星云湖藻量昼夜变化节律及垂直分布初步研究

星云湖是典型的蓝藻型富营养化湖泊,为了解星云湖藻量昼夜变化节律及垂直分布情况,2013年8月29日—30日,每隔2h对星云湖藻类进行分层采样,分析了各样品叶绿素a含量和藻类密度。结果表明:同一时间点下,各层藻量参差不齐,24h内各层藻量随时间推移起伏变化,上层藻量昼夜变化曲线呈典型的双峰型,峰值分别出现在14时和2时左右;上层藻量变化与水温呈显著正相关,白天藻类主要分布于水体上层(叶绿素a含量和藻类密度分别为180.43±24.38mg/m3和46670.2±6631.9×104cells/L),夜晚上层藻量明显下降(叶绿素a含量和藻类密度分别为156.81±14.67mg/m3和40154.4±7694.6×104cells/L);夜晚,各层水体藻量虽然起伏变化,但总体上,方差分析表明各层藻量无显著差异。     

对桑沟湾海域一次藻华事件原因种的初步分析

2011年6月,桑沟湾海域爆发一种微微型藻类(藻细胞大小约2μm)形成的藻华。于6月1日、6月8日和6月17日采集的分级过滤浮游植物样品色素分析结果显示,19-丁酰氧基岩藻黄素(19-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin,But-fuco)、岩藻黄素(Fucoxanthin,Fuco)、硅甲藻黄素(Diadinoxanthin,Diad)和叶绿素a(Chlorophyll a,Chl a)等色素应是藻华原因种的主要色素组分。据此推断,藻华原因种可能属于海金藻类(Pelagophytes)、定鞭藻类(Haptophytes)或硅鞭藻类(Silicoflagellate)。色素化学分类软件CHEMTAX分析表明,藻华原因种对浮游植物总Chl a的贡献在22%～97%。桑沟湾海域藻华原因种的细胞大小和色素组成特征与近年来秦皇岛沿岸海域藻华原因种基本一致,这些藻华事件的一些共同特征,如藻细胞数量高、细胞个体小、But-fuco色素含量高、初夏爆发、对养殖贝类摄食具有抑制效应等,与美国东海岸抑食金球藻(Aureococcus anoph-agefferens)引发的"褐潮"现象非常相似,值得密切关注。     

数据缺失条件下基于MLP神经网络的水华风险预警方法研究

针对水华风险预警过程中相关监测指标数据缺失的问题,借鉴多元统计和随机分析构建了一种缺失数据插补方法,用于弥补现场调查数据的不足.基于主成分分析,对水华相关影响指标进行降维,确定水体水华风险预警模型的输入层变量.同时,采用多层感知器(MLP)人工神经网络模型对水华表征指标叶绿素a的浓度进行预测,并引入风险概率的概念,提出了水华风险概率计算公式,完善了水华预警的风险表达.最后以三峡库区典型支流大宁河为案例的研究证明了上述方法的可操作性.研究结果显示,插补数据条件下和未插补数据条件下的大宁河水华风险预警模型决定系数分别为0.9711和0.7769,前者的模型准确性更高,叶绿素a浓度预测效果更好;预测时段内大宁河11 d为水华蓝色预警(无警)级别,水华发生的风险概率为1.99%~18.61%;1 d达到水华橙色预警(中警)级别,水华发生概率为90.48%.     

基于神经网络的城市内湖水华预警综合建模方法研究

针对城市内湖水华产生过程存在复杂性、时变性、不确定性等特点,运用内集-外集、粗糙集约简和RBF神经网络模型,通过水华藻生物量阈值界定、风险概率计算、预警等级划分、预警因子识别和神经网络预测模型的研究,提出一种城市内湖水华预警综合建模方法.以天津清净湖为例,利用p H值、水温等12项水质指标监测数据,确定清净湖水华的叶绿素a浓度阈值为70.98?g/L,依据水华风险概率划分5个水华预警等级,并确定水温、溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数和TDS为水华预警因子.利用RBF神经网络技术构建清净湖水华预警模型,验证结果显示,模型预测精度达85.7%,表明该方法能较好地用于城市内湖水华预警模型构建.     

