吸收型细粒子对大气层的加热作用较强.     

关于平流层中臭氧及其损耗的科学知识和事实

１平流层及臭氧顾名思义，平流层的最大特点是大气以平流运动为主，极少有垂直方向的对流运动。这主要是因为平流层的温度结构与对流层不同，在对流层顶到距地表大约３５ｋｍ的高度内，大气温度变化非常微小，这一高度的大气温度非常低，大约在－８０°左右。自３５ｋｍ到平流层顶，气温随高度的升高而上升。平流层温度低，空气稀薄，极少水蒸气，在这一层也极少有天气过程发生。由于平流层的高度较对流层高，因此与到达地表的太阳辐射相比，平流层的太阳辐射含有更多的短波紫外辐射。一般将来自太阳的紫外辐射按照波长的大小分为三个区，波…     

新疆石化工业区颗粒物含水量和酸度对二次无机组分形成的影响

大气二次污染物是新疆独山子区大气污染物的重要组成部分,研究大气中二次组分的转化过程对区域大气污染治理有着重要意义.对新疆独山子区2015年9月至2016年7月采集到的样品进行水溶性组分分析.结果表明,水溶性无机离子(TWSIs)表现出与PM_2.5一致的季节变化,为冬季(67.86μg·m^-3)>秋季(13.77μg·m^-3)>春季(10.09μg·m^-3)>夏季(4.85μg·m^-3);冬季二次无机离子(NH⁺₄、SO^2-₄和NO^-₃)占TWSIs的98%;结合气溶胶热力学模型(E-AIM)探讨独山子区大气颗粒污染物中颗粒相含水量以及颗粒酸碱性;表明独山子区颗粒物呈酸性,年均原位pH为0.81,其中冬季样品的pH(2.93)值最高;颗粒含水季节变化为冬季(331.32μg·m^-3)>秋季(5.91μg·...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.