河口沼泽湿地转化为养虾塘对土壤胞外酶活性及CO2和CH4产生潜力的影响

揭示河口沼泽湿地围垦为水产养殖塘对土壤胞外酶活性和含碳温室气体产生的影响,可为评估土地利用/覆盖变化对滨海蓝碳湿地生态系统碳循环的影响提供科学依据.以闽江河口为研究区,对芦苇(Phragmites australis)湿地、短叶茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis)湿地和互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)湿地土壤(0～30 cm)和由其围垦成的养虾塘沉积物(0～30 cm)进行配对采集.通过室内厌氧培养实验,测定沼泽湿地土壤及由其围垦成的养虾塘沉积物的土壤胞外酶活性和CO₂、CH₄产生潜力.与河口沼泽湿地0～30 cm深度土壤相比,养虾塘0～30 cm深度沉积物4种土壤胞外酶活性均值降低27.3%.河口沼泽湿地转化为养虾塘后含碳温室气体产生潜力发生显著变化,芦苇沼泽、短叶茳芏沼泽、互花米草沼泽围垦成养虾塘后CO₂产生潜力分别增加5.1%、38.5%、38.8%,CH₄产生潜力分别降低24.9%、11.1%、21.1%,有机碳厌氧矿化速率分别增加4.9%、38.6%、38....     

互花米草入侵对长江口湿地土壤碳动态的影响

为了评价互花米草入侵对长江河口湿地土壤碳动态的影响,利用配对的试验设计在长江口崇明东滩湿地的高潮滩和低潮滩各设置1条入侵种互花米草与土著种的配对样线.结果表明,与土著植物相比,互花米草入侵显著增加了长江口湿地的植物碳库、土壤微生物碳、土壤总碳库和有机碳库,而对占土壤总碳库60%以上的无机碳库无显著影响,意味着互花米草入侵导致的土壤总碳库改变主要是通过增加土壤有机碳库来实现的.高潮滩互花米草和芦苇群落的年均土壤呼吸强度分别为（210.02±4.90）,（157.79±6.39）mg/（m²·h）;低潮滩互花米草和海三棱藨草群落年均土壤CO₂排放速率分别为（157.41±5.27）,（110.90±5.16）mg/（m²·h）,表明互花米草入侵显著增加长江口湿地的土壤呼吸.上述结果意味着互花米草入侵同时增加土壤碳输入和碳输出,但入侵也显著增加了土壤碳库表明入侵增加的土壤碳输入显著高于增加的土壤碳输出.本研究表明互花米草入侵可能会增强了长江河口湿地的土壤碳汇强度和固碳能力.但仍然需要长期系统的监测研究,以便全面定量评估互花米草入侵我国滨海湿地的综合生态影响.     

长江口崇西湿地生态系统的二氧化碳交换及潮汐影响

河口湿地具备不同于其他生态系统的典型的生物化学特征. 利用开路式涡度相关系统,对长江口崇西湿地净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)进行了初步研究. 结果表明,生长季CO₂交换呈V字型特征,平均CO₂交换量为-0.06 mg/(m2>/sup>·s);非生长季无明显特征,平均CO₂交换量为0.025 mg/(m2>/sup>·s). 这与其他生态系统CO₂交换特征相符合,主要是生长季的植被光合固碳作用所致. 非生长季的净生态系统CO₂交换比生长季受土壤温度的影响更大. 大潮期和小潮期的CO₂交换表明,无论是生长季还是非生长季,小潮期从生态系统释放到大气的CO₂均高于大潮期,潮汐高度与CO₂释放量呈负相关,暗示着高水位抑制生态系统呼吸和阻碍CO₂的传输,从而减少了CO₂的释放. 通过分析大潮期和小潮期的植被净光合速率发现,同一地点的植被固碳过程受潮汐的影响不很明显. 潮汐对净生态系统CO₂交换的影响主要是减少了土壤呼吸释放CO₂的过程. 总体而言,崇西湿地在年周期内表现为CO₂的汇.      