基于Metropolis准则的BP模型改进及在太湖Chl-a预测中的应用

水体富营养化及藻华暴发已成为湖泊治理中的主要问题,利用历史监测数据,采用BP神经网络对水体中叶绿素a(Chl-a)浓度进行预测,已成为藻华预警的主要手段.但该方法存在迭代速度慢、易陷入局部极值等局限性,导致产生拟合结果不优或预测误差较大等问题.利用Metropolis接受准则的全局寻优能力,将其与BP神经网络相结合构建...     

基于高光谱特征提取的藻类叶绿素a反演模型

选取自然界中分布较广泛的小球藻和铜绿微囊藻为研究对象,进行室内藻类光谱试验,同步测定其ρ(叶绿素a),并分别建立基于混合高斯函数的小球藻和铜绿微囊藻高光谱信息模型. 在此基础上,利用模拟退火算法实现模型的非线性参数拟合,提取这2种藻的高光谱特征,通过非线性回归分析,反演得到分解后的高光谱信息模型的峰高(h_i)与ρ(叶绿素a)的定量模型,实现对水体中小球藻和铜绿微囊藻ρ(叶绿素a)的预测. 结果表明:藻类高光谱特征提取算法能有效揭示小球藻和铜绿微囊藻的光谱本质特征,并得出相应的小球藻和铜绿微囊藻叶绿素a反演模型.      

基于长短时记忆神经网络的河流水质预测研究

准确高效地预测河流水质变化趋势对河流水环境治理与保护具有重要意义。该文利用广州市白坭河上自动监测站每2 h的水质数据,从单测站数据时序之间的相关性和上游测站的影响两方面,分别建立长短时记忆网络(LSTM)河流水质预测的循环神经网络模型。模型以氨氮浓度为输出变量,比较了不同输入变量下的模型预测效果,并以最优模型和常用的深度学习算法支持向量机(SVM)进行了比较。结果表明:单测站LSTM模型经输入变量特征选择后的预测结果比仅使用氨氮浓度单变量的时间序列预测更接近真实数值;对加入上游监测站的双测站LSTM模型,输入的变量经过特征选择时,模型预测效果优于全部水质变量作为输入的预测结果,也优于单测站LSTM模型;但不进行特征选择时,输入变量增加,模型学习到噪声而使精度下降;和SVM模型相比,最优特征组合的LSTM模型具有更好的预测效果。研究也表明,对输入变量进行特征选择后,LSTM模型是一种有潜力的河流水质预测方法。     

大型通江湖泊藻类增殖驱动要素的时空分异特征

以我国大型通江湖泊鄱阳湖为例,对2016-2018年鄱阳湖6个典型点位的叶绿素a、TN等10个指标进行测定。分析了鄱阳湖不同因子的时空分异特征,并运用综合营养状态指数法及主成分分析方法,结合水文水动力、泥沙和人为影响等因素,判断藻类增殖的驱动要素。结果显示:COD浓度南高北低,由西向东表现为高-低-高;TN变化趋势与NH₃-N相近,夏季呈现东部南部高、北部低的特点,而西部蚌湖至都昌处分布扩散;TP南高北低、东西部均较高;直链藻和微囊藻出现频次分别占51.11%和16.44%;蚌湖点位藻细胞密度与叶绿素a浓度均最高,分别为最小点位的7.8,5.3倍。研究期间鄱阳湖以轻度富营养为主;TP为6个点位藻类增殖的主要限制性因子,藻类增殖与TN关系较小;水温、溶解氧等也可能成为藻类增殖的要素。后期鄱阳湖藻类综合治理需从加强季节性监测与预警、重点识别和调控测点关键性因子和强化藻种监控等方面展开。     

水质遥感在太湖叶绿素a时空分布动态变化研究中的应用

通过研究MODIS遥感数据与太湖现场监测数据之间的规律,确定了一个基于MODIS数据的叶绿素a指数,并以此为基础构建出一个具有普适性的、反映太湖叶绿素a时空分布动态变化的反演模型,为太湖藻类爆发的机理、预警研究以及水环境管理累积数据,提供决策依据。     

北京市城区地表水体叶绿素a与藻密度相关性研究

实验主要研究在实验室培养条件下,对北京市城区地表水体进行分析,发现在叶绿素a浓度>40μg/L时,叶绿素a与藻密度有较好的相关性,R2值均>0.8705。同时,通过对实验数据及现象的分析,得到了水华阈值在叶绿素a浓度40μg/L,以及结合藻类生长曲线和藻密度、叶绿素a的日增长率的变化量得出各个河湖"水华"暴发的暴发点。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.