不同电导率盐碱土壤固碳潜力

采集内蒙古河套灌区盐碱土壤(电导率EC为0.27mS/cm),利用NaCl调节土壤电导率为(0,10,20,40,80mS/cm),基于稳定碳同位素分析不同电导率土壤添加定量δ¹³C-CO₂后,土壤CO₂吸收量以及土壤难溶性无机碳含量(SIC)-δ¹³C值.结果表明,盐碱土壤能够吸收CO₂,随土壤电导率(EC)升高,土壤CO₂累积吸收量增加, S5(EC=80mS/cm) CO₂累积吸收量比S1(0.27mS/cm)高1.6640mg.土壤SIC含量(R²=0.7080,P<0.05)和土壤可溶性无机碳含量(DIC)(R²=0.6096,P<0.05)与土壤EC显著负相关关系.盐碱土壤吸收CO₂部分固存于土壤无机碳中,外源添加δ¹³C-CO₂,盐碱土壤SIC-δ¹³C值(-5.299‰ ~ -0.8341‰)显著增加.EC为20mS/cm土壤固相保存δ¹³C-CO₂总量最高1.276mg,固存δ¹³C-CO₂总量占土壤吸收¹³CO₂总量比例30.28%最高;EC为80mS/cm固碳量最低为0.2749mg,固存δ¹³C-CO₂总量占土壤吸收¹³CO₂总量比例5.579%.     

闽江河口区互花米草入侵不同年限下湿地土壤有机碳变化

为阐明互花米草的固碳潜力,论文在闽江河口区鳝鱼滩湿地选择不同入侵年限的样地,对其0~60 cm土壤理化性质和碳库变化进行测定与分析。结果表明：1） Y₄（<4 a）、Y₈（4~8 a）和Y₁₂（8~12 a）3个采样点土壤有机碳含量均值分别为 15.5、17.77和19.71 g·kg^-1,土壤有机碳密度均值分别为10.68、12.29和15.01 kg·m^-3,总有机碳储量均值分别为65.24、73.99和90.30 t·hm^-2,其中表层0~20 cm土壤有机碳增加最为显著;2）互花米草入侵引起湿地土壤粘粒和粉粒组成增加,容重和砂粒组成降低,表层土壤C/N增加明显;3）土壤有机碳含量与pH值、盐度、土壤含水量、C/N、平均粒径、粘粒组成呈显著正相关,与容重、砂粒组成呈显著负相关。通过研究发现,短期入侵的互花米草湿地土壤有机碳持续增加,具有较强的有机碳富集能力,在单位面积上可以有效增强河口湿地生态系统的碳蓄积。     

模拟Fe (III)和盐水输入对闽江河口潮汐湿地沉积物及间隙水Fe和S含量和形态的影响

河口潮汐湿地沉积物电子受体和盐度的变化将对间隙水、沉积物的地球化学参数及有机碳厌氧矿化途径产生重要影响.本研究于闽江河口塔礁洲淡水野慈姑(Sagittaria trifolia L.)湿地原位施加人造海水及Fe(III)溶液,模拟研究了盐水入侵及径流Fe(III)浓度增强对河口潮汐湿地沉积物、间隙水的地球化学参数(溶解性CH4、DOC、DOC∶DON、Fe2+和ΔSO2-4)和沉积物各形态固相铁(非硫Fe(II)、无定形Fe(III)、晶质Fe(III)、Fe S和Fe S2)含量的影响.结果表明,模拟盐水入侵及径流Fe(III)浓度增强均可降低间隙水溶解性CH4和DOC浓度,径流Fe(III)浓度增强增加了非硫Fe(II)和晶质Fe(III)含量,盐水入侵可减小间隙水ΔSO2-4含量.间隙水ΔSO2-4与DOC、DOC∶DON、溶解性CH4及Fe2+浓度相关.模拟盐水入侵及径流Fe(III)浓度增强可分别促进硫酸盐异化还原和铁异化还原速率,同时减小间隙水CH4浓度,改变河口潮汐湿地土壤有机质厌氧矿化优势途径.     

互花米草入侵对长江河口湿地CH4排放的影响

为了探讨互花米草入侵对长江河口湿地CH₄排放的影响以及入侵至不同潮位对CH₄排放影响程度的差异及其可能机制,采用邻近互花米草与土著植物群落相配对的试验设计,在长江口东滩湿地的高潮滩和低潮滩各设置1条样线.结果表明,与土著植物相比,互花米草入侵显著增加了长江河口湿地的植物生物量,显著增加了土壤含水量、土壤有机碳含量、总氮含量、微生物碳和氮含量.高潮滩互花米草群落年均CH₄排放强度为（0.68±0.08）mg/（m²·h）,显著高于芦苇群落（0.21±0.01）mg/（m²·h）,低潮滩互花米草和海三棱藨草群落年均CH₄排放速率分别为（8.31±0.50）和（3.93±0.18）mg/（m²·h）,前者显著高于后者.此外,高潮滩互花米草与芦苇群落之间年均CH₄排放强度的差异为（0.47±0.08）mg/（m²·h）,显著低于低潮滩互花米草与海三棱藨草群落之间年均CH₄排放强度的差异（4.37±0.48）mg/（m²·h）.上述结果表明,互花米草入侵通过改善CH₄产生所需底物的质和量,增加土壤含水量和微生物的量,从而显著增加了长江河口湿地CH₄排放量.互花米草入侵至低潮滩增加的CH₄排放量是互花米草入侵至高潮滩的10倍左右,表明互花米草入侵至长江河口湿地对CH₄排放的影响程度可能会有很强的空间异质性,互花米草入侵至更厌氧的土壤环境可能会对CH₄排放的影响程度更大.本研究可为准确估算互花米草入侵对中国海岸带湿地CH₄排放的影响程度,科学管理和合理利用海岸带湿地资源以及应对全球气候变化提供理论依据和科技支撑.     

植物调节湿地CO2和CH4排放对淹水增强的响应

在闽江河口鳝鱼滩潮汐沼泽湿地设置有植物与无植物2种中宇宙,每种中宇宙设置对照(CK)、CK-20cm、CK-40cm 3种高程处理,以此模拟研究淹水增强对有无植物2 种中宇宙的CO₂和CH₄排放通量的影响.结果表明,淹水增强未显著改变植物的总生物量和植物株高,但增加植物地下生物量,减少植物地上生物量.在有植物中宇宙中,土壤氧化还原电位(ORP)和溶解性有机碳(DOC)浓度随着淹水增强而增加.在无植物中宇宙中,DOC浓度也随着淹水增强而增加,但土壤ORP随淹水增强变化不显著.与CK相比,在CK-20cm和CK-40cm 2种高程处理中,有植物中宇宙中CO₂排放通量分别增加43%和61%,而CH₄排放通量则分别增加66%和84%.在无植物中宇宙中,CO₂和CH₄的排放通量随着淹水增强无显著变化.未来海平面上升50~100a内,有植被的潮汐沼泽湿地综合增温潜势会增加,土壤有机碳储量会显著下降;无植被的潮汐沼泽湿地综合增温潜势将下降,土壤有机碳储量不会显著改变.     

不同质地湿地土壤碳、氮、磷计量学及厌氧碳分解特征

为了解不同质地湿地土壤碳、氮、磷计量学及厌氧碳分解特征,对闽江河口芦苇和藨草湿地2种质地土壤(壤质土和砂土)的碳、氮、磷计量学及土壤厌氧碳分解特征进行测定与分析.结果表明:壤质土碳为14.61mg/g,氮为1.01mg/g,磷为0.64mg/g,高于砂土碳(9.02mg/g),氮(0.16mg/g)和磷(0.42mg/g).0~40cm壤质土C/N均值低于砂土,C/P、N/P高于砂土.0~40cm壤质土和砂土平均甲烷产生潜力分别为0.0072,0.0019μg/(g·d),CO2产生潜力分别为33.5134,4.9239μg/(g·d),CO2和CH4产生潜力均为壤质土高于砂土.土壤碳、氮、磷的计量学特征对厌氧碳分解具有一定的指示作用.     

闽江河口潮汐沼泽湿地天然低盐度梯度土壤胞外酶活性特征

为了揭示河口潮汐沼泽湿地天然低盐度梯度下土壤胞外酶活性的时空变化差异,对闽江河口淡水潮汐沼泽湿地和半咸水潮汐沼泽湿地短叶茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis)植被下不同季节的土壤胞外酶活性、土壤容重和含水率、植物生物量、以及有机碳特征值(SOC、POXC、DOC和C∶N比)进行测定与分析.研究结果表明在闽江河口天然盐度梯度上,当土壤盐度从0‰增加至4.2‰,土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、纤维素水解酶(CBH)、酚氧化酶(PHO)和过氧化物酶(PEO)活性均显著增加,增幅分别为201%、305%、493%和252%.沿着闽江河口天然盐度梯度,土壤容重和含水率以及孔隙水DOC浓度没有显著变化,但土壤易氧化有机碳(POXC)含量、有机碳(SOC)含量和土壤C∶N比逐渐减少.半咸水潮汐沼泽湿地站点短叶茳芏的地上生物量低于淡水潮汐沼泽湿地站点,但地下生物量则显著高于淡水潮汐沼泽湿地站点.4种土壤胞外酶活性均与土壤C∶N比呈现显著的负相关,酚氧化酶(PHO)和过氧化物酶(PEO)与土壤SOC含量呈负相关.土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)活性最高值出现在春季,而纤维素水解酶(CBH)活性最高值出现在夏季.以上研究结果表明,土壤盐度是影响闽江河口潮汐沼泽湿地生态系统土壤胞外酶活性和碳库演变的重要环境因子.从河口淡水潮汐沼泽湿地至低盐的半咸水潮汐沼泽湿地,沼泽植物地下生物量增加,与碳分解相关的土壤胞外酶活性增加,并抑制土壤的有机碳积累.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